scholarly journals Economic Benefits and Pollutants Emission Embodied in China–US Merchandise Trade—Comparative Analysis Based on Gross Trade, Value Added Trade and Value Added in Trade

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 11322
Author(s):  
Ling-Yun He ◽  
Hui Huang
Keyword(s):  
Trade Balance ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Environmental Cost ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
Trade Dispute ◽  
Pollutants Emission ◽  
Merchandise Trade

The main focuses of the Sino–US trade dispute are the issue of trade interests. If taking environmental costs into consideration, the trade interests are even more overestimated. There are different methods for measuring trade interests, and the results obtained under different methods differ. This paper uses the gross trade, value-added trade and value-added-in trade framework to calculate the economic gains and correspondent embodied pollution in China–US trade, compares the differences in results under different models and makes possible explanations. Our conclusions are as follows: (1) Traditional gross trade statistics have overestimated China’s economic benefits. The trade balance in gross trade was overestimated by 35% and 40% compared to the value-added trade and value-added-in trade. (2) China was a net exporter of embodied pollution and paid huge environmental costs from 1995 to 2011. (3) China’s exports are environmentally worse than the United States, and the calculation of pollution terms of trade proves that China paid a greater environmental cost for the same amount of economic benefits. (4) Different accounting frameworks have a great impact on the embodied pollution results at the industry level. Pollution based on value-added trade was more concentrated. The major polluting industries also changed.

scholarly journals Une analyse économétrique de l’ajustement récent de la balance commerciale canadienne (1978-1979)

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-387
Author(s):  
Richard Dion ◽  
Raynald Létourneau
Keyword(s):  
Trade Balance ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Capacity Utilization ◽  
The United States ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Rapid Improvement ◽  
Trade Surplus ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Manufactured Goods ◽  
Merchandise Trade

Abstract The Canadian merchandise trade surplus increased rather modestly in 1978 and 1979 given that the depreciation of the real exchange rate since 1977 had considerably reinforced our competitive position. With the aid of an econometric model, we try to measure the respective contributions of the factors influencing the merchandise trade balance during that period. Our partial equilibrium simulations reveal that the depreciation of the Canadian dollar, both in nominal and real terms, substantially improved the merchandise trade surplus. High capacity utilization rates in Canada had a substantial impact on the trade balance through a large increase of imports, especially imports of producers' equipment, and through a significant reduction of exports of manufactured goods other than automotive products. Excluding the automobile sector, which has experienced a "structural" change in the United States, cyclical divergences between the two countries did not influence substantially the evolution of the merchandise trade account over that period. The rapid improvement of the terms of trade in 1979 strongly contributed to the increase of the nominal merchandise trade surplus. Our simulations show that the rise in the prices of certain primary commodities relative to the U.S. prices of manufactured goods was an important factor behind the stronger terms of trade.

scholarly journals Economic Impact of Drought- and Shade-tolerant Bermudagrass Varieties

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chanjin Chung ◽  
Tracy A. Boyer ◽  
Marco Palma ◽  
Monika Ghimire
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Economic Impact Analysis ◽  
New Varieties

This study estimates potential economic impacts of developing drought- and shade-tolerant bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) turf varieties in five southern states: Texas, Florida, Georgia, Oklahoma, and North Carolina. First, estimates are provided for the market-level crop values of the newly developed two varieties for each state. Then, an economic impact analysis is conducted using an input–output model to assess additional output values (direct, indirect, and induced impacts), value added, and employment due to the new varieties. Our results indicate that the two new varieties would offer significant economic impacts for the central and eastern regions of the United States. Under the assumption of full adoption, the two new products would generate $142.4 million of total output, $91.3 million of value added, and 1258 new jobs. When a lower adoption rate is assumed at 20%, the expected economic impacts would generate $28.5 million of output, $18.3 million of value added, and 252 jobs in the region. Our findings quantify the potential economic benefits of development and adoption of new turfgrass varieties with desirable attributes for residential use. The findings suggest that researchers, producers, and policymakers continue their efforts to meet consumers’ needs, and in doing so, they will also reduce municipal water consumption in regions suited to bermudagrass varieties.

Trends and Cycles in U.S. Trade with Spain and the Spanish Empire, 1790–1819

1984 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 521-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Cuenca Esteban
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Spanish Empire ◽  
Export Trade ◽  
Demand Elasticities ◽  
Merchandise Trade ◽  
Constant Prices

Analysis of balance-of-payments components with Spain and Spanish America helps account for spectacular economic gains to the United States in the neutrality years and for the subsequent turn to net deficit positions during the 1810s. Excess export values at constant prices with Spain and favorable terms of trade with Spanish America decisively contributed to large surpluses on commodity account through 1795–1813. Most cycles in merchandise trade are consistent with greater demand elasticities for exports than for imports.Net earings on freight, insurance, and mercantile profits boosted overall returns from the Spanish Empire at the very times when they were most needed to finance the re-export trade and to settle deficits elsewhere.

