scholarly journals Peste des petits ruminants Virus Transmission Scaling and Husbandry Practices That Contribute to Increased Transmission Risk: An Investigation among Sheep, Goats, and Cattle in Northern Tanzania

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine M. Herzog ◽  
William A. de Glanville ◽  
Brian J. Willett ◽  
Isabella M. Cattadori ◽  
Vivek Kapur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
The Past ◽  
Husbandry Practices ◽  
Seasonal Grazing

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes an infectious disease of high morbidity and mortality among sheep and goats which impacts millions of livestock keepers globally. PPRV transmission risk varies by production system, but a deeper understanding of how transmission scales in these systems and which husbandry practices impact risk is needed. To investigate transmission scaling and husbandry practice-associated risk, this study combined 395 household questionnaires with over 7115 cross-sectional serosurvey samples collected in Tanzania among agropastoral and pastoral households managing sheep, goats, or cattle (most managed all three, n = 284, 71.9%). Although self-reported compound-level herd size was significantly larger in pastoral than agropastoral households, the data show no evidence that household herd force of infection (FOI, per capita infection rate of susceptible hosts) increased with herd size. Seroprevalence and FOI patterns observed at the sub-village level showed significant spatial variation in FOI. Univariate analyses showed that household herd FOI was significantly higher when households reported seasonal grazing camp attendance, cattle or goat introduction to the compound, death, sale, or giving away of animals in the past 12 months, when cattle were grazed separately from sheep and goats, and when the household also managed dogs or donkeys. Multivariable analyses revealed that species, production system type, and goat or sheep introduction or seasonal grazing camp attendance, cattle or goat death or sales, or goats given away in the past 12 months significantly increased odds of seroconversion, whereas managing pigs or cattle attending seasonal grazing camps had significantly lower odds of seroconversion. Further research should investigate specific husbandry practices across production systems in other countries and in systems that include additional atypical host species to broaden understanding of PPRV transmission.

scholarly journals Identifying Age Cohorts Responsible for Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus Transmission among Sheep, Goats, and Cattle in Northern Tanzania

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Herzog ◽  
William de Glanville ◽  
Brian Willett ◽  
Isabella Cattadori ◽  
Vivek Kapur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Force Of Infection ◽  
Northern Tanzania ◽  
Pastoral Cattle

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes a contagious disease of high morbidity and mortality in global sheep and goat populations. To better control this disease and inform eradication strategies, an improved understanding of how PPRV transmission risk varies by age is needed. Our study used a piece-wise catalytic model to estimate the age-specific force of infection (FOI, per capita infection rate of susceptible hosts) among sheep, goats, and cattle from a cross-sectional serosurvey dataset collected in 2016 in Tanzania. Apparent seroprevalence increased with age, reaching 53.6%, 46.8%, and 11.6% (true seroprevalence: 52.7%, 52.8%, 39.2%) for sheep, goats, and cattle, respectively. Seroprevalence was significantly higher among pastoral animals than agropastoral animals across all ages, with pastoral sheep and goat seroprevalence approaching 70% and 80%, respectively, suggesting pastoral endemicity. The best fitting piece-wise catalytic models merged age groups: two for sheep, three for goats, and four for cattle. The signal of these age heterogeneities were weak, except for a significant FOI peak among 2.5–3.5-year-old pastoral cattle. The subtle age-specific heterogeneities identified in this study suggest that targeting control efforts by age may not be as effective as targeting by other risk factors, such as production system type. Further research should investigate how specific husbandry practices affect PPRV transmission.

scholarly journals Diabetes and Pancreatic Anastomosis: Friend or Foe?

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
Awaj Kafle ◽  
Vikas Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Operative Procedure ◽  
Pancreatic Head ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Pancreatic Anastomosis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Past ◽  
Periampullary Region ◽  
Malignant Lesions

