scholarly journals Is the ZIKV Congenital Syndrome and Microcephaly Due to Syndemism with Latent Virus Coinfection?

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 669
Author(s):  
Solène Grayo
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Causal Relation ◽  
Parvovirus B19 ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Congenital Syndrome

The emergence of the Zika virus (ZIKV) mirrors its evolutionary nature and, thus, its ability to grow in diversity or complexity (i.e., related to genome, host response, environment changes, tropism, and pathogenicity), leading to it recently joining the circle of closed congenital pathogens. The causal relation of ZIKV to microcephaly is still a much-debated issue. The identification of outbreak foci being in certain endemic urban areas characterized by a high-density population emphasizes that mixed infections might spearhead the recent appearance of a wide range of diseases that were initially attributed to ZIKV. Globally, such coinfections may have both positive and negative effects on viral replication, tropism, host response, and the viral genome. In other words, the possibility of coinfection may necessitate revisiting what is considered to be known regarding the pathogenesis and epidemiology of ZIKV diseases. ZIKV viral coinfections are already being reported with other arboviruses (e.g., chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and dengue virus (DENV)) as well as congenital pathogens (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and cytomegalovirus (HCMV)). However, descriptions of human latent viruses and their impacts on ZIKV disease outcomes in hosts are currently lacking. This review proposes to select some interesting human latent viruses (i.e., herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), human parvovirus B19 (B19V), and human papillomavirus (HPV)), whose virological features and co-exposition with ZIKV may provide evidence of the syndemism process, shedding some light on the emergence of the ZIKV-induced global congenital syndrome in South America.

scholarly journals Human Herpesvirus and the Immune Checkpoint PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway: Disorders and Strategies for Survival

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 778
Author(s):  
Takayuki Murata
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Programmed Cell Death 1 ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Human Herpesviruses

The immune system has evolved as a complex and efficient means of coping with extrinsic materials, such as pathogens and toxins, as well as intrinsic abnormalities, such as cancers. Although rapid and timely activation of the immune system is obviously important, regulated downregulation of the system is almost as significant as activation to prevent runaway immunity, such as allergies and hypercytokinemia. Therefore, the immune checkpoint programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway is beneficial for the host. On the other hand, pathogens have evolved to evade host immunity by taking advantage of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. This review is focused on human herpesviruses, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), which cause various types of disorders, and their relationships with the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. Understanding such relationships will be useful for developing preventative and therapeutic methods for disorders caused by herpesviruses.

scholarly journals Clinical Aspects of Bacterial Corneal Ulcer Prolonged Course, the Role of Herpes Viruses in Its Pathogenesis, Treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1S) ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
V. V. Neroev ◽  
L. A. Katargina ◽  
L. A. Kovaleva ◽  
G. I. Krichevskaya ◽  
N. V. Balatskaya
Keyword(s):  
Corneal Ulcer ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Herpesvirus Type ◽  
Corneal Ulcers ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Human Herpesvirus Type ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Simplex Virus

Purpose: to study the role of human herpesviruses (HHV) in the pathogenesis of prolonged bacterial corneal ulcers. Patients and methods. 117 patients with bacterial corneal ulcer were examined. Two groups were identified: a favorable course-with duration of bacterial corneal ulcer epithelialization for 17 days (62 people) and a prolonged course with a persistent ulcer more than 17 days (55 people). Blood samples (n = 117) and scrapes from corneal ulcer (n = 117) were investigated in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of Herpes simplex virus (HSV1, 2), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Human herpesvirus type 6, 7 (HHV-6, HSV-7). Results. The HSV1, 2 and EBV genomes were detected in the cornea significantly more often in BCU of prolonged course compared with a favorable course (HSV1, 2 p = 0.012; EBV p = 0.012), and HHV-6 was detected not only in the cornea (p = 0.000), but also and in blood (p = 0.007). In patients with HHV DNA in corneal scarps and/or blood, after resorption of purulent infiltrate, corneal epithelialization was absent, and the use of antiherpetic drugs allowed to reduce the completion time of BCU epithelialization. Conclusion. The role of HHV-6, EBV, HSV 1, 2 in the pathogenesis of bacterial corneal ulcer of protracted course was revealed. The expediency of examination of patients with bacterial corneal ulcer on HHV is shown, a method of treatment is proposed, including antiherpetic therapy, which makes it possible to prevent the development of a protracted course.

scholarly journals Testing patients with uveal melanoma for herpesvirus infections

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 284-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. Saakyan ◽  
E. B. Myakoshina ◽  
G. I. Krichevskaya ◽  
O. S. Slepova ◽  
O. G. Panteleeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Uveal Melanoma ◽  
Vitreous Body ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Human Herpes Virus 8 ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Simplex Virus

