scholarly journals Sentinel-2 Reveals Abrupt Increment of Total Suspended Matter While Ever Given Ship Blocked the Suez Canal

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 3286
Author(s):  
Milad Niroumand-Jadidi ◽  
Francesca Bovolo
Keyword(s):  
News Media ◽  
Suspended Matter ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Total Suspended Matter ◽  
Suez Canal ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact ◽  
North And South ◽  
Sentinel 2

The blockage of the Suez Canal, one of the world’s key trade routes, by a giant container ship in March 2021 was in the spotlight of news media worldwide, mainly because of its economic impacts. In this study, we look at this event from an environmental perspective by analyzing the impact of the artificial barrier made by the ship over the channel and of operations like dredging on the concentration of total suspended matter (TSM). In this context, multitemporal Sentinel-2 images are used to study short-term variations of TSM within a time window spanning before, during, and after the blockage event. A well-established neural network-based processor called Case 2 Regional CoastColour (C2RCC) is employed to derive remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) and then TSM concentrations from Sentinel-2 imagery. The results indicate that the stuck ship acted as an artificial barrier leading to very different TSM conditions north and south of the canal. Furthermore, the blockage of the Suez Canal and subsequent dredging caused an abrupt increment (+400%) in the concentration of TSM moving north from the ship’s location. We also identified a very high contrast between the TSM concentration in the north and south of the vessel during the blockage event.

scholarly journals DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES IN IMPACTS OF HYDROELETRIC DAMS BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH OF BRAZIL

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUILLAUME LETURCQ
Keyword(s):  
Hydroelectric Dams ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
Hydroelectric Dam ◽  
Area North ◽  
South Of Brazil ◽  
The Impact ◽  
North And South ◽  
Belo Monte

Abstract The environmental impacts of hydroelectric dams in Brazil are investigated in local and regional scales, for the last years. In this paper, we analyze the impact than the establishment of a hydroelectric dam has for the people and their spaces, with the comparative experiences occurred for the North and South of Brazil. We will focus on aspects related to the organization of families, social fight, the compensation and resettlement of people affected by the dam's construction, as well we take a look to the similarities between the two areas, with emphasis on aspects related to migration, mobility and landscapes. For this, we rely on research carried out on the river Uruguay (South), based on interviews, questionnaires and studies of primary and secondary sources, from 2007 to 2014 and also in a survey that is currently being held in Belo Monte area (North), which also uses primary and secondary sources, with fieldwork periods.

Music and Censorship in Vietnam since 1954

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barley Norton
Keyword(s):  
Reform Era ◽  
The North ◽  
Vietnamese American ◽  
Cultural Climate ◽  
History Of ◽  
Impact Of Technology ◽  
Conventional Systems ◽  
Cultural Freedom ◽  
The Impact ◽  
North And South

This chapter traces the history of music censorship in Vietnam since 1954 with reference to a broad range of music genres. It discusses music censorship from 1954 to 1975, when Vietnam was divided into North and South. The tight ideological control established by the Vietnamese Communist Party in the North is compared with music movements linked to antiwar protests in the South. The chapter then examines the period of severe censorship following the end of the Vietnamese-American war in 1975 and considers how the cultural climate changed in the reform era after 1986. It highlights the limits of cultural freedom in the reform era and discusses how music censorship has become intertwined with concerns about the effects of globalization on morality and national identity. Finally, the chapter addresses the impact of technology since the late 1990s, paying particular attention to Vietnamese rap and the potential for musicians to use the Internet to bypass conventional systems of state censorship.

scholarly journals Influence of Wind on Suspended Matter in the Water of the Albufera of Valencia (Spain)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Soria ◽  
Miguel Jover-Cerdá ◽  
Jose Antonio Domínguez-Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Suspended Matter ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Fine Sediment ◽  
Total Suspended Matter ◽  
Know How ◽  
Sentinel 2

