scholarly journals Isolation, Molecular Identification and Mycotoxin Profile of Fusarium Species Isolated from Maize Kernels in Iran

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Fallahi ◽  
Hossein Saremi ◽  
Mohammad Javan-Nikkhah ◽  
Stefania Somma ◽  
Miriam Haidukowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Severe Reduction ◽  
Maize Kernels ◽  
High Possibility

Fusarium species are among the most important fungal pathogens of maize, where they cause severe reduction of yield and accumulation of a wide range of harmful mycotoxins in the kernels. In order to identify the Fusarium species and their mycotoxin profiles associated to maize ear rot and kernel contamination in Iran, a wide sampling was carried out from field in ten major maize-producing provinces in Iran, during 2015 and 2016. From 182 samples of maize kernels, 551 strains were isolated and identified as belonging to Fusarium genus. Among the 234 representative strains identified at species level by translation elongation factor (EF-1α) sequences, the main Fusarium species were F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum, together representing 90% of the Iranian Fusarium population, and, to a lesser extent, F. incarnatum equiseti species complex (FIESC), F. thapsinum and F. redolens. Fumonisin (FBs) production by F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum representative strains was analysed, showing that all strains produced FB1. None of F. verticillioides strains produced FB2 nor FB3, while both FB2 and FB3 were produced only by F. proliferatum. Total mean of FBs production by F. verticillioides was higher than F. proliferatum. The occurrence of different Fusarium species on Iranian maize is reason of great concern because of the toxigenic risk associated to these species. Moreover, the diversity of the species identified increases the toxigenic risk associated to Fusarium contaminated maize kernels, because of the high possibility that a multi-toxin contamination can occur with harmful consequences on human and animal health.

scholarly journals First Report of Fusarium Ear Rot of Maize Caused by Fusarium andiyazi in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (10) ◽  
pp. 1428-1428 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Zhang ◽  
W. Luo ◽  
Y. Pan ◽  
J. Xu ◽  
J. S. Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
White Mold ◽  
Fusarium Ear Rot ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
Maize Kernels ◽  
Maize Ear Rot

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important food crop worldwide. Some Fusarium species cause maize ear rot leading to significant yield losses and, for some Fusarium species, potential risk of mycotoxin contamination. In 2013, a survey was conducted to determine the population composition of Fusarium species on maize in Dongyang, Zhejiang Province, China, where about 5% of maize ears in each field were found with reddish-white mold. Symptomatic maize ears were collected from several cultivars including forage corn Zhedan724 and Zhengdan958, sweet corn Chaotian4 and Chaotian135, and waxy corn Heinuo181 and Zhenuoyu6; no association between the disease and maize cultivars was observed. Maize kernels showing a pink or white mold were surface-disinfested with 70% ethanol and 10% sodium hypochlorite, followed by three rinses with sterile distilled water and placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). After 3 days of incubation at 25°C in the dark, mycelia were transferred to fresh PDA and purified by the single-spore isolation method (4). Species were identified based on morphological characteristics (2), and sequence analysis of the translation elongation factor-1α (TEF) gene. The results indicated that Fusarium verticillioides Sacc. (84.6%) is the main causal agent of maize ear rot in this region. However, morphological characteristics of two strains (7.7%) from the same field were found to be identical to F. andiyazi Marasas, Rheeder, Lampr., K.A. Zeller & J.F. Leslie. Colonies on PDA showed floccose to powdery mycelium and pale-purple pigmentation. Hyaline and straight or slightly curved macroconidia were observed with 3- to 6-septate and a slightly curved apical cell. Chlamydospores were absent. In order to validate this result, partial translation elongation factor (TEF-1α, 646 bp) gene sequences of isolates were generated (GenBank Accession No. KJ137019) (1). BLASTn analysis of TEF-1α with the GenBank database revealed 99.7% sequence identity to F. andiyazi (JN408195 and JN408196), and much lower (94 to 98%) identity with other Fusarium spp. Thus, both morphological and molecular criteria supported identification of the strains as F. andiyazi. A pathogenicity test was performed on maize cv. Zhengdan958 in a greenhouse. Four days post-silk emergence, a 2-ml conidial suspension (105 macroconidia/ml) of each isolate was injected into each of 10 maize ears through the silk channel. An equal amount of sterile distilled water was injected into 10 ears as a control. Typical Fusarium ear rot symptoms (reddish-white mold), which were observed in the ears inoculated with these strains 20 days after inoculation, were similar to the original symptoms in the sampling sites, and no symptoms were observed on the water control ears. The same fungus was re-isolated from the infected kernels using the method described above. F. andiyazi are the major pathogens of sorghum (2) and also proved to attack maize kernels recently (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. andiyazi causing Fusarium ear rot on maize in China. Further investigation is needed to gain a better understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of this new pathogen. Also, the new species must be considered in the development of maize cultivars with broad-based resistance to the pathogens. References: (1) D. M. Geiser et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110:473, 2004. (2) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA, 2006. (3) A. Madania et al. J. Phytopathol. 161:452, 2013. (4) H. Zhang et al. PLoS ONE 7:e31722, 2012.