Results of comprehensive ELISA tests of blood serum for the presence of IgM-, IgA-, and IgG-antibodies to herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, human herpes virus 8 type, Chlamydia trachomatis in 38 patients with uveal melanoma are presented. The polymerase chain reaction was used to detect DNA of these pathogens in tumor biopsies, vitreous body of 10 enucleated eyes, as well as in plasma IgG-antibodies to HHV 6 were revealed in 50% of patients; IgG-antibodies to HHV 8, in 5.3% of patients. Among the 16 patients with uveal melanoma at advanced stages, 6 patients had antibodies indicative of EBV reactivation (1.2-3.3). Chlamydia trachomatis genome was detected in both biopsies; in one of them, in conjunction with EBV and CMV DNA . Tissue samples from the identified infectious agents were related only to the spindle-cell histologic type AB of uveal melanoma. In plasma, genomes of pathogens were not determined. The results indicate the presence of infectious agents in patients with uveal melanoma and require further study of the pathogenetic role of infections in the pathogenesis of uveal melanoma.

Select Viruses in Adults

2012 ◽  
pp. 61-79
Author(s):  
Randall C. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Parvovirus B19 ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Epidemiologic Factors ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Simplex Virus

The following types of viral infections are discussed in this chapter: viral infections that have the capacity for multiorgan or systemic disease; infections that affect adults who may be otherwise healthy or at least not in special populations such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus, adenovirus, mumps virus, human parvovirus B19, and coxsackievirus. Reviews of these viruses focus on differentiating clinical features, diagnostic tools and treatment, and salient microbiologic and epidemiologic factors.

scholarly journals Cytomegalovirus and Epstein–Barr Virus Associations with Neurological Diseases and the Need for Vaccine Development

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. C. Maple
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Mononucleosis ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Human Herpesviruses

Herpesviruses have been isolated from a wide range of hosts including humans—for which, nine species have been designated. The human herpesviruses are highly host adapted and possess the capacity for latency, allowing them to survive in the host for life, effectively hidden from the immune system. This ability of human herpesviruses to modulate the host immune response poses particular challenges for vaccine development but at the same time proves attractive for the application of human herpesvirus vaccines to certain spheres of medicine. In this review, congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and hearing loss will be described followed by a comment on the status of current vaccine development. Secondly, the association of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection with multiple sclerosis (MS) and how EBV vaccination may be of benefit will then be discussed. Prevention of congenital CMV by vaccination is an attractive proposition and several vaccines have been evaluated for potential use. Particularly challenging for the development of CMV vaccines are the needs to prevent primary infection, reinfection, and reactivation at the same time as overcoming the capacity of the virus to generate highly sophisticated immunomodulatory mechanisms. Cost and the practicalities of administering potential vaccines are also significant issues, particularly for low- and middle-income countries, where the burden of disease is greatest. An effective EBV vaccine that could prevent the 200,000 new EBV-associated malignancies which occur globally each year is not currently available. There is increasing interest in developing EBV vaccines to prevent MS and, in view of the association of infectious mononucleosis with MS, reducing childhood infectious mononucleosis is a potential intervention. Currently, there is no licensed EBV vaccine and, in order to progress the development of EBV vaccines for preventing MS, a greater understanding of the association of EBV with MS is required.

scholarly journals Recent Developments in Viral Load Measurements in Human Herpesviruses

1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (suppl c) ◽  
pp. 33C-40C
Author(s):  
Guy Boivin
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Human Herpesviruses

Recent developments in molecular biology have allowed precise quantitative analysis of herpesvirus DNA in many biological fluids. Th is paper reviews the clinical utility of performing quantitative polymerase chain reaction testing for herpesviruses. In particular, the assessment of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA load in blood with regard to the development of CMV disease in immunocompromised patients is discussed in greater detail. Relevant information exists to support measuring the CMV burden in the blood of AIDS and transplant patients for diagnostic and treatment monitoring purposes, and, to a lesser extent, to envision the monitoring of the circulating Epstein-Barr virus load for the prevention of pose-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. On the ocher hand, there are controversial data on the clinical utility of measuring the herpes simplex virus (HSV) load in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with HSV encephalitis and on the relationship between the human herpesvirus 8 DNA load in diverse biological fluids and the presence of Kaposi's sarcoma. There is a paucity of information about the clinical impact of quantifying the other human herpesviruses (varicella-zoster virus, and human herpesviruses 6 and 7).

scholarly journals Amphipathic DNA Polymers Exhibit Antiherpetic Activity In Vitro and In Vivo

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 2727-2733 ◽  
Author(s):  
David I. Bernstein ◽  
Nathalie Goyette ◽  
Rhonda Cardin ◽  
Earl R. Kern ◽  
Guy Boivin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Acid Stable