Background & Objectives:Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) has become a standard operative procedure for both benign and malignant lesions of pancreatic head and periampullary region. Pancreatic Fistula (PF) is the most troublesome complication and heralds the development of other complications. The procedure was associated with high morbidity and mortality in the past but with the identification of various risk factors associated with the development of PF, the management has changed dramatically. Similarly, Diabetes mellitus (DM) and poor glycemic control is associated with various adverse postoperative events. So, the objective of this study was to identify the association between DM and postoperative occurrence of PF.Materials & Methods:This was a prospective cross-sectional study enrolling a total of 72 patients. Patients were screened for the presence or absence of DM based on guidelines by American Diabetes Association in January 2009. After surgery, patients were observed for the development of PF. The association between these two was assessed using Chi-Square test.Results:Out of 72 patients, 12 had DM. All the patients who had DM did not develop PF; in contrast 15 patients who developed PF were non-diabetic.Conclusion:Diabetes Mellitus was found to be protective in preventing the occurrence of PF postoperatively.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Risk Factors for Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus in Sheep and Goats at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface in Punjab Province, Pakistan

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aziz-ul-Rahman ◽  
Muhammad Abubakar ◽  
Muhammad Hidayat Rasool ◽  
Shumaila Manzoor ◽  
Muhammad Saqalein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
N Gene ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Wild Ruminants ◽  
Nasal Swabs

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is causing infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality rate in domestic and wild small ruminants of Pakistan with valuable economical losses. The present study was carried out to investigate risk factors of PPRV in domestic small ruminants which were present in the vicinity of wildlife parks. A total of 265 sera samples (27 wild ruminants and 238 domesticated small ruminants) from apparently healthy animals from two different wildlife parks were collected and analysed for PPRV antibodies. Also, 20 nasal swabs from domestic small ruminants showing respiratory signs were collected to check for presence of PPRV antigen. Competitive ELISA revealed highest proportions of anti-PPRV antibodies in domestic small ruminants around the Wildlife Park at Lahore (35%) as compared to Faisalabad (13%), with no existence of PPRV antibodies in tested serum of wild ruminants at these parks. Higher seropositivity was observed in females (25.6%) than in males (5.1%) and in goats (34.5%) compared to sheep (11.2%). The results of N-gene based RT-PCR highlight the absence of PPRV due to lack of current PPR outbreak in the region during study period. Even though grazing was not a significant risk factor, there is still a possibility of wildlife-livestock interactions for feed and water reservoirs, resulting in spillover of PPR to wildlife. Keeping in view the high seropositivity and risk of PPR, vaccination should be adopted to avoid circulation of PPRV among wild and domestic small ruminants (sheep and goats).

scholarly journals Cross-Sectional Survey on Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Cattle, Sheep, and Goats in Algeria: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdallah ◽  
Kamel ◽  
Karima ◽  
Samir ◽  
Djamel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii Infection

A cross-sectional study aimed at assessing the seroprevalence and identifying the risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in cattle, sheep, and goats in eight provinces located in two main Algerian agro-ecological zones was carried out from October 2015 to March 2018. Blood sera from 4074 animals of both sexes were tested for the presence of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies, using the indirect, enzyme-linked, immunosorbent assay technique (ELISA). Moreover, to identify the potential risk factors of T. gondii infection, a survey through a breeders’ questionnaires was conducted. Nearly one-fourth of the total number of animals tested (1024/4074)—i.e., 25.1%--were seropositive. The seroprevalence in cattle, sheep, and goats was 28.7%, 25.6%, and 11.9%, respectively. The area, sex, age, and herd size were identified as risk factors for T. gondii infection. Higher seropositivity rates were recorded in cows and goats (odds ratio (OR) = 1.63 and 6.4), in old animals (cattle, OR = 2.1; sheep, OR = 1.9; and goat, OR = 3.9), and in small size herds (cattle, OR = 2.5; sheep, OR = 1.9; goat, OR = 2.2). In conclusion, there is widespread T. gondii infection in cattle, sheep, and goats in these two strategic agricultural areas. The identification of the risk factors determines the type of measures and strategies to be undertaken to reduce, control, and prevent T. gondii infection in domestic animals, and thereby reduce human infection.

scholarly journals Pastoral production is associated with increased peste des petits ruminants seroprevalence in northern Tanzania across sheep, goats and cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Herzog ◽  
W. A. de Glanville ◽  
B. J. Willett ◽  
T. J. Kibona ◽  
I. M. Cattadori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Force Of Infection ◽  
Northern Tanzania ◽  
Pastoral Production ◽  
External Risk