Wind is one of the factors that has a great influence on suspended matter in lakes, especially in shallow lagoons. In order to know how wind affects the water in Albufera of Valencia, a shallow coastal lagoon, the measured variables of turbidity and transparency have been correlated with the estimates by processing Sentinel-2 satellite images with the Sen2Cor processor. Data from four years of study show that most of them are light to gentle easterly breezes and moderate to fresh westerly breezes. The results obtained show significant correlations between the measured variables and those obtained from the satellite images for total suspended matter and water transparency and with the average daily wind speed. There is no significant correlation between wind and chlorophyll a. Moderate to fresh breezes resuspend the fine sediment reaching concentration values from 100 to 300 mg L-1 according to satellite data. However, it is necessary to obtain field data for the values of moderate and fresh winds, as for now there are no experimental data to verify the validity of the satellite estimates.

scholarly journals Influence of Wind on Suspended Matter in the Water of the Albufera of Valencia (Spain)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 343
Author(s):  
Juan Soria ◽  
Miguel Jover ◽  
José Antonio Domínguez-Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Coastal Lagoon ◽  
Suspended Matter ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Fine Sediment ◽  
Total Suspended Matter ◽  
Know How ◽  
Sentinel 2

Wind significantly influences suspended matter in lakes, especially in shallow lagoons. To know how wind affects the water in Albufera of Valencia, a shallow coastal lagoon, the measured variables of turbidity and transparency have been correlated with the estimates by processing Sentinel-2 satellite images with the Sen2Cor processor. Data from four years of study of winds show that most of them are light to gentle easterly breezes and moderate to fresh westerly breezes. The obtained results show significant correlations between the measured variables and those obtained from the satellite images for total suspended matter and water transparency, as well as with the average daily wind speed. There is no significant correlation between wind and chlorophyll a. Moderate to fresh breezes resuspend the fine sediment reaching concentration values from 100 to 300 mg L−1 according to satellite data. However, it is necessary to obtain field data for the values of moderate and fresh winds, as for now, there are no experimental data to verify the validity of the satellite estimates.

scholarly journals Anomalous Reduction of the Total Suspended Matter During the COVID-19 Lockdown in the Hooghly Estuarine System

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiranjivi Jayaram ◽  
Rajdeep Roy ◽  
Neethu Chacko ◽  
Debadatta Swain ◽  
Ramunaidu Punnana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Matter ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Total Suspended Matter ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Estuarine System ◽  
Carbon Export ◽  
Sediment Removal ◽  
Brick Kilns ◽  
The Impact

The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown in the Hooghly estuarine region, India is assessed using the total suspended matter (TSM) concentration. The estimation of TSM is performed using Landsat-8/operational land imager (OLI), and an intercomparison of TSM load during the pre-lockdown and lockdown periods is done. It is observed that during the lockdown period, TSM reduced by 30–50%. This is a significant observation considering the ecological balance of the region and the fact that it is home to the largest mangroves in the world. This change in suspended matter presumably reflects the influence of reduction in anthropogenic activities owing to the COVID-19 lockdowns, such as industries, closure of shipping activities (through less dredging), and brick kilns (through less sediment removal), which are generally the primary contributors in this region. Even though these observed changes are representative of the positive influence of the COVID-19 lockdown, its implications in estuarine biogeochemistry still remain poorly quantified. The decrease in TSM content may increase light penetration, thereby increasing the primary productivity. In addition, low sediment load reaching the Bay of Bengal could influence the carbon export due to reduction in ballasting effect as reported from this region. In summary, the influence of the COVID-19 lockdown on the biogeochemistry of the aquatic ecosystem appears rather complex than thought earlier and may vary regionally based on local hydrodynamics. The analysis elucidates the complex interplay of regional lockdown and its implication in modulation of local biogeochemistry. However, the relative importance of each process in the Hooghly estuary remains to be fully evaluated.

scholarly journals Estimating Organic and Inorganic Part of Suspended Solids from Sentinel 2 in Different Inland Waters

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 2453
Author(s):  
Bárbara Alvado ◽  
Xavier Sòria-Perpinyà ◽  
Eduardo Vicente ◽  
Jesús Delegido ◽  
Patricia Urrego ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Matter ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Total Suspended Matter ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Inland Waters ◽  
Plant Matter ◽  
Sentinel 2