ABSTRACT Phosphorothioated oligonucleotides have a sequence-independent antiviral activity as amphipathic polymers (APs). The activity of these agents against herpesvirus infections in vitro and in vivo was investigated. The previously established sequence-independent, phosphorothioation-dependent antiviral activity of APs was confirmed in vitro by showing that a variety of equivalently sized homo- and heteropolymeric AP sequences were similarly active against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in vitro compared to the 40mer degenerate parent compound (REP 9), while the absence of phosphorothioation resulted in the loss of antiviral activity. In addition, REP 9 demonstrated in vitro activity against a broad spectrum of other herpesviruses: HSV-2 (50% effective concentration [EC50], 0.02 to 0.06 μM), human cytomegalovirus (EC50, 0.02 to 0.13 μM), varicella zoster virus (EC50, <0.02 μM), Epstein-Barr virus (EC50, 14.7 μM) and human herpesvirus types 6A/B (EC50, 2.9 to 10.2 μM). The murine microbicide model of genital HSV-2 was then used to evaluate in vivo activity. REP 9 (275 mg/ml) protected 75% of animals from disease and infection when provided 5 or 30 min prior to vaginal challenge. When an acid-stable analog (REP 9C) was used, 75% of mice were protected when treated with 240 mg/ml 5 min prior to infection (P < 0.001), while a lower dose (100 mg/ml) protected 100% of the mice (P < 0.001). The acid stable REP 9C formulation also provided protection at 30 min (83%, P < 0.001) and 60 min (50%, P = 0.07) against disease. These observations suggest that APs may have microbicidal activity and potential as broad-spectrum antiherpetic agents and represent a novel class of agents that should be studied further.

scholarly journals Detection of Antigens of Cardiotropic Viruses in Atherosclerotic Plaques in Patients with Fatal Myocardial Infarction

Kardiologiia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya. V. Alekseeva ◽  
M. S. Rebenkova ◽  
A. E. Gombozhapova ◽  
Yu. V. Rogovskaya ◽  
V. V. Ryabov
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Parvovirus B19 ◽  
Atherosclerotic Plaques ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Virus Antigens ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Fatal Myocardial Infarction

Aim. To assess the frequency of detection of cardiotropic virus antigens in coronary artery atherosclerotic plaques in patients with fatal myocardial infarction (MI).Materials and methods. We examined fragments of coronary plaques of 12 patients with fatal type 1 MI. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of plaques was performed with the paraffin blocks using antibodies to Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, HSV-2, HSV-6, cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, adenovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and enteroviruses.Results. According to the IHC all patients had virus antigens. The most common virus agents in fragments of coronary plaques were HSV-6 (10 patients) and enteroviruses (5 patients). Antigens of CMV, parvovirus B19, adenovirus, Epstein-Barr virus were not detected in any case.Conclusions. In this study viral antigens in coronary artery atherosclerotic plaques were found in all victims of fatal MI. There was no difference in the frequency of detection and type of viral agents between plaques in culprit arteries and uncomplicated atherosclerotic plaques.

scholarly journals Analytical methods in herpesvirus genomics

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-118
Author(s):  
Jana Blaškovičová ◽  
Ján Labuda
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
And Function ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Abstract Genomics is a branch of bioanalytical chemistry characterized as the study of the genome structure and function. Genome represents the complete set of chromosomal and extrachromosomal genes of an organism, a cell, an organelle or a virus. There are at least five from eight species of herpesviruses commonly widespread among humans, Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, Varicella zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus and Cytomegalovirus. Human gammaherpesviruses can cause serious diseases including B-cell lymphoma and Kaposi’s sarcoma. Diagnostics and study of the herpesviruses is directly dependent on the development of modern analytical methods able to detect and determine the presence and evolution of herpesviral particles/ genomes. Diagnostics and genomic characterization of human herpesvirus species is based on bioanalytical methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, gel electrophoresis, blotting and others. The progress in analytical approaches in the herpesvirus genomics is reviewed in this article.

scholarly journals Herpesvirus Infections of the Central Nervous System

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (03) ◽  
pp. 369-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tehmina Bharucha ◽  
Catherine F. Houlihan ◽  
Judith Breuer
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Simplex Virus

AbstractThere are over 200 herpesvirus species, of which 10 affect humans. Each of these 10 herpesviruses has a unique clinical syndrome, but common to all is their ability to cause infection and pathology in the central nervous system. In this article, we discuss the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, treatment, sequelae, and availability of vaccination of each of the following herpesviruses: herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, human cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6A, 6B, and 7, Epstein–Barr virus, human herpesvirus 8, and simian herpesvirus B.

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