Abstract Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes a contagious disease of high morbidity and mortality in small ruminant populations globally. Using cross-sectional serosurvey data collected in 2016, our study investigated PPRV seroprevalence and risk factors among sheep, goats and cattle in 20 agropastoral (AP) and pastoral (P) villages in northern Tanzania. Overall observed seroprevalence was 21.1% (95% exact confidence interval (CI) 20.1–22.0) with 5.8% seroprevalence among agropastoral (95% CI 5.0–6.7) and 30.7% among pastoral villages (95% CI 29.3–32.0). Seropositivity varied significantly by management (production) system. Our study applied the catalytic framework to estimate the force of infection. The associated reproductive numbers (R0) were estimated at 1.36 (95% CI 1.32–1.39), 1.40 (95% CI 1.37–1.44) and 1.13 (95% CI 1.11–1.14) for sheep, goats and cattle, respectively. For sheep and goats, these R0 values are likely underestimates due to infection-associated mortality. Spatial heterogeneity in risk among pairs of species across 20 villages was significantly positively correlated (R2: 0.59–0.69), suggesting either cross-species transmission or common, external risk factors affecting all species. The non-negligible seroconversion in cattle may represent spillover or cattle-to-cattle transmission and must be investigated further to understand the role of cattle in PPRV transmission ahead of upcoming eradication efforts.

scholarly journals Sero-prevalence and risk factors for sheeppox in Kordofan states in Sudan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Manosur ◽  
Fatima Abdelazeem ◽  
Abdelmhmoud Ata Manan ◽  
Timothy Bowden ◽  
Yilkal Asfaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Further Education ◽  
Virus Neutralization ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Sheeppox and goatpox are viral diseases of sheep and goats causing high morbidity and mortality leading to large economic losses for producers. The viruses are transmitted primarily through direct contact between infected animals. Understanding the sero-prevalence, risk factors and producers knowledge of the disease is critical for implementation of control strategies.Methods A cross-sectional survey was performed in the Kordofan region, from March to September 2011 using a virus neutralization test (VNT) and ELISA. The serology data was used to identify potential risk factors associated with sheep pox outbreaks. In addition, a questionnaire explored producer’s knowledge about the disease in the Sudan.Results The estimated overall sero-prevalence of sheeppox in the Kordofan region was 73.4% determined by virus neutralization and was prevalent in both South and North Kordofan states at 85% and 64% respectively. However, the seroprevalence determined using ELISA of sheeppox in South and North Kordofan states was 33% and 15% respectively. The risk factors identified were the breed, age, sex, species, movement patterns, herd size and geographic region. The questionnaire revealed that both nomadic and permanent farmers were generally aware of sheeppox as a disease, but most did not have a complete understanding of the disease. Greater than half of producers experienced the disease in the past 2 years and did not have their sheep vaccinated.Conclusions This study illustrates the disease burden of sheeppox in Sudan and demonstrates that for sero- surveillance, VNT is a more sensitive method compared to ELISA for detecting previously infected animals. Further education of producers of the disease and important of vaccination is required to control the disease.

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal parasites of sheep and goat in and around Gondar town, Northwest, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-380
Author(s):  
Olifan Fayisa ◽  
Ararsa Duguma ◽  
Melkamu Temesgen ◽  
Fethu Lemma
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Production System ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Gondar Town ◽  
Control And Prevention

A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2018 to April 2019 to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with sheep and goat gastrointestinal (GIT) parasites in and around Gondar town, Northwest of Ethiopia. A total of 384 sheep and goats fecal samples (313 sheep and 71 goats) were collected and examined using standard parasitological techniques. The present study revealed that an overall prevalence of 56.77% with prevalence rate of 185 (59.11%) and 33(46.48%) in sheep and goats respectively. From the examined samples mixed infection was recorded with about 21.35%. The parasitic species identified were Strongyle spps (22.14%), Trichuris spps (0.52%), Monezia (2.5%), Emeria spps (0.260%). Female animals were found with higher prevalence of helminthes infection rate than male animals with a prevalence of 48.98% and 61.60%, respectively. Higher prevalence was observed in young animals (69.61%) than adult animals (45.32%). Body conditions and production system also showed significance difference (P<0.05) in the occurrence of GI parasites of sheep and goats in the study area. It can be concluded that, in the study area there was high prevalence of GIT parasites in sheep and goats with age, sex, body condition and production system as important risk factors. Therefore, strategic uses of anthelmintics drugs and good management should be given for the control and prevention of GIT parasites as well as further studies to determine burden of the parasites and seasonal variation is \recommended.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence study of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats in the northern region of India