Inland waters are very sensitive ecosystems that are mainly affected by pressures and impacts within their watersheds. One of water’s dominant constituents is the suspended particulate matter that affects the optical properties of water bodies and can be detected from remote sensors. It is important to know their composition since the ecological role they play in water bodies depends on whether they are mostly organic compounds (phytoplankton, decomposition of plant matter, etc.) or inorganic compounds (silt, clay, etc.). Nowadays, the European Space Agency Sentinel-2 mission has outstanding characteristics for measuring inland waters’ biophysical variables. This work developed algorithms that can estimate the total concentration of suspended matter (TSM), differentiating organic from inorganic fractions, through the combined use of Sentinel-2 images with an extensive database obtained from reservoirs, lakes and marshes within eastern zones of the Iberian Peninsula. For this, information from 121 georeferenced samples collected throughout 40 field campaigns over a 4-year period was used. All possible two-band combinations were obtained and correlated with the biophysical variables by fitting linear regression between the field data and bands combination. The results determined that only using bands 705 or 783 lead to the obtaining the amount of total suspended matter and their organic and inorganic fractions, with errors of 10.3%, 14.8% and 12.2%, respectively. Therefore, remote sensing provides information about total suspended matter dynamics and characteristics as well as its spatial and temporal variation, which would help to study its causes.

scholarly journals Classifying compound coastal storm and heavy rainfall events in the north-western Spanish Mediterranean

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Sanuy ◽  
Tomeu Rigo ◽  
José A. Jiménez ◽  
M. Carmen Llasat
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Events ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Flash Floods ◽  
Coastal Storms ◽  
The North ◽  
Catalan Coast ◽  
Nw Mediterranean ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The Northwest (NW) Mediterranean coastal zone is a populous and well-developed area in which the impact of natural hazards like flash floods and coastal storms can result in frequent and significant damages. Although the occurrence and impacts of such hazards have been widely covered, few studies have considered their combined impact on the region, which would result in more damage. Within this context, this study analyses the occurrence and characteristics of compound extreme events of heavy rainfall episodes (as a proxy for flash floods) and coastal storms (using the maximum significant wave height) along the Catalan coast as a paradigm of the NW Mediterranean. Two different types of events are considered: multivariate, in which the two hazards occur at the same location, and spatially compounding, in which they occur within the same limited time window and their impacts accumulate at distinct and separate locations. The analysis is regionally performed along a coastline extension of about 600 km by considering seven coastal sectors and their corresponding river catchment basins. Once the compound events are analysed, the synoptic atmospheric pressure fields are analysed to determine the prevailing weather conditions that generated them. Finally, a Bayesian network is used to fully characterise these events over the territory. The obtained results show that the NW Mediterranean, represented by the Catalan coast, has a high probability of experiencing compound extreme events (3.4 events per year). Despite the relatively small size of the study area (600 km of coastline), there are significant variations in the event characteristics along the territory, with the most frequent type being spatially compound, except in the northernmost sectors where multivariate events dominate. These northern sectors also present the highest correlation in the intensity of both hazards. Three representative synoptic situations have been identified as dominant for the occurrence of these events, with different relative importance levels of the compounding drivers (rainfall and waves) and different distributions of impacts across coastal basins. Overall, the results indicate that heavy rainfall has the more significant damage impact despite the wave damage having a larger spatial reach.

The Boxue Hongci 博學宏詞 Examinations, Literary Anthologies by Emperors and the Literary Circles during the Kangxi and Qianlong Periods

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-108
Author(s):  
Bing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
The North ◽  
Cultural Domination ◽  
Literary Anthologies ◽  
Han Culture ◽  
The Impact ◽  
North And South ◽  
Literary Circles

As a result of political demands and imperial cultural cultivation, the Qing Dynasty reigns of Kangxi (1661–1722) and Qianlong (1736–1796) both paid great attention to the traditional Han culture. During these periods, there were two landmark events that embodied the success of their cultural policy. These were the special examinations of boxue hongci (“breadth in learning and vastness in letters”, also called boxue hongru) in 1679 and 1736, and the publishing of numerous literary anthologies by the emperors. However, scholarly discussions have often focused mainly on aspects of political and cultural domination, and have rarely discussed the impact of these two events on literary circles in the early and middle Qing Dynasty. Thus, this paper examines the boxue hongci examination and the literary anthologies by Emperors as literary events and evaluate them from three perspectives. First, with regards to literary purposes, these two events fostered the link between official and elite discourses. Second, with regards to literary styles, these two events together facilitated the emergence at the height of the Qing Dynasty styles known as qingzhen yazheng (“purity, authenticity, elegance and correctness”) and wenrou dunhou (“gentleness and restraint”). Third, with regards to literary layout, the two events changed the proportion of writers’ identity and actively advanced the balance of the north and south literary circles.

