scholarly journals Research into the Impacts of Driving Cycles and Load Weight on the Operation of a Light Commercial Electric Vehicle

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 13872
Author(s):  
Tomáš Settey ◽  
Jozef Gnap ◽  
František Synák ◽  
Tomáš Skrúcaný ◽  
Marek Dočkalik
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Sustainable Logistics ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Load Weight

The European Parliament has adopted Directive 2019/1161 on the promotion of environmentally friendly and energy-efficient road transport vehicles, which also defines the obligations and forms of support for the procurement of environmentally friendly vehicles in urban logistics. The increase in the number of shipments delivered within e-commerce, which is also the result of the COVID-19 pandemic, requires a transition to a sustainable logistics system. New research questions are being raised in the preparation of new projects for the introduction of small electric commercial vehicles in particular. One of the main research questions about deployment itself is whether light commercial electric vehicles are able to fully replace conventionally powered vehicles. What operating conditions are optimal for the operation of them? How does load weight affect the energy efficiency of operating a light commercial electric vehicle? The authors decided to carry out research into the impacts of weight and the nature of a driving cycle under laboratory conditions to eliminate all external factors that could distort individual measurements and their results. In order to simulate driving cycles, an urban driving cycle was designed on the basis of the course of speed, acceleration, deceleration and slope conditions of roads in the selected regional city of Žilina (Slovakia). In the case of the operation of an electrically powered light commercial vehicle, the impact of load weight on the range of the vehicle is low, and is below the level of the theoretical maximum range of the vehicle in urban logistics applications. The operation of electrically powered vehicles in hilly terrains with relatively longer gradients and steeper slopes increases electricity consumption and, thereby, reduces their range.

scholarly journals Requirements for Electric Machine Design based on Operating Points from Real Driving Data in Cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Svenja Kalt ◽  
Lucas Brenner ◽  
Markus Lienkamp
Keyword(s):  
Time Pressure ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Electric Machine Design ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Operating Points

Increasing environmental awareness leads to the necessity for more efficient powertrains in the future. However, the development of new vehicle concepts generates a trend towards ever shorter development cycles. Therefore, new concepts must be tested and validated at an early stage in order to meet the increasing time pressure. This requires the determination of real driving data in fleet tests in order to generate realistic driving cycles, which correspond as closely as possible to the actual driving behavior of the applications use case. Within the scope of this paper, real driving data are analyzed and used to create a representative driving cycle. The resulting driving cycle based on real driving characteristics is then used to investigate the impact of application-based design for powertrains on the design of electric machines, by illustrating the difference between synthetic operating points and real driving data.

scholarly journals Use of the Bezier Curves for a Vehicles Driving Cycles' Modeling

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. B65-B75
Author(s):  
Valerii Dembitskyi
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Bezier Curves ◽  
Bézier Curves ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Analysis Of Results ◽  
The Given

While performing the research of the vehicles operating characteristics in real operating conditions, a question of creation or correction of a movement driving cycle always appears. An absence of a mathematical model rather complicates the research process and makes a quick correction of movement conditions impossible. To solve the given problem, it was proposed to model a driving cycle using the Bezier curves. As a result of this research, it is stated that the most advantageous is to use the Bezier curves of the second and third degrees. During the analysis of results of driving cycles modeling and their comparison to the standardized and real movement cycles, a satisfactory coincidence of results was obtained. The conducted thematic research confirms the previous results, directed to creation of a universal dynamic model of a vehicle's driving cycle.

scholarly journals Forward-Looking Model Dedicated to the Study of Electric Vehicle Range Considering Drive Cycles

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-59
Author(s):  
Khaled Atamnia ◽  
Abdesselam Lebaroud ◽  
Saikat Adikari
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Forward Modeling ◽  
Motor Power ◽  
General Motor ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Driving Range ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Forward Looking

