Lipids from Hermetia illucens, an Innovative and Sustainable Source

The exponential increase of global demand for proteins and lipids can no longer be satisfied by classical sources. High amounts of CO2 produced by intensive livestock breeding and its effects on the environment are the main factors that prevent the use of animals as primary sources for proteins and lipids, calling for the use of new sustainable sources, such as insects. The massive breeding of bioconverter insects as a feed source has been a major topic in recent years, with both economic and scientific aspects related to rearing and subsequent processing optimization. The larvae of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) (also known as Black Soldier Fly) can be used for the eco-sustainable production of proteins and lipids with high biological and economic value. Lipids can be obtained from BSF bioconversion processes and are present in high quantities in the last instar larvae and prepupae. Fats obtained from BSF are used as animal feed ingredients, in the formulation of several products for personal care, and in biodiesel production. To enable the use of insect-derived lipids, it is important to understand how to optimize their extraction. Here, we summarize the published information on the composition, the extraction methods, and the possible applications of the BSF lipid component.

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Conversion of Mixtures of Soybean Curd Residue and Kitchen Waste by Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens L.)

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects13010023 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 23

Author(s):

Xinfu Li ◽

Zhihao Zhou ◽

Jing Zhang ◽

Shen Zhou ◽

Qiang Xiong

Keyword(s):

Animal Feed ◽

Biomass Conversion ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Least Squares Regression ◽

Kitchen Waste ◽

Black Soldier Fly ◽

Hermetia Illucens ◽

Soybean Curd ◽

Soybean Curd Residue

The production of insect biomass from organic waste is a major challenge in terms of reducing the environmental impacts of waste and maintaining feed and food security. The feasibility of the co-conversion of soybean curd residue (SCR) and kitchen waste (KW) to breed black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) larvae was evaluated so as to enhance biomass conversion efficiency and supply animal feed and allow it to be used in biodiesel production. Co-digestion was found to significantly increase larval yield, bioconversion rate, and bioaccumulation of lipid. Partial least squares regression showed that the conversion of 30% SCR with 70% KW is an appropriate proportion. The appropriate performance parameters of BSF were: survival rate (98.75%), prepupal rate (88.61%), larval biomass (30.32 g fresh and 11.38 g dry mass), bioconversion rate (18.45%), efficiency conversion of ingested food (ECI) (28.30%), and FCR (2.51). Our results show that conversion of mixtures (e.g., SCR with KW) by BSF larvae (BSFL) could play an important role in various organic materials management.

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A high-quality, chromosome-level genome assembly of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens L.)

G3 Genes|Genome|Genetics ◽

10.1093/g3journal/jkab085 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tomas N Generalovic ◽

Shane A McCarthy ◽

Ian A Warren ◽

Jonathan M D Wood ◽

James Torrance ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genome Assembly ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Repetitive Sequences ◽

Genomic Variation ◽

Runs Of Homozygosity ◽

High Quality ◽

Black Soldier Fly ◽

Hermetia Illucens ◽

Chromosome Conformation ◽

Important Species

Abstract Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), the Black Soldier Fly (BSF) is an increasingly important species for bioconversion of organic material into animal feed. We generated a high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly of the BSF using Pacific Bioscience, 10X Genomics linked read and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture sequencing technology. Scaffolding the final assembly with Hi-C data produced a highly contiguous 1.01 Gb genome with 99.75% of scaffolds assembled into pseudochromosomes representing seven chromosomes with 16.01 Mb contig and 180.46 Mb scaffold N50 values. The highly complete genome obtained a BUSCO completeness of 98.6%. We masked 67.32% of the genome as repetitive sequences and annotated a total of 16,478 protein-coding genes using the BRAKER2 pipeline. We analysed an established lab population to investigate the genomic variation and architecture of the BSF revealing six autosomes and an X chromosome. Additionally, we estimated the inbreeding coefficient (1.9%) of a lab population by assessing runs of homozygosity. This provided evidence for inbreeding events including long runs of homozygosity on chromosome five. Release of this novel chromosome-scale BSF genome assembly will provide an improved resource for further genomic studies, functional characterisation of genes of interest and genetic modification of this economically important species.