scholarly journals Opportunities and Challenges of Alternative Specialty Crops: The Global Picture

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 1316-1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hye-Ji Kim
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Specialty Crops

Modern intensive agriculture has led to biodiversity loss by restricting the number of crops, resulting in a limited range of nutrients available to the community. Alternative specialty crops can contribute to crop diversification in agricultural production systems and enhance human health and well-being by providing a diverse array of food crops. Rapid demographic changes in the U.S. population has created higher demands for and sales potential of fruits and vegetables, and has brought new market opportunities for farmers in the United States to grow alternative specialty crops. The introduction of alternative specialty crops has many inherited advantages including economic benefits to farmers through multiple facets: diversifying crop with value-added crops, improving resilience to climate variability, maintaining yields with less resources, and boosting crop resistance to pests and diseases. However, there are challenges associated with the introduction and establishment of new crops, which include lack of information on candidates, cultural practices, and marketing as well as policy and institutional barriers. Farmers may face risk from poor economic returns and their businesses are likely to fail if proper management and marketing information are not available. This paper explores the opportunities and challenges associated with introduction of alternative specialty crops, and discuss how to mitigate potential problems associated with the introduction and establishment of alternative specialty crops.

scholarly journals Environmental crisis effect on environmental costs

2021 ◽  
Vol 937 (2) ◽  
pp. 022036
Author(s):  
T Podolskaya ◽  
G V Kravchenko ◽  
Kh Shatila
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Cost Accounting ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Environmental Cost ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
Financial Benefit ◽  
Business Decision

Abstract Environmental management accounting is a mechanism for determining and evaluating, and incorporating these cost and benefit in the day-to-day business decision making, the full spectrum of environmental costs of current production processes and the economic benefits of contamination prevention, or cleaner processes. In practice, the past 10 years have acquired significance from corporate accounting, which is the most prominent part of cost accounting. Limits were widely acknowledged of conventional financial and cost accounting techniques reflecting companies’ sustainability efforts and providing management with necessary information for sustainable business choices. Information on companies’ environmental performance may be somewhat accessible, but both domestic decision makers and those at the level of public authorities are seldom able to connect environmental information with economic variables and are essentially deprived of environmental cost information. Decision makers do thus not recognize the economic worth of natural resources as asset and the commercial and financial benefit of excellent environmental performance. Beyond ‘goodwill’ efforts, there are a number of market-based incentives for integration with decision making of environmental issues. This article provides an outline of environmental management methods and we evaluate environmental costs in terms of current economic crisis.

scholarly journals Foreign trade relations between the Republic of Korea and the United States in the context of the development of integration processes

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 826-841
Author(s):  
Inna V. Andronova ◽  
Natalia V. Dyuzheva ◽  
Kirill A. Andronov
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Liberal Trade

The article examines the process of concluding, implementing and updating the Free Trade Agreement between the USA and South Korea, highlights the main problematic aspects of the functioning of the free trade area and the consequences for the bilateral trade of countries. The study found that South Korea benefited significantly from the negotiated liberal trade regime with the USA. The trade balance surplus of South Korea with the USA sharply increased - to a historic maximum of 25 billion dollars (in 2015), also South Korean exports of high-tech goods and high value-added goods increased significantly. For the USA, participation in the agreement led to an increase in the trade balance deficit and in the export of resources, agricultural goods and low value-added products. The observed consequences led to the use of a tough discriminatory policy by the USA, to the revision of the provisions of the Free trade agreement and to the military and political concessions from South Korea. As a result, the deficit of the US trade balance with South Korea decreased by 17.3% over the year, changes in the commodity structure of the countries' mutual trade are expected. The analysis proves the formation of a unified approach in US foreign trade policy towards partner countries within the framework of Free trade agreements, which lies in the mainstream of new protectionism and aimed at ensuring American geopolitical and economic interests.

scholarly journals Impact of environmental cost on the profitability of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1518-1536
Author(s):  
Temitope Mariam Worimegbe
Keyword(s):  
Random Effect ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Environmental Cost ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Return On Equity ◽  
Environmental Initiatives ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Impact

Corporate involvement in environmental initiatives and reporting is essential for increasing and sustaining performance in a dynamic and changing environment. However, this involvement in environmental activities is not without costs implication. Hence, business managers tend to sacrifice engaging and reporting environmental initiatives for economic benefits. This study examined the impact of environmental costs on the profitability of quoted manufacturing companies from 2007 to 2017. The study used the ex-post facto research design. Twenty mentioned manufacturing companies were purposively drawn from the population of sixty manufacturing companies listed on the floor of the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The study variables were sourced from the annual reports and accounts as well as the stand-alone environmental information of the selected companies over eleven years from 2007-2017. The cost incurred on environmental initiatives to the community and training of employees on environmental concerns were used as proxies for environmental cost. At the same time, the DuPont return on equity was proxy for profitability. The findings from the panel random-effect regression analysis showed that asset use efficiency (F = 3.368, p = .01) and equity multiplier (F = 3.3301, p = .01) were significantly influenced by environmental cost; while operating efficiency (F= 0.5158, p = .72) was not significantly impacted by environmental cost at 5% level of significance. As such, in this study, the asset use efficiency and equity multiplier are the main drivers of a significant increase in the return on equity of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria from 2007 to 2017. The study, therefore, concluded that environmental costs significantly affect the profitability of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria.

ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING FOR WASTE PROCESSING IN SITI AISYAH HOSPITAL LUBUKLINGGAU CITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Keyword(s):  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Environmental Accounting ◽  
Environmental Cost ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
Administrative Costs ◽  
Government Accounting ◽  
Living Things ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Behavior

The concept of Green (environmental) Accounting (Kusumaningtias, 2013; Ratnaningsih et al., 2004; Suparmoko, 2005; Susilo, 2008) namely Environmental Accounting has actually begun to develop since the 1970s in Europe. However, until the mid 1990s, the concept of Environmental Accounting was not much spread. Based on the Constitution of The Republic of Indonesia Number 32 year 2009 concerning Protection and Management of the Environment, Environment is the unity of space with all objects, power, circumstances, and living things, including humans and behavior, which affect nature itself, sustainability and humans and other living things welfare. The focus of this study lies in the application of Environmental Accounting at Siti Aisyah Hospital in Lubuklinggau, based on Government Accounting Standards (SAP) Number 71 year 2010 on Waste Management (Government Accounting, 2011). The problem in this study is to find out whether the application of Environmental Accounting at Siti Aisyah Hospital is in accordance with the Government Standards. The results of this study have shown that Siti Aisyah Hospital in Lubuklinggau has implemented environmental cost accounting. These environmental costs are included in maintenance costs, but the hospital has not presented a specific report on Environmental Accounting in more detail. This hospital has carried out the process of identifying, measuring, recording, presenting, and also disclosing as already explained in Government Accounting Standards No. 71 year 2010, namely presenting environmental costs by including components of environmental costs on general and administrative costs. This hospital has also managed its waste properly and has also incurred environmental costs.

scholarly journals How is China’s energy security affected by exogenous shocks? Evidence of China–US trade dispute and COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi Qiang Liu ◽  
Xin Huang ◽  
Xiangong Li ◽  
Mahmoud Masoud ◽  
Sai-Ho Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Security ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Matrix Analysis ◽  
Settlement Systems ◽  
Exogenous Shocks ◽  
Trade Dispute ◽  
Major Player ◽  
Energy Diplomacy

AbstractThe trade dispute between China and the United States (US) since 2018 and the global COVID-19 pandemic since 2020 has significantly impacted China’s economic development. As China’s energy sources heavily depend on imports, its economic viability is becoming more and more risky. This study proposes a novel conceptual framework, involving macroeconomic, industrial and geopolitical factors, to evaluate China’s energy security as a major player in the trade dispute. This study also provides a comprehensive strategy for policymakers to make better decisions on reforming renewable energy patterns to guarantee energy security and achieve geopolitical advantages. The PESTEL (political, economic, social, technical, environmental and legislative) and SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analytical methods are applied to evaluate the factors and attributes of China’s energy development and energy security in the current background. The China-US bipartite game reciprocity model and the QSPM (Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix) analysis are conducted to assess which energy security strategy and policy are more suitable to deal with China-US trade dispute. To enhance energy security, China should diversify its energy supply chain, develop new sources of energy supply, advance the shale gas technology, popularise cleaner power-generation plants, increase nuclear-energy safety, introduce energy-conservation measures, promote alternative-energy vehicles, engage in international energy diplomacy, and rebuild international energy transaction and settlement systems.

Examining the Relationship Between Racialized Poverty Segregation and Hazardous Industrial Facilities in the U.S. Over Time

2021 ◽  
pp. 000276422110134
Author(s):  
Kerry Ard ◽  
Kevin Smiley
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Sociological Theory ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
Race And Class ◽  
Industrial Sites ◽  
Over Time

Scholars interested in understanding the unequal exposure to environmental harms by race and class have often relied on urban sociological theory. Specifically, the argument that the outmigration of middle-class Whites and African Americans from America’s industrial areas, as well as the decline in manufacturing employment in these communities, concentrated minority poverty around industrial sites. These nested, community-level, processes have not yet been measured as such in the environmental inequality literature. This article addresses this limitation by using spatial measures of poverty segregation between and within racial groups. Multilevel models are presented that examine how the density of industrial facilities is related to the economic health of a host-tract, the broader economic context of the county, and the level of poverty segregation (both within and between racial/ethnic groups). Results demonstrate that there is a spatial separation of the economic benefits and environmental harms across the United States, a pattern that has remained consistent over time.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document