Abstract This paper deals with the forward-looking model of an electric vehicle (EV). Various simulation tests have been conducted to investigate the effects of the environmental conditions and powertrain design on the EV driving range. The simulation results show the importance of the forward modeling approach in selecting the EV components such as the battery capacity, the power and torque limits of the electric motor, and the impact of this selection on the EV performance during different driving cycles. The simulation results manifest that the forward model is useful when scaling the battery pack to determine the maximum capacity and selecting the suitable motor power and its size. The characteristics of the General Motor EV1 model have been selected in this study to verify the proposed approach.

scholarly journals An Experimental Investigation of the Impact of Video Media on Pork Consumption

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faunalytics
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Flat Screen ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pork Consumption ◽  
Screen Condition

Faunalytics, with support from Statistics Without Borders, conducted a longitudinal research project examining the effectiveness of Animal Equality’s 360-degree and 2D video outreach. The main research questions for this study were:1. Which of two video media (360-degree virtual reality or a 2D experience) results in greater change in self-reported pork consumption and, secondarily, attitudes toward pork and pigs? 2. Do these video media result in greater change in self-reported diet and, secondarily, attitudes toward pork and pigs than a control condition? The study employed an experimental (i.e., randomized controlled trial) design with three conditions: a 360-degree virtual reality condition, a 2D flat-screen condition, and an inactive (i.e., no treatment) control condition.

scholarly journals The Impact of HVAC on the Development of Autonomous and Electric Vehicle Concepts

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Adrian König ◽  
Sebastian Mayer ◽  
Lorenzo Nicoletti ◽  
Stephan Tumphart ◽  
Markus Lienkamp
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Concept Development ◽  
Vehicle Concept ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Driving Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vehicle Size ◽  
Weather Scenario

Automation and electrification are changing vehicles and mobility. Whereas electrification is mainly changing the powertrain, automation enables the rethinking of the vehicle and its applications. The actual driving range is an important requirement for the design of automated and electric vehicles, especially if they are part of a fleet. To size the battery accordingly, not only the consumption of the powertrain has to be estimated, but also that of the auxiliary users. Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) is one of the biggest auxiliary consumers. Thus, a variable HVAC model for vehicles with electric powertrain was developed to estimate the consumption depending on vehicle size and weather scenario. After integrating the model into a tool for autonomous and electric vehicle concept development, various vehicle concepts were simulated in different weather scenarios and driving cycles with the HVAC consumption considered for battery sizing. The results indicate that the battery must be resized significantly depending on the weather scenario to achieve the same driving ranges. Furthermore, the percentage of HVAC consumption is in some cases higher than that of the powertrain for urban driving cycles, due to lower average speeds. Thus, the HVAC and its energy demand should especially be considered in the development of autonomous and electric vehicles that are primarily used in cities.

Comparing Driving Cycle Development Methods Based on Markov Chains

2020 ◽  
pp. 036119812096882
Author(s):  
Frédérique Roy ◽  
Catherine Morency
Keyword(s):  
Markov Chains ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
The United States ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Emission Models ◽  
The Impact

The transportation sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, accounting for 14% of global emissions in 2010 according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency. In Quebec, this share amounts to 43%, of which 80% is caused by road transport according to the MinistÉre de l’Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques of QuÅbec. It is therefore essential to support the actions taken to reduce GHGs emissions from this sector and to quantify the impact of these actions. To do so, accurate and reliable emission models are needed. Driving cycles are defined as speed profiles over time and they are a key element of emission models. They represent driving behaviors specific to various road types in each region. The most widely used method to construct driving cycles is based on Markov chains and consists of concatenating small sections of speed profiles, called microtrips, following a transition matrix. Two of the main steps involved in the development of driving cycles are microtrip segmentation and microtrip classification. In this study, several combinations of segmentation and clustering methods are compared to generate the most reliable driving cycle. Results show that segmentation of microtrips with a fixed distance of 250 m and clustering of the microtrips by applying a principal component analysis on many key parameters related to their speed and acceleration provide the most accurate driving cycles.

