scholarly journals Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Reutilization in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 11433
Author(s):  
Rong Wang ◽  
Yi Deng ◽  
Shuyuan Li ◽  
Keli Yu ◽  
Yi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hazardous Waste ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
The Core ◽  
Weee Recycling ◽  
Intelligent Management ◽  
Four Levels

Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), also called electronic waste or e-waste, the core of “urban mining”, is attracting more and more attention to its pollution control and circular recycling. Hence, we defined WEEE, preliminarily discussed its history in China and pointed out that China has made great achievements in WEEE circular reutilization and pollution control. Meanwhile, we analyzed the four levels of circular WEEE recycling: repair, reuse and remanufacture, waste-to-materials, waste-to-products and waste-to-energy, and also put forward questions during this process. Moving forward, WEEE management will turn to intelligent management targeted on hazardous waste and other pollution, not merely the guidelines. Meanwhile, WEEE technology will transfer to value-added and automated reutilization, not just simple dismantling.

scholarly journals Studies on the Content of Selected Technology Critical Elements (Germanium, Tellurium and Thallium) in Electronic Waste

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3722
Author(s):  
Joanna Willner ◽  
Agnieszka Fornalczyk ◽  
Magdalena Jablonska-Czapla ◽  
Katarzyna Grygoyc ◽  
Marzena Rachwal
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cell ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Icp Oes ◽  
Electronic Components ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Weee Recycling ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
And Migration

The article draws attention to the problem of the presence of metals: germanium (Ge), tellurium (Te), thallium (Tl), and others (Cd, Ba, Co, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn) in selected waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). As a result of the growing demand for new technologies, the global consumption of TECs has also been increasing. Thus, the amount of metals in circulation, of which the impacts on the environment have not yet been fully understood, is constantly increasing. Due to the low content of these metals in WEEE, they are usually ignored during e-waste analyses. The main aim of this study was to determine the distribution of Ge, Te, and Tl (and other elements) in ground sieve fractions (1.0, 0.5, 0.2, and 0.1 mm) of selected electronic components (solar lamps, solar cell, LED TV screens, LCD screens, photoresistors, photodiodes, phototransistors) and to determine the possible tendency of the concentrations of these metals in fractions. This problem is particularly important because WEEE recycling processes (crushing, grinding, and even collection and transport operations) can lead to dispersion and migration of TCE pollutants into the environment. The quantitative composition of e-waste was identified and confirmed by ICP-MS, ICP-OES and SEM-EDS, and XRD analyses. It was found that Ge, Te, and Tl are concentrated in the finest fractions of ground e-waste, together with Cd and Cr, which may favor the migration of these pollutants in the form of dust during storage and processing of e-waste.

scholarly journals A Model of the Environmental Burden of RFID Technology in the Slovak Republic

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3684
Author(s):  
Bibiana Bukova ◽  
Jiri Tengler ◽  
Eva Brumercikova
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency Identification ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Rfid Tags ◽  
Rfid Technology ◽  
Environmental Burden ◽  
The Core ◽  
Regulatory Approach ◽  
Frequency Identification ◽  
Model Household

The paper focuses on the environmental burden created by Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags in the Slovak Republic (SR). In order to determine the burden there, a model example was created to calculate electronic waste produced by households in the SR by placing RFID tags into municipal waste. The paper presents a legislative regulatory approach towards the environmental impacts from using RFID tags in the SR, as well as an analysis of the environmental burden of using RFID tags throughout the world. The core of the paper is focused on the research conducted in order to calculate the environmental burden of a model household in the SR, where the number of used RFID tags per year was observed; then, the volume of e-waste produced by households of the Slovak Republic per year was determined. In the conclusion, we provide the results of the research presented and discuss including our own proposal for solving the problems connected with the environmental burden of RFID technology.

scholarly journals Estimating Recycling Return of Integrated Circuits Using Computer Vision on Printed Circuit Boards

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2808
Author(s):  
Leandro H. de S. Silva ◽  
Agostinho A. F. Júnior ◽  
George O. A. Azevedo ◽  
Sergio C. Oliveira ◽  
Bruno J. T. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Decision Criterion ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Mechanical Recycling ◽  
Printed Circuit