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Household Evacuation Decision Making and the Benefits of Improved Hurricane Forecasting: Developing a Framework for Assessment

Weather and Forecasting ◽

10.1175/2009waf2222310.1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 207-219 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Jeffrey K. Lazo ◽

Donald M. Waldman ◽

Betty Hearn Morrow ◽

Jennifer A. Thacher

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Economic Value ◽

Warning System ◽

Primary Sources ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

The Public ◽

Public Investments ◽

Improvement Programs ◽

Hurricane Forecasting ◽

Survey Research Methods

Abstract Hurricane warnings are the primary sources of information that enable the public to assess the risk and develop responses to threats from hurricanes. These warnings have significantly reduced the number of hurricane-related fatalities in the last several decades. Further investment in the science and implementation of the warning system is a primary mission of the National Weather Service and its partners. It is important that the weather community understand the public’s preferences and values for such investments; yet, there is little empirical information on the use of forecasts in evacuation decision making, the economic value of current forecasts, or the potential use or value for improvements in hurricane forecasts. Such information is needed to evaluate whether improved forecast provision and dissemination offer more benefit to society than alternative public investments. Fundamental aspects of households’ perceptions of hurricane forecasts and warnings and their potential uses of and values for improved hurricane forecast information are examined. The study was designed in part to examine the viability of survey research methods for exploring evacuation decision making and for eliciting values for improved hurricane forecasts and warnings. First, aspects that affect households’ stated likelihood of evacuation are explored, because informing such decisions is one of the primary purposes of hurricane forecasts and warnings. Then, stated-choice valuation methods are used to analyze choices between potential forecast-improvement programs and the accuracy of existing forecasts. From this, the willingness to pay (WTP) for improved forecasts is derived from survey respondents.

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Physical Methods of Microalgal Biomass Pretreatment

International Agrophysics ◽

10.2478/intag-2014-0024 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 341-348 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Agata Piasecka ◽

Izabela Krzemińska ◽

Jerzy Tys

Keyword(s):

Alternative Energy ◽

Lipid Extraction ◽

Physical Method ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Biomass Pretreatment ◽

Microalgal Biomass ◽

Alternative Energy Sources ◽

Wet Biomass ◽

Microwave Techniques

Abstract The prospect of depletion of natural energy resources on the Earth forces researchers to seek and explore new and alternative energy sources. Biomass is a composite resource that can be used in many ways leading to diversity of products. Therefore, microalgal biomass offers great potential. The main aim of this study is to find the best physical method of microalgal biomass pretreatment that guarantees efficient lipid extraction. These studies identifies biochemical composition of microalgal biomass as source for biodisel production. The influence of drying at different temperatures and lyophilization was investigated. In addition, wet and untreated biomass was examined. Cell disruption (sonication and microwave) techniques were used to improve lipid extraction from wet biomass. Additionally, two different extraction methods were carried out to select the best method of crude oil extraction. The results of this study show that wet biomass after sonication is the most suitable for extraction. The fatty acid composition of microalgal biomass includes linoleic acid (C18:2), palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linolenic acid (C18:3), and stearic acid (C18:0), which play a key role in biodiesel production.

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Impact of age, size, and sex on adult black soldier fly [Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)] thermal preference

Journal of Insects as Food and Feed ◽

10.3920/jiff2021.0076 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

N.F. Addeo ◽

C. Li ◽

T.W. Rusch ◽

A.J. Dickerson ◽

A.M. Tarone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Thermal Gradient ◽

Life History Traits ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Mass Rearing ◽

Thermal Preference ◽

Black Soldier Fly ◽

Hermetia Illucens ◽

Surface Temperatures ◽

The Impact

Population growth and rapid urbanisation have increased the global demand for animal feed and protein sources. Therefore, traditional animal feed production should be increased through the use of alternative nutrient sources. Insects as feed are beginning to fill this need. One such insect is the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). However, to more effectively mass produce the black soldier fly, a better understanding of its thermal biology is needed. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of age, size, and sex on adult black soldier fly thermal preference. The thermal preference of adult black soldier flies was determined by exposing flies to a thermal gradient with a range of surface temperatures and monitoring their positions over time. An aluminium plate was used to create a linear thermal gradient where surface temperatures ranged from ~15-60 °C. Flies were distinguished by age (1-d-post-emergence vs 7-d-post-emergence), size (large vs small) and sex (male vs female) to assess whether thermal preference differed by specific life-history traits. Thermal preference for 7-d-post-emergence adults was significantly lower (19.2 °C) than 1-d-post-emergence adults (28.7 °C), respectively. Similarly, small adults selected significantly cooler (21.1 °C) temperatures than large adults (26.9 °C). No significant differences in thermal preferences were found between sex, regardless of age or size. In fact, males and females had similar thermal preference of 23.8 and 24.2 °C, respectively. This study reveals that multiple life-history traits of adult black soldier fly affect their thermal preference, and thus should be taken into consideration by mass rearing facilities to optimize production.