The Influence of Transmission Ratios Selection on Electric Vehicle Motor Performance

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. X. Zhou ◽  
P. D. Walker ◽  
N. Zhang ◽  
B. Zhu ◽  
F. Ding
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Gear Ratio ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Vehicle Design ◽  
Work Efficiency ◽  
Efficiency Change ◽  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
The Impact

Increasingly electric vehicle design is looking forward the application of multiple ratio transmissions in place of traditional single ratio gearboxes. The choice of gear ratio has significant influence on vehicle performance, including range, acceleration, and gradeability. To study the impact of different transmissions on EV’s dynamic and economic performance, mathematical models of an EV is presented which is applicable to both single and multiple ratio transmissions. These transmission variants are then studied under different operating conditions to investigate how operating conditions in the motor work efficiency change with different transmissions. Here comparisons are made between 2-speed and single speed transmission. Then the reasons for the results are analysed.

Study the Impact of Driver’s Behavior on the Energy Efficiency of Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Feng ◽  
Bo Chen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Aggressive Driving ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
The Impact

This paper investigates the impact of driver’s behavior on the fuel efficiency of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and its powertrain components, including engine, motor, and battery. The simulation study focuses on the investigation of power request, power output, energy loss, and operating region of powertrain components with the change of driver’s behavior. It is well known that a noticeable difference between the sticker number fuel economy and actual fuel economy will happen when a driver drives aggressively. To simulate aggressive driving, the input driving cycles are scaled from the baseline driving cycles to increase the level of acceleration/deceleration. With scaled aggressive driving cycles, the simulation result shows a significant change of HEV equivalent fuel economy. In addition, the high power demands of aggressive driving cause engine to operate within a higher fuel rate region. Furthermore, the engine is started and shut down frequently due to the large instantaneous power request peaks, which result in high energy loss. The simulation study of the impact of aggressive driving on the HEV fuel efficiency is conducted for a power-split hybrid electric vehicle using powertrain simulation and analysis software Autonomie developed by Argonne National Laboratory. The performance of the major powertrain components is analyzed when the HEV operates at different level of aggressiveness. The simulation results provide useful information to identify the major factors that need to be included in the vehicle control design to improve the fuel efficiency of HEVs under aggressive driving.

Facing the Challenges in CFD Modelling of Multistage Axial Compressors

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Cozzi ◽  
Filippo Rubechini ◽  
Michele Marconcini ◽  
Andrea Arnone ◽  
Pio Astrua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Axial Compressor ◽  
Turbulence Models ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Tip Clearance ◽  
Cfd Modelling ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Axial Compressors ◽  
Rotor Stator Interaction ◽  
The Impact

Multistage axial compressors have always been a great challenge for designers since the flow within these kind of machines, subjected to severe diffusion, is usually characterized by complex and widely developed 3D structures, especially next to the endwalls. The development of reliable numerical tools capable of providing an accurate prediction of the overall machine performance is one of the main research focus areas in the multistage axial compressor field. This paper is intended to present the strategy used to run numerical simulations on compressors achieved by the collaboration between the University of Florence and Ansaldo Energia. All peculiar aspects of the numerical setup are introduced, such as rotor/stator tip clearance modelling, simplified shroud leakage model, gas and turbulence models. Special attention is payed to the mixing planes adopted for steady-state computations because this is a crucial aspect of modern heavy-duty transonic multistage axial compressors. In fact, these machines are characterized by small inter-row axial gaps and transonic flow in front stages, which both may affect non-reflectiveness and fluxes conservation across mixing planes. Moreover, the high stage count may lead to conservation issues of the main flow properties form inlet to outlet boundaries. Finally, the likely occurrence of partspan flow reversal in the endwall regions affects the robustness of non-reflecting mixing plane models. The numerical setup has been validated on an existing machine produced and experimentally tested by Ansaldo Energia. In order to evaluate the impact on performance prediction of the mixing planes introduced in the steady-state computation, un-steady simulations of the whole compressor have been performed at different operating conditions. These calculations have been carried out both at the compressor design point and close to the surge-line to evaluate the effect of rotor/stator interaction along the compressor working line.

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