The technological growth of the last decades has brought many improvements in daily life, but also concerns on how to deal with electronic waste. Electrical and electronic equipment waste is the fastest-growing rate in the industrialized world. One of the elements of electronic equipment is the printed circuit board (PCB) and almost every electronic equipment has a PCB inside it. While waste PCB (WPCB) recycling may result in the recovery of potentially precious materials and the reuse of some components, it is a challenging task because its composition diversity requires a cautious pre-processing stage to achieve optimal recycling outcomes. Our research focused on proposing a method to evaluate the economic feasibility of recycling integrated circuits (ICs) from WPCB. The proposed method can help decide whether to dismantle a separate WPCB before the physical or mechanical recycling process and consists of estimating the IC area from a WPCB, calculating the IC’s weight using surface density, and estimating how much metal can be recovered by recycling those ICs. To estimate the IC area in a WPCB, we used a state-of-the-art object detection deep learning model (YOLO) and the PCB DSLR image dataset to detect the WPCB’s ICs. Regarding IC detection, the best result was obtained with the partitioned analysis of each image through a sliding window, thus creating new images of smaller dimensions, reaching 86.77% mAP. As a final result, we estimate that the Deep PCB Dataset has a total of 1079.18 g of ICs, from which it would be possible to recover at least 909.94 g of metals and silicon elements from all WPCBs’ ICs. Since there is a high variability in the compositions of WPCBs, it is possible to calculate the gross income for each WPCB and use it as a decision criterion for the type of pre-processing.

scholarly journals Design for Circularity Guidelines for the EEE Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3923
Author(s):  
Anton Berwald ◽  
Gergana Dimitrova ◽  
Thijs Feenstra ◽  
Joop Onnekink ◽  
Harm Peters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Stakeholder Collaboration ◽  
Weee Recycling ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Multi Stakeholder ◽  
Different Levels

The increased diversity and complexity of plastics used in modern devices, such as electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), can have negative impacts on their recyclability. Today, the main economic driver for waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) recycling stems from metal recovery. WEEE plastics recycling, on the other hand, still represents a major challenge. Strategies like design ‘for’, but also the much younger concept of design ‘from’ recycling play a key role in closing the material loops within a circular economy. While these strategies are usually analysed separately, this brief report harmonises them in comprehensive Design for Circularity guidelines, established in a multi-stakeholder collaboration with industry leaders from the entire WEEE value chain. The guidelines were developed at the product and part levels. They are divided in five categories: (1) avoidance of hazardous substances; (2) enabling easy access and removal of hazardous or polluting parts; (3) use of recyclable materials; (4) use of material combinations and connections allowing easy liberation; (5) use of recycled materials. These guidelines are the first harmonised set to be released for the EEE industry. They can readily serve decision-makers from different levels, including product designers and manufacturers as well as policymakers.

Plasma Resource Recovery Technology: Converting Waste to Energy and Valuable Products

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Carabin ◽  
Gillian Holcroft
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Resource Recovery ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cruise Ship ◽  
Plasma Flame ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Technology

Plasma Resource Recovery (PRR) is a revolutionary technology that can treat virtually any type of waste by combining gasification with vitrification. Vitrification produces inert slag that can be used as a construction material. Gasification produces a fuel gas containing carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2), used for cogeneration of electricity and steam. The plasma fired eductor which is the core technology of the PRR system is presently being used commercially on a cruise ship at a scale of 5 TPD. The capabilities of the PRR technology have been demonstrated in a pilot plant, at a rate of up to 2 TPD of various types of waste. Because of the high intensity of the plasma flame and the reduced amounts of gases produced in a gasification system, compared to traditional combustion systems, the PRR system is typically very compact. As such, the PRR technology opens the door for a decentralized, small scale approach to waste management.

How to Evaluate the Economic Value Added of Innovative Interface Technologies in a Booming Cyber Commerce Environment

2011 ◽  
Vol 467-469 ◽  
pp. 1006-1011
Author(s):  
Ming Yuan Hsieh ◽  
Chung Hsing Huang ◽  
Wen Ming Wu
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Customer Service ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Economic Value Added ◽  
Social Community ◽  
Priority Vector ◽  
Network Process ◽  
Four Levels