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Research and industrialisation of Hermetia illucens L. in China

Journal of Insects as Food and Feed ◽

10.3920/jiff2019.0020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 5-12

Author(s):

J.B. Zhang ◽

J.K. Tomberlin ◽

M.M. Cai ◽

X.P. Xiao ◽

L.Y. Zheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Organic Waste ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Egg Laying ◽

Breeding Method ◽

Hermetia Illucens ◽

Cold Temperatures ◽

The Usa ◽

The Government ◽

Future Work

The larvae of the black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens L., are commonly associated with decaying organic wastes. Over the past 15 years, investigators in China have conducted extensive research exploring the use of BSF larvae to recycle organic materials as a means to protect the environment, while producing products of value, such as protein and bioenergy. Initial efforts were based on a BSF strain from the USA. However, since then, H. illucens strains from specimens collected in Hubei and Guangdong Provinces have been established and used as models to explore the use of this species in sustainable agriculture. China has played an instrumental role in developing an in-door breeding method using a quartz-iodine lamp rather than depend on natural sunlight. This discovery has allowed the establishment of in-door BSF colonies in regions throughout the world where abiotic conditions (i.e. cold temperatures) are preventative. Researchers in China paved the way for using microbes as a means to enhance BSF production including, enhancing BSF egg-laying as well as waste reduction. Furthermore, bacteria from BSF gut or waste can be cultured and used to promote BSF growth, shorten conversion time, and enhanced conversion efficacy. Recent efforts have demonstrated BSF larvae can degrade antibiotics as well as suppress noxious odours in livestock manure. Due to the efforts of research on BSF in China, numerous companies that recycle organic waste at a large scale (>20 tonnes waste digested/day), have been established. Resulting products include insect powder, and live BSFL that can be used as animal feed ingredients for livestock (e.g. eels and frogs), while protecting the environment. Future work will decipher the mechanisms regulating BSF larval conversion of organic waste so that the system can be optimised. However, efforts are still needed at the government level to establish quality assurance standards if this process is truly to become established as an industry in China.

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Pengolahan Singkong Menjadi Brownies Untuk Meningkatkan Nilai Jual Singkong di Desa Tegalharjo Kecamatan Glenmore Kabupaten Banyuwangi

LOYALITAS, Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat ◽

10.30739/loyal.v3i1.552 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 82

Author(s):

Siti Aimah ◽

Nawal Ika Susanti ◽

Lely Ana Ferawati Ekaningsih

Keyword(s):

Animal Feed ◽

Economic Value ◽

Family Economy ◽

Maximum Price ◽

The Family ◽

And Training

Tegalharjo village is a village in Glenmore sub-district, Banyuwangi district, which has a very large plantation area with a variety of plants. One of the plants that thrives on plantations and people's homes is the cassava tree. But the use of cassava as a village's potential to improve the economy of citizens is less than optimal. Cassava is generally left to rot in the trees, sometimes sold cheaply with a maximum price of Rp 3.000.00 a kilo gram and even ironically it is only used as animal feed. Meanwhile the majority of housewives only depend on the family economy for their husbands' work as farmers, farm laborers, very few who are self-employed and plantation labour majority. Seeing this, there needs to be innovations that can increase the economic value of cassava. One of them by processing cassava into brownies. After being processed into brownies, the selling value automatically increases from a kilo of Rp 3.000,00 to Rp 10,000.00 in a package. This innovation was carried out by the service team through mentoring activities and training in making Brownies of Cassava.

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COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIC WASTE PROCESSING USING BSF MAGGOT BIOCONVERSION

Journal of Community Based Environmental Engineering and Management ◽

10.23969/jcbeem.v5i2.4445 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 83-90

Author(s):

Mohamad Satori ◽

Ivan Chofyan ◽

Yuliadi Yuliadi ◽

Otong Rukmana ◽

Ira Ayu Wulandari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Waste ◽

Waste Treatment ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Economic Value ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Boarding School ◽

