scholarly journals Water Balance Backward: Estimation of Annual Watershed Precipitation and Its Long-Term Trend with the Help of the Calibration-Free Generalized Complementary Relationship of Evaporation

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1775
Author(s):  
Jozsef Szilagyi
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Free Water ◽  
The United States ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Complementary Relationship ◽  
Stream Discharge ◽  
Calibration Free

Watershed-scale annual evapotranspiration (ET) is routinely estimated by a simplified water balance as the difference in catchment precipitation (P) and stream discharge (Q). With recent developments in ET estimation by the calibration-free generalized complementary relationship, the water balance equation is employed to estimate watershed/basin P at an annual scale as ET + Q on the United States (US) Geological Survey’s Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) 2- and 6-level watersheds over the 1979–2015 period. On the HUC2 level, mean annual PRISM P was estimated with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.99, relative bias (RB) of zero, root-mean-squared-error (RMSE) of 54 mm yr−1, ratio of standard deviations (RS) of 1.08, and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.98. On the HUC6 level, R, RS, and NSE hardly changed, RB remained zero, while RMSE increased to 90 mm yr−1. Even the long-term linear trend values were found to be fairly consistent between observed and estimated values with R = 0.97 (0.81), RMSE = 0.63 (1.63) mm yr−1, RS = 0.99 (1.05), NSE = 0.92 (0.59) on the HUC2 and HUC6 (in parentheses) levels. This calibration-free water-balance method demonstrates that annual watershed precipitation can be estimated with an acceptable accuracy from standard atmospheric/radiation and stream discharge data.

Sediment Production in a small Appalachian Watershed during Spring Runoff: The Eaton Basin, 1970–1972

1973 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1707-1734 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Carson ◽  
C. H. Taylor ◽  
B. J. Grey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sediment Transport ◽  
The United States ◽  
Channel Network ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Sediment Rating Curve ◽  
Sediment Yields ◽  
Sediment Production ◽  
Spring Runoff

This report describes work in an IHD Representative Basin in the Quebec Appalachians, the Eaton River Basin (86 km2 in area), upstream from Randboro. The Basin is dominantly forest-covered, contains no large settlement, and, in general, shows little human disturbance that might affect sediment production. The suspended load of the Eaton River was studied in detail during the spring runoff periods of 1970 and 1971; available long-term discharge data indicate these to be representative of present-day conditions. Sediment transport rates are well below capacity and sediment yields are lower than might have been expected from the Langbein-Schumm data in the United States. Suspended sediment originates primarily from scour of the banks of the channel network, and concentrations show a systematic increase with basin area (or distance downstream), quite unlike previous data from the midwestern United States. The sediment rating curve approach is a very good predictor of sediment transport rates, although because of the differences in hydrograph type, there is a large difference between the equations for the 1970 and 1971 spring floods. This difference, and residuals from the sediment rating curves, are considered in a simulation model of sediment production from bank erosion based on the changing shear resistance of bank sediment during a fluctuating hydrograph.

The calibration-free complementary relationship (CR) approach aids large-scale ET estimation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Ma ◽  
Jozsef Szilagyi ◽  
Yinsheng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Relative Bias ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Complementary Relationship ◽  
Calibration Free