scholarly journals First Report of Fusarium Maize Ear Rot Caused by Fusarium meridionale in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
pp. 1156-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Zhang ◽  
W. Luo ◽  
Y. Pan ◽  
J. Xu ◽  
J. S. Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Fusarium Ear Rot ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Translation Elongation Factor ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
First Report

Fusarium is an important genus of fungal pathogens that are responsible for devastating diseases, such as Fusarium ear rot on maize, which may result in yield losses and/or mycotoxin contamination. In September 2013, a survey to determine population composition of Fusarium species on maize was conducted at 22 fields in 18 counties in Gansu Province. Maize ears with clear symptoms (with a white to pink- or salmon-colored mold at the ear tip) were collected. Symptomatic seeds were surface-sterilized with 70% ethanol and 10% sodium hypochlorite and rinsed three times with sterile water to eliminate hypochlorite residues. After drying on sterile filter paper, the seeds were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25°C in the dark for 3 days. Mycelium that was characteristic of Fusarium spp. (2) was purified by transferring single spores to fresh PDA. Fusarium species were identified by morphological characteristics (2), multilocus genotyping assay (MLGT) (3), and sequence analysis of the translation elongation factor-1α (TEF) gene. Several Fusarium species were identified and Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum were the predominant species. Based on MLGT, two strains from Chenghong County were identified as F. meridionale with NIV chemotype, a species in F. graminearum species complex (FGSC). Morphological characteristics were also identical to FGSC. Colonies grew rapidly on PDA and produce relatively large amounts of dense mycelia and red pigments. Slender, thick-walled, and moderately curved or straight macroconidia were observed with 5- to 6-septate. Furthermore, conidia on SNA also showed typical characteristics of F. meridionale, as the dorsal and ventral lines were often parallel and gradually curved. Sequences comparison of the partial translation elongation factor (TEF-1α, 644 bp) gene (1) was used to validate these observations. BLASTn analysis with the FUSARIUM-ID database revealed 100% sequence identity to F. meridionale (GenBank Accession No. KJ137017). Thus, both morphological and molecular criteria supported identification of the strains as F. meridionale. A pathogenicity test was performed on Zhengdan958, the maize variety with the largest planted acreage in China. Four days after silk emergence, 2 ml conidial suspension (105 macroconidia/ml) of each isolate were injected into each of 10 maize ears through silk channel. Control plants were inoculated with sterile distilled water. Typical FER symptoms (reddish-white mold) was observed on inoculated ears and no symptoms were observed on water controls. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by re-isolating the same fungus from the infected seeds. F. meridionale was one of the pathogens causing Fusarium head blight on wheat and barley in China and produced nivalenol (4,5) and it also has been isolated from maize in Korea and Nepal. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. meridionale causing Fusarium ear rot on maize in China. Further studies on biological characteristics such as temperature sensibility and fungicide resistance are needed to gain a better understanding of this new pathogen. References: (1) D. M. Geiser et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110:473, 2004. (2) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA, 2006. (3) T. J. Ward et al. Fungal Genet. Biol. 45:473, 2008. (4) L. Yang et al. Phytopathology 98:719, 2008. (5) H. Zhang et al. Plos one 7:e31722, 2012.