Added Value ◽

Community Based ◽

The People ◽

Organic Waste Treatment

Organic waste is the largest composition of waste generated by the people of Indonesia, which is around 50-60%. This type of waste, especially food waste, is easy to smell if it is stored for too long so that it has the potential to pollute the environment. On the other hand, organic waste has good nutrients that can be generated, including through BSF (Black Soldier Fly) maggot bioconversion treatment. The BSF maggot bioconversion method is a method of processing organic waste which is carried out by converting organic matter into other products that are useful and have added value by utilizing biological processes from microorganisms and enzymes. Organic waste treatment with this method is generally carried out on a community-based basis and is integrated with the development of agriculture, fisheries and animal husbandry, because maggot cultivation produces commodities of economic value such as compost and maggot larvae. Compost contains very good nutrients so that it can be used for organic farming and maggot contains high protein that can be used for animal feed and fisheries. The implementation of this program was piloted in the boarding school community, namely the Az-Zakaria Islamic Boarding School which is managed by the Az-Zakaria Islamic Education Foundation (YPI) in Sindangbarang Village, Jalaksana District, Kuningan Regency. The result of this implementation is the formation of a new group of entrepreneurs engaged in the cultivation and utilization of BSF maggots.

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Potensi Pengembangan Kemiri Sunan (Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw)di Lahan Terdegradasi

Perspektif ◽

10.21082/p.v14n2.2015.87-101 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 87 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

DIBYO PRANOWO ◽

MAMAN HERMAN ◽

. SYAFARUDDIN

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Economic Value ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Degraded Land ◽

Marginal Lands ◽

Productivity Level ◽

Oil Crops ◽

Energy Needs ◽

Alternative Sources

ABSTRAK Kemiri sunan (Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw) merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman penghasil minyak nabati yang memiliki potensi besar sebagai sumber bahan baku untuk biodiesel. Tingkat produktivitas yang dapat mencapai 8-9 ton minyak kasar atau setara dengan 6-8 ton biodiesel/ha/tahun memiliki nilai strategis terkait dengan program pemerintah dalam mencari alternatif sumber energi baru yang terbarukan. Pengembangan sumber energi terbarukan seperti yang berasal dari minyak nabati kemiri sunan merupakan salah satu alternatif dalam upaya memenuhi defisit energi untuk keperluan domestik sehingga Indonesia dapat keluar dari himpitan krisis energi. Lahan-lahan yang telah terdegradasi di Indonesia dari tahun ke tahun luasnya semakin bertambah baik karena faktor alam maupun karena eksploitasi yang tidak terkendali. Disisi lain pengembangan tanaman sumber BBN terkendala karena keterbatasan lahan. Kajian yang telah dilakukan secara intensif terhadap karakteristik tanaman, minyak dan biodiesel yang dihasilkannya, serta daya adaptasinya yang sangat luas terhadap beragam agroekosistem yang ada di Indonesia, tanaman kemiri sunan memberikan harapan yang baik disamping sebagai sumber bahan baku biodiesel, juga dapat berfungsi sebagai tanaman konservasi untuk mereklamasi lahan-lahan marginal yang telah terdegradasi. Disamping itu, pengembangan tanaman kemiri sunan di lahan yang telah terdegradasi tidak hanya akan dapat meningkatkan nilai ekonomi lahan tersebut, tetapi juga dapat dijadikan tanaman yang bernilai ekonomi tinggi, serta mampu menyediakan kebutuhan energi bagi masyarakat sekitar maupun ke wilayah yang lebih luas. Kata kunci: Kemiri sunan, biodiesel, energi baru terbarukan, lahan terdegradasi, lahan bekas tambang. ABSTRACTThe Multiple Benefits of Developing Kemiri Sunan (Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw) In Degraded Land Kemiri sunan (Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw) is one kind of vegetable oil crops that have great potential as a source of raw material for biodiesel. The productivity level that can reach 8-9 tons of crude oil, equivalent to 6-8 tons of biodiesel/ha/year make as a strategic commodity associated with government programs to find alternative sources of renewable energy. Development of renewable energy such as from vegetable oils of kemiri sunan is one of the alternatives in an effort to solve the deficit of energy for domestic use so that Indonesia can way out of the crush of the energy crisis. Lands that have been degraded in Indonesia continuously increasing both cause of the extent of natural factors and uncontrolled exploitation. On the other hand the development of this plants retricted by aviability of land. The research88 Volume 14 Nomor 2, Des 2015 : 87 - 101 studies have been conducted on the characteristics of plants, oil and biodiesel production, and adaptability in very broadly of Indonesian agro-ecosystem, this plant show well hopes besides as a source of raw material for biodiesel, it can also function as a conservation plant to reclaim marginal lands that have been degraded. In addition, the development of kemiri sunan on degraded land will not only be able to increase the economic value of the land, but also can be used as crops of high economic value, and able to provide for the energy needs of the surrounding communities and to the wider region. Keywords: Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw, biodiesel, renewable energy, degraded land, post mained land.

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