<p>Having recognized the limitations in spatial representativeness and/or temporal coverage of (i) current ground evapotranspiration (ET<sub>a</sub>) observations, and; (ii) land surface model (LSM) and remote sensing (RS) based ET<sub>a</sub> estimates due to uncertainties in soil and vegetation parameters, a calibration-free nonlinear complementary relationship (CR) model is employed with inputs of air and dew-point temperature, wind speed, and net radiation to estimate monthly ET<sub>a</sub> over conterminous United States during 1979–2015. Similar estimates of three land surface models (Noah, VIC, Mosaic), two reanalysis products (NCEP-II, ERA-Interim), two remote-sensing-based (GLEAM, PML) algorithms, and the spatially upscaled eddy-covariance ET<sub>a</sub> measurements of FLUXNET-MTE plus this new result from CR were validated against water-balance-derived results. We found that the CR outperforms all other methods in the multiyear mean annual HUC2-averaged ET<sub>a</sub> estimates with RMSE = 51 mm yr<sup>−1</sup>, R = 0.98, relative bias of −1 %, and NSE = 0.94, respectively. Inclusion of the GRACE data into the annual water balances for the considerably shorter 2003–2015 period does not have much effect on model performance. Besides, the CR outperforms all other models for the linear trends in annual ET rates over the HUC2 basins. Over the significantly smaller HUC6 basins where the water-balance validation is more uncertain, the CR still outperforms all other models except FLUXNET-MTE, which has the advantage of possible local ET<sub>a</sub> measurements, a benefit that clearly diminishes at the HUC2 scale.</p><p>   Because the employed CR method is calibration-free and requires only very few meteorological inputs, yet it yields superior ET performance at the regional scale, we further employed this method to develop a new 34-year (1982-2015) ET<sub>a</sub> product for China. The new Chinese ET<sub>a</sub> product was first validated against 13 eddy-covariance measurements in China, producing NSE values in the range of 0.72–0.95. On the basin scale, the modeled ET<sub>a</sub> values yielded a relative bias of 6%, and an NSE value of 0.80 in comparison with water-balance-derived evapotranspiration rates across ten major river basins in China, indicating the CR-simulated ET<sub>a</sub> rates reliable over China. Further evaluations suggest that the CR-based ET<sub>a</sub> product is more accurate than seven other mainstream ET<sub>a</sub> products. During last three decades, our new ET<sub>a</sub> product showed that annual ET<sub>a</sub> increased significantly over most parts of western and northeastern China, but decreased significantly in many regions of the North China Plain as well as in the eastern and southern coastal regions of China. This new CR-derived ET<sub>a</sub> product would benefit the community for long-term large-scale hydroclimatological studies.</p>

scholarly journals Differences in water balance between grassland and forest watersheds using long-term data, derived using the CoupModel

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik MirHadi Madani ◽  
Per Erik Jansson ◽  
Ian Babelon
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Forest Watersheds ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Similar Good ◽  
The Impact

Abstract To quantify the role of land cover during a period of climate change, the runoff response is studied for Plynlimon in Wales, UK. The main objective was two-fold: (i) to create a protocol for modeling water balance on a daily basis; and (ii) to describe the extent to which the impact of land-use changes can be identified and supported by the long-term monitoring data of runoff from two neighboring watersheds with different land covers. The process-oriented CoupModel platform was used to set up the model with a well-defined uncertainty for selected parameters. The behavioral ensembles were applied to simulated daily discharge data for the period of 1992–2010 using subjective criteria to reduce the prior 35,000 candidates with a random uniform distribution of 40 parameters. The accepted ensemble was reduced to 100 candidates by accepting the best root-mean-square error (RMSE) on the accumulated residuals during the simulation period. Similar good performance for the entire period and both watersheds was obtained. The differences in interception evaporation accounted for the most important differences between forest and grassland. The obtained residual demonstrated that changes in the forest cover had an impact on the water balance during the first part of the simulation period.

scholarly journals A continental-scale evaluation of the calibration-free complementary relationship with physical, machine-learning, and land-surface models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daeha Kim ◽  
Minha Choi ◽  
Jong Ahn Chun
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
The Other ◽  
Land Surface Models ◽  
Complementary Relationship ◽  
Physical Machine ◽  
Surface Models ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Calibration Free

Abstract. The widespread negative correlation between the atmospheric vapor pressure deficit and soil moisture lends strong support to the complementary relationship (CR) of evapotranspiration. While it has showed outstanding performance in predicting actual evapotranspiration (ETa) over land surfaces, the calibration-free CR formulation has not been tested in the Australian continent dominantly under (semi-)arid climates. In this work, we comparatively evaluated its predictive performance with seven physical, machine-learning, and land surface models for the continent at a 0.5° × 0.5° grid resolution. Results showed that the calibration-free CR that forces a single parameter to everywhere produced considerable biases when comparing to water-balance ETa (ETwb). The CR method was unlikely to outperform the other physical, machine-learning, and land surface models, overrating ETa in (semi-)humid coastal areas for 2002–2012 while underestimating in arid inland locations. By calibrating the parameter against water-balance ETa independent of the simulation period, the CR method became able to outperform the other models in reproducing the spatial variation of the mean annual ETwb and the interannual variation of the continental means of ETwb. However, interannual the grid-scale variability and trends were captured unacceptably even after the calibration. The calibrated parameters for the CR method were significantly correlated with the mean net radiation, temperature, and wind speed, implying that (multi-)decadal climatic variability could diversify the optimal parameters for the CR method. The other physical, machine-learning, and land surface models provided a consistent indication with the prior global-scale assessments. We also argued that at least some surface information is necessary for the CR method to describe long-term hydrologic cycles at the grid scale.