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1573-1580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan ◽  
Bibitha Varghese ◽  
Kirubakaran Vinod Kumar ◽  
Dhanavelu Muthuchelvan ◽  
R. Dheeraj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Ppr Virus

Background and Aim: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a contagious, World Organization for Animal Health notifiable, economically important, transboundary morbilliviral disease of sheep and goats. Studying seroprevalence of PPR from different geographical areas under varying agro-climatic conditions may help in formulating effective and appropriate disease control strategies under the ongoing national PPR control program. The present cross-sectional study describes the prevalence of PPR virus antibodies in sheep and goats in the various epidemiological units in different states (Haryana, Himachal Pradesh [HP], Jammu and Kashmir [J&K], Punjab, Uttarakhand [UK], and Uttar Pradesh [UP]) of the northern region of India. Materials and Methods: A total of 5843 serum samples (sheep [n=2463] and goats [n=3380]) were collected by stratified random sampling method from 322 epidemiological units in the studied region during 2017-2018 and tested for PPR virus (PPRV) antibodies by competitive ELISA. Results: The results revealed that an overall seroprevalence of 44.05% (2574/5843) with 57.32%, 55.22%, 65.69%, 37.09%, 32.73%, and 29.35% prevalence of PPRV antibodies in small ruminants in Haryana, Punjab, UP, HP, J&K, and UK states, respectively. Further, Chi-squared test revealed an association of PPRV antibodies in goats (χ2=252.28, p<0.01) and sheep (χ2=192.12, p<0.01) across different states in the region. Conclusion: The seroprevalence in majority of the epidemiological units (n=130) in sheep and goats in the studied region had <30%. This necessitates comprehensive, rigorous, continuous vaccination and active surveillance programs for few more years to achieve the desired 70% seroprevalence level of PPRV antibodies in population and to make the northern region of India, as PPR free zone.

A technique to prepare cross-sectional TEM specimens of semiconducting devices

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 742-743
Author(s):  
A. K. Rai ◽  
P. P. Pronko
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Surface Region ◽  
Sample Surface ◽  
Specific Region ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Device Structures ◽  
Ion Implanted

Several techniques have been reported in the past to prepare cross(x)-sectional TEM specimen. These methods are applicable when the sample surface is uniform. Examples of samples having uniform surfaces are ion implanted samples, thin films deposited on substrates and epilayers grown on substrates. Once device structures are fabricated on the surfaces of appropriate materials these surfaces will no longer remain uniform. For samples with uniform surfaces it does not matter which part of the surface region remains in the thin sections of the x-sectional TEM specimen since it is similar everywhere. However, in order to study a specific region of a device employing x-sectional TEM, one has to make sure that the desired region is thinned. In the present work a simple way to obtain thin sections of desired device region is described.

Suicidal Ideation Among Medical Students in Dammam, Saudi Arabia

Crisis ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Mohammed Madadin ◽  
Ritesh G. Menezes ◽  
Maha A. Alassaf ◽  
Abdulaziz M. Almulhim ◽  
Mahdi S. Abumadini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Eastern Province ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Past ◽  
Depression Subscale ◽  
History Of

Abstract. Background: Medical students are at high risk of suicidal ideation. Aim: We aimed to obtain information on suicidal ideation among medical students in Dammam located in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the College of Medicine affiliated with Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Suicidal ideation in the past 12 months was assessed based on responses to four questions in the depression subscale of the General Health Questionnaire 28 (GHQ-28). In addition, data were collected to examine the association of suicidal ideation with various factors. Results: We found that 1 in 3 medical students in the study had suicidal ideation in the past 12 months, while around 40% had lifetime suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation was associated with feelings of parental neglect, history of physical abuse, and dissatisfaction with academic performance. Limitations: The cross-sectional nature of this study limits its ability to determine causality regarding suicidal ideation. Conclusion: These rates are considerably high when compared with rates from studies in other countries around the world. This study provides a reference in the field of suicidology for this region of Saudi Arabia.

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