Beginning in the 21st century, e-business enterprises need to take vigorous tactics in facing greater challenges in a booming cyber commerce era. In today’s e-business environment, innovative interface technologies change with each passing day, customers’ (users’) satisfaction are more and more discerning, and market demands can fluctuate unpredictably. While facing constant changes in the lower-profit and high customer-service cyber commerce environment, it is important to know how to break through the current Information Technology (IT) industrial situation, maintain the enterprises’ owned advantage and continuously make a profit under a booming transition. In this research, nineteen sub-criteria are categorized into five factors (criteria) by the measurement of factor analysis. Three basic types of innovative business websites (portals, cyber commerce and social community) in an e-business environment are then evaluated by nineteen assessable criteria of five characteristics of innovation interface technology through the use of the Analytical Network Process (ANP) approach. The specific feature of the ANP model is to establish a pairwise comparative matrix and furthermore, to calculate the priority vector weights (eigenvector) of each assessable characteristic, criteria and sub-criteria. The factor analysis can utilize more measure matrix to benefit the deviation of ANP approach due to less data from expert’s opinions. Additionally, in the content, the analytical hierarchical relations are definitely expressed in four levels among each characteristic of innovative interface technology (IIT), criterion and sub-criteria. Moreover, based on the empirical analysis, the enterprises are able to choose the best potential business website with highest economic value added (EVA) through this research in order to maximize financial profits and benefits from an innovative perspective. Finally, some suggestions for managers and researchers are inductively formed to further determine the best development of innovative interface technologies in a thriving cyber commerce environment.

scholarly journals THE ENGINEERING DESIGN COMPETENCY

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Angeles ◽  
Ron Britton ◽  
Liuchen Chang ◽  
Franҫois Charron ◽  
Peter Gregson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Education ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Global Competition ◽  
Education Programs ◽  
Environmental Challenges ◽  
Research Results ◽  
The Core ◽  
Product And Process ◽  
Value Added Products

There is increasing global competition for better product and process functionality, higher quality, lower costs, and other considerations including energy and environmental challenges. This trend requires that Canadian industry be more innovative and responsive in order to stay competitive internationally. The Canadian capability in Engineering Design is at the core of our ability to achieve this goal. At both the undergraduate and graduate levels, we must improve the capability and capacity of engineering graduates so that they are capable of leading innovation, and converting research results into value-added products and services. This paper addresses the engineering design competency, identifies needs in engineering design training, and describes directions for the design content in engineering education programs.

scholarly journals Collecting Small-Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment in Poland—How Can Containers Help in Disposal of E-Waste by Individuals?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12422
Author(s):  
Piotr Nowakowski ◽  
Sandra Kuśnierz ◽  
Julia Płoszaj ◽  
Patrycja Sosna
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Support Design ◽  
Location Selection ◽  
Information Campaigns ◽  
Waste Container

The effectiveness of e-waste collection depends on organizational and social factors. Individuals should have easy access to collection points and be aware of proper methods of e-waste disposal. This article investigates the availability, usability, and occurring irregularities of the container collection of small-waste electrical and electronic equipment. The study explores the attitude and behavior of individuals when disposing of small-waste equipment in the South of Poland. The results show that ninety-five percent of supermarkets’ managers responsible for waste management find a growing interest in the disposal of small e-waste by individuals. An increasing number of collection containers encourages residents to dispose of small-waste appliances. More than eighty-three percent of respondents are aware of proper methods of e-waste disposal. Additional information campaigns addressed to residents are required to prevent mixing electrical and electronic waste with other waste and to encourage the disposal of small e-waste. The intention to dispose of small e-waste was declared by only thirty-two percent of respondents. Containers with discarded easy breakable items, such as lamps, should be removed more frequently. The collection containers’ noticeability is evaluated by individuals as of average difficulty. The containers in supermarkets have simple designs and labels indicating the category of waste for disposal. The containers installed in residential areas have attractive designs and advertising slogans. The individuals expect the containers should be available in more locations that are easily accessible from households. The results of this study should be helpful for local authorities, waste collection companies, and waste electrical and electronic organizations, to support design, location selection, and information campaigns for small e-waste container collections.

Study on the Weaving Beauty of Monochromatic Knit Fabrics

2012 ◽  
Vol 627 ◽  
pp. 239-242
Author(s):  
Shu Xian Du ◽  
Yan Hui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Visual Aesthetics ◽  
The Core ◽  
Knit Fabrics ◽  
New Ideas

A breakthrough of monochromatic knit fabrics innovation is in weaving links design, which presents its various textures and unique visual aesthetics by combing different weaving types with longitude and weft line. By studying the beauty in weaving, this paper aims to explore the importance of developing weaving beauty in knit fabrics, emphasize the designing principle that weaving beauty is the core in order to propose new ideas for the value-added monochromatic knit fabrics with modern technology in its full use, and expand the innovation area of monochrome knit fabrics.

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