Speech-Language Pathology in the Peace Corps: Necessity and Sustainability

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Melissa A. Pierce
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Special Education ◽  
Peace Corps ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
The United States ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Language Pathology

In countries other than the United States, the study and practice of speech-language pathology is little known or nonexistent. Recognition of professionals in the field is minimal. Speech-language pathologists in countries where speech-language pathology is a widely recognized and respected profession often seek to share their expertise in places where little support is available for individuals with communication disorders. The Peace Corps offers a unique, long-term volunteer opportunity to people with a variety of backgrounds, including speech-language pathologists. Though Peace Corps programs do not specifically focus on speech-language pathology, many are easily adapted to the profession because they support populations of people with disabilities. This article describes how the needs of local children with communication disorders are readily addressed by a Special Education Peace Corps volunteer.

Multidisciplinary Evidence to Treat Bilingual Individuals with Aphasia

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 66-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
José G. Centeno
Keyword(s):  
Stroke Rehabilitation ◽  
Culturally Diverse ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Clinical Procedures ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Aphasic Clients

Abstract The steady increase in linguistic and cultural diversity in the country, including the number of bilingual speakers, has been predicted to continue. Minorities are expected to be the majority by 2042. Strokes, the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of long-term disability in the U.S., are quite prevalent in racial and ethnic minorities, so population estimates underscore the imperative need to develop valid clinical procedures to serve the predicted increase in linguistically and culturally diverse bilingual adults with aphasia in post-stroke rehabilitation. Bilingualism is a complex phenomenon that interconnects culture, cognition, and language; thus, as aphasia is a social phenomenon, treatment of bilingual aphasic persons would benefit from conceptual frameworks that exploit the culture-cognition-language interaction in ways that maximize both linguistic and communicative improvement leading to social re-adaptation. This paper discusses a multidisciplinary evidence-based approach to develop ecologically-valid treatment strategies for bilingual aphasic individuals. Content aims to spark practitioners' interest to explore conceptually broad intervention strategies beyond strictly linguistic domains that would facilitate linguistic gains, communicative interactions, and social functioning. This paper largely emphasizes Spanish-English individuals in the United States. Practitioners, however, are advised to adapt the proposed principles to the unique backgrounds of other bilingual aphasic clients.

Traumatic Brain Injury: A Trauma Surgeon's Perspective

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Oscar D. Guillamondegui
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Trauma Team ◽  
The United States ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Injured Brain ◽  
The Moment

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious epidemic in the United States. It affects patients of all ages, race, and socioeconomic status (SES). The current care of these patients typically manifests after sequelae have been identified after discharge from the hospital, long after the inciting event. The purpose of this article is to introduce the concept of identification and management of the TBI patient from the moment of injury through long-term care as a multidisciplinary approach. By promoting an awareness of the issues that develop around the acutely injured brain and linking them to long-term outcomes, the trauma team can initiate care early to alter the effect on the patient, family, and community. Hopefully, by describing the care afforded at a trauma center and by a multidisciplinary team, we can bring a better understanding to the armamentarium of methods utilized to treat the difficult population of TBI patients.

Mafias on the Move

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Varese
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Market Expansion ◽  
The North ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
At Will

Organized crime is spreading like a global virus as mobs take advantage of open borders to establish local franchises at will. That at least is the fear, inspired by stories of Russian mobsters in New York, Chinese triads in London, and Italian mafias throughout the West. As this book explains, the truth is more complicated. The author has spent years researching mafia groups in Italy, Russia, the United States, and China, and argues that mafiosi often find themselves abroad against their will, rather than through a strategic plan to colonize new territories. Once there, they do not always succeed in establishing themselves. The book spells out the conditions that lead to their long-term success, namely sudden market expansion that is neither exploited by local rivals nor blocked by authorities. Ultimately the inability of the state to govern economic transformations gives mafias their opportunity. In a series of matched comparisons, the book charts the attempts of the Calabrese 'Ndrangheta to move to the north of Italy, and shows how the Sicilian mafia expanded to early twentieth-century New York, but failed around the same time to find a niche in Argentina. The book explains why the Russian mafia failed to penetrate Rome but succeeded in Hungary. A pioneering chapter on China examines the challenges that triads from Taiwan and Hong Kong find in branching out to the mainland. This book is both a compelling read and a sober assessment of the risks posed by globalization and immigration for the spread of mafias.

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