scholarly journals Identification and Characterization of Diaporthe ambigua, D. australafricana, D. novem, and D. rudis Causing a Postharvest Fruit Rot in Kiwifruit

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (8) ◽  
pp. 1402-1410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo A. Díaz ◽  
Bernardo A. Latorre ◽  
Mauricio Lolas ◽  
Enrique Ferrada ◽  
Paulina Naranjo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Lesion Length ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Postharvest Rot ◽  
Diaporthe Ambigua

Diaporthe spp. are important plant pathogens causing wood cankers, blight, dieback, and fruit rot in a wide range of hosts. During surveys conducted during the 2013 and 2014 seasons, a postharvest rot in Hayward kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) was observed in Chile. In order to identify the species of Diaporthe associated with this fruit rot, symptomatic fruit were collected from seven kiwifruit packinghouses located between San Francisco de Mostazal and Curicó (central Chile). Twenty-four isolates of Diaporthe spp. were identified from infected fruit based on morphological and cultural characters and analyses of nucleotides sequences of three loci, including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), a partial sequences of the β-tubulin, and translation elongation factor 1-α genes. The Diaporthe spp. identified were Diaporthe ambigua, D. australafricana, D. novem, and D. rudis. Multilocus phylogenetic analysis revealed that Chilean isolates were grouped in separate clades with their correspondent ex-types species. All species of Diaporthe were pathogenic on wounded kiwifruit after 30 days at 0°C under normal and controlled-atmosphere (2% O2 and 5% CO2) storage and they were sensitive to benomyl, pyraclostrobin, and tebuconazole fungicides. D. ambigua isolates were the most virulent based on the lesion length measured in inoculated Hayward and Jintao kiwifruit. These findings confirm D. ambigua, D. australafricana, D. novem, and D. rudis as the causal agents of kiwifruit rot during cold storage in Chile. The specie D. actinidiae, a common of Diaporthe sp. found associated with kiwifruit rot, was not identified in the present study.

scholarly journals Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti complex from China

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Wang ◽  
Q. Chen ◽  
Y.Z. Diao ◽  
W.J. Duan ◽  
L. Cai
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Ribosomal Gene ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Wide Range

The Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) is shown to encompass 33 phylogenetic species, across a wide range of habitats/hosts around the world. Here, 77 pathogenic and endophytic FIESC strains collected from China were studied to investigate the phylogenetic relationships within FIESC, based on a polyphasic approach combining morphological characters, multi-locus phylogeny and distribution patterns. The importance of standardised cultural methods to the identification and classification of taxa in the FIESC is highlighted. Morphological features of macroconidia, including the shape, size and septum number, were considered as diagnostic characters within the FIESC. A multi-locus dataset encompassing the 5.8S nuclear ribosomal gene with the two flanking internal transcribed spacers (ITS), translation elongation factor (EF-1α), calmodulin (CAM), partial RNA polymerase largest subunit (RPB1) and partial RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2), was generated to distinguish species within the FIESC. Nine novel species were identified and described. The RPB2 locus is demonstrated to be a primary barcode with high success rate in amplification, and to have the best species delimitation compared to the other four tested loci.

scholarly journals Reference Gene Selection for Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR Normalization inIris. lacteavar.chinensisRoots under Cadmium, Lead, and Salt Stress Conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Sun Gu ◽  
Liang-qin Liu ◽  
Chen Xu ◽  
Yan-hai Zhao ◽  
Xu-dong Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Reference Genes ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Translation Initiation Factor ◽  
Translation Elongation Factor ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Wide Range

Quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR) has emerged as an accurate and sensitive method to measure the gene expression. However, obtaining reliable result depends on the selection of reference genes which normalize differences among samples. In this study, we assessed the expression stability of seven reference genes, namely, ubiquitin-protein ligase UBC9 (UBC), tubulin alpha-5 (TUBLIN), eukaryotic translation initiation factor (EIF-5A), translation elongation factor EF1A (EF1α), translation elongation factor EF1B (EF1b), actin11 (ACTIN), and histone H3 (HIS), inIris. lacteavar.chinensis(I. lacteavar.chinensis) root when the plants were subjected to cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and salt stress conditions. All seven reference genes showed a relatively wide range of threshold cycles (Ct) values in different samples. GeNorm and NormFinder algorithms were used to assess the suitable reference genes. The results from the two software units showed thatEIF-5AandUBCwere the most stable reference genes across all of the tested samples, whileTUBLINwas unsuitable as internal controls.I. lacteavar.chinensisis tolerant to Cd, Pb, and salt. Our results will benefit future research on gene expression in response to the three abiotic stresses.

scholarly journals Characterization of Botryosphaeriaceae Species as Causal Agents of Trunk Diseases on Grapevines

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (12) ◽  
pp. 1678-1688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Carlucci ◽  
Francesca Cibelli ◽  
Francesco Lops ◽  
Maria Luisa Raimondo
Keyword(s):  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Neofusicoccum Parvum ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests

Botryosphaeriaceae spp. have a cosmopolitan distribution and a wide range of plant hosts. Over the last 15 years, worldwide, 21 species of this family have been associated with grapevine trunk diseases that cause cankers and dieback on grapevines. Here, we surveyed vineyards of Vitis vinifera ‘Lambrusco’, ‘Sangiovese’, and ‘Montepulciano’ in three areas of the Foggia province (Cerignola, Foggia, and San Severo) in southern Italy. Wood samples from grapevines showing general decline, dieback, cankers, and wood and foliar discoloration yielded 344 fungal isolates identified as Botryosphaeriaceae spp. A phylogenetic study combining internal transcribed spacer and translation elongation factor 1-α sequences of 60 representative isolates identified nine botryosphaeriaceous species: Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia corticola, D. mutila, D. seriata, Dothiorella iberica, Do. sarmentorum, Lasiodiplodia citricola, L. theobromae, and Neofusicoccum parvum. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that all nine species cause canker and dieback of grapevines. However, this is the first report of L. citricola as causal agent of wood cankers and dieback of grapevine. To date, including L. citricola, there are 25 botryosphaeriaceous species associated with V. vinifera worldwide, of which 12 have been reported for grapevines in Italy.

scholarly journals Identification and diversity of Fusarium species isolated from tomato fruits

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Baiti Abd Murad ◽  
Nor Azizah Kusai ◽  
Nur Ain Izzati Mohd Zainudin
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Elongation Factor 1

Abstract Fruit rot of tomato is a serious disease caused by Fusarium species. Sampling was conducted throughout Selangor, Malaysia and fungal species identification was conducted based on morphological and gene encoding translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1-α) sequence analysis. Five species of Fusarium were discovered namely F. oxysporum (including F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici), F. solani, F. equiseti, F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides. Our results provide additional information regarding the diversity of Fusarium species associated with fruit rot disease of tomato.