scholarly journals Detection of the Minute Variations of Total Suspended Matter in Strong Tidal Waters Based on GaoFen-4 Satellite Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1339
Author(s):  
Qiong Chen ◽  
Bin Zhou ◽  
Zhifeng Yu ◽  
Jie Wu ◽  
Shilin Tang
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Suspended Matter ◽  
Bottom Topography ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Total Suspended Matter ◽  
Tidal Range ◽  
Hangzhou Bay ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentrations ◽  
The Impact

Hangzhou Bay (HZB) is the largest macro-tidal bay in China, where suspended sediment concentrations are significantly modulated by tidal oscillations. This makes it an ideal area for the study of the impact of tide on temporal–spatial variation in suspended sediment. The GaoFen-4 (GF-4) satellite is the first high-resolution geosynchronous orbiting satellite of China. It exhibits the unique advantages of capturing minute variations and finer details of total suspended matter (TSM) due to the enhancement in spatial resolution (50 m) and observation time interval (20 s). In this study, TSM concentration of the HZB was retrieved based on the GF-4 satellite. The spatial distribution and minute variations of TSM concentration under the ebb tide from 7:30 to 7:40 a.m. on 28 August 2017, were analyzed. The results showed that the average TSM concentration inside HZB was (371.8 ± 1.8) mg/L. There was a linearly increasing trend of TSM concentration at ebb tide, with an increment of (3.96 ± 0.31) (mg/L)/min, and a more significant increase was observed in the high TSM areas. This increase in TSM concentration was associated with both the bottom topography and tide processes. The tidal potential energy generated by the tidal range and the strong shear stress generated by the high current velocity both led to the re-suspension of the sedimentary particles, which affected the variation of TSM concentration. In addition, the influence of bottom topography changed the intensity of re-suspension and also affected the distribution of TSM concentration in HZB.

Scale Differences: Akragas and Morgantina

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora P. Crouch
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Water System ◽  
South Coast ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Geological Situation ◽  
The Hill ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
North And South

Can we discern differences in the way water was managed at larger and smaller Greek cities? Let us take two Greek cities in Sicily as case studies, examining them in some detail as to area, population, date, geological situation, and the water system elements known at each. The aim of this exercise is to begin to understand the impact of scale differences on the clusters of water system elements in ancient cities. Useful examples are Akragas—modern Agrigento—and Morgantina (Figs. 15.1, 15.2). Akragas is located on the south coast of Sicily, approximately in the center, and occupies a dramatic site on a hill between two rivers. The earliest settlement—and later the medieval town—were located on the highest peak of the 280-meter hill (Storia della Sicilia, 1979, map 1), but during classical and Hellenistic times the city spread down the hill to the wide and gentle valley to the south, which then rises again to form a ridge that separates that valley from the plain leading to the sea. In the sixth and fifth centuries B.C. a line of temples was built along the lower ridge, forming today the single largest, best preserved, and most impressive group of Greek temples anywhere. These architectural glories were possible because of the size and wealth of the city, the same factors that necessitated and made possible the extensive water system of the city. In contrast, Morgantina was built inland, on a ridge at the juncture of the Catania plain with the plateaus of the center of Sicily. This ridge stands 578 to 656 meters above sea level, higher by 300 to 350 meters than the valleys to the north and south, but lower than the site of the nearest modern town, Aidone (885 meters), about 3 kilometers away. Morgantina began as a prehistoric settlement of migrant tribes from Italy whose king, Merges, gave his name to the city. The earliest Sikel settlement was on Cittadella, the easternmost wedge of the ridge, during the archaic period, no later than the sixth century.

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