Experiential Learning of Networking Technologies: Understanding TCP Flow Control

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Operating System ◽  
Experiential Learning ◽  
Flow Control ◽  
Transport Layer ◽  
Application Layer ◽  
Tcp Performance ◽  
Client Server ◽  
Application Program ◽  
Tcp Protocol ◽  
Networking Technologies

In any TCP-based client-server communication, the application layer is implemented in the application program whereas the transport layer (i.e., TCP protocol) is implemented in the underlying operating system. TCP achieves reliability using acknowledgement packets and retransmitting any packets that are lost in the network, or corrupted, or delayed or delivered out-of-order. In addition, the TCP protocol ensures that the receiver application is not overwhelmed by data from the sender application — only the amount of data that the receiver can consume is transmitted. This is called TCP Flow Control. In this article, we explain the basics of flow control and provide experiential learning exercises to help understand its impact on TCP performance.

EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING OF NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES: Understanding TCP Flow Control and Congestion Control

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAM P. RUSTAGI ◽  
VIRAJ KUMAR
Keyword(s):  
Experiential Learning ◽  
Flow Control ◽  
Congestion Control ◽  
Tcp Performance ◽  
Underlying Network ◽  
Tcp Congestion Control ◽  
Networking Technologies

In a TCP connection, the underlying network drops packets when it lacks the capacity to deliver all the packets sent by the sender to the receiver. This phenomenon is called congestion. TCP at the sender’s side will not receive acks for these dropped packets. Since TCP is a reliable protocol, the sender must retransmit all these packets. The mechanism used by TCP to deal with such situations is called TCP Congestion Control. In this