Immunochemical Detection of Molds: A Review

2000 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUZHEN LI ◽  
R. R. MARQUARDT ◽  
D. ABRAMSON
Keyword(s):  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Regulatory Strategies ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Immunochemical Detection ◽  
Food And Feed

Molds are widely distributed in nature and cause deterioration of foods and feeds. Their mycotoxins can adversely affect human and animal health. Suitable assays for molds, therefore, are required to implement control and regulatory strategies and to develop appropriate feeding regimens for mold-infested feeds. Many different types of mold assays have been used, most of which are not reproducible or accurate. However, the immunoassays, particularly enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), can be especially useful. Among these, assays that detect the water-soluble extracellular secretions of fungi, the exoantigens, are generally able to detect fungi at the genus or species level, whereas the heat-stable polysaccharides tend to be specific for one or more genus of fungi. Several species and genus (genera)–specific ELISAs have been developed using monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against exoantigens and heat-stable polysaccharides from a wide range of fungi, including Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species. Other assays have been developed that nonspecifically detect mold in food or feed, some using antibodies against a mixture of antigens from different fungi. These assays are highly sensitive, are easy to perform, and provide an index of the amount of mold present in the sample. Further refinement of these assays should facilitate their widespread use by food and feed processors, regulatory agencies, taxonomists, and research scientists.

Fusarium spp. associated with root rot of pulse crops and their cross pathogenicity to cereal crops in Montana

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swarnalatha Moparthi ◽  
Mary Eileen Burrows ◽  
Josephine Mgbechi-Ezeri ◽  
Bright Agindotan
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Pulse Crops ◽  
Disease Management Strategy

Root rot caused by Fusarium species is a major problem in the pulse growing regions of Montana. Fusarium isolates (n=112) were obtained from seeds and/or roots of chickpea, dry pea, and lentil. Isolates were identified by comparing the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region and the translation elongation factor 1-α in Fusarium-ID database. Fusarium avenaceum was the most abundant species (28%), followed by F. acuminatum (21%), F. poae (13%), F. oxysporum (8%), F. culmorum (6%), F. redolens (6%), F. sporotrichioides (6%), F. solani (4%), F. graminearum (2%), F. torulosum (2%) and F. tricinctum (0.9%). The aggressiveness of a subset of 50 isolates that represent various sources of isolation was tested on three pulse crops and two cereal crops. Nonparametric analysis of variance conducted on ranks of disease severity indicated that F. avenaceum and F. solani isolates were highly aggressive on pea and chickpea. In lentil, F. avenaceum and F. culmorum were highly aggressive. In barley, F. avenaceum, F. solani, F. culmorum, and F. graminearum were highly aggressive. In wheat, F. avenaceum, F. graminearum, and F. culmorum were highly aggressive. Two F. avenaceum isolates were highly aggressive across all the crops tested and found to be cross pathogenic. One isolate of F. culmorum and an isolate of F. graminearum obtained from chickpea and lentil seed were highly aggressive on barley and wheat. The results indicate that multiple Fusarium spp. from seeds and roots can cause root rot on both pulse and cereal crops. Rotating these crops may still lead to an increase in inoculum levels, making crop rotation limited in efficacy as a disease management strategy.

scholarly journals Utilization of DNA microarrays for detection and identification of selected Fusarium species from the Czech Republic

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. S93-S101
Author(s):  
L. Pavlátová ◽  
D. Novotný ◽  
J. Hodek ◽  
J. Chrpová ◽  
J. Ovesná
Keyword(s):  
Dna Microarrays ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Template Dna

Fusarium is a serious phytopathogenic fungal genus with producting of many kinds of highly toxic secondary metabolites – mycotoxins. The consumption of Fusarium contaminated food and feed can cause dangerous mycotoxicoses both in humans and animals, therefore the detection of a wider range of Fusarium species in the samples of crops is very important. The aim of our work was to test the reliability of detection and identification of three Fusarium species in infected wheat grains by DNA microarrays versus classical mycological methods and by specific PCR. The in-house DNA microarrays for the detection and identification of the selected Fusarium species by using oligonucleotides probes were prepared. For hybridisation on DNA microarrays fluorescent labelled PCR products were used of part of the translation elongation factor 1 alpha. The conditions of hybridisation were optimised on fungal template DNA. The method of DNA microarrays was verified on artificially infected samples of wheat and tested on unknown infected wheat samples with simultaneous analysis by classical mycological methods and by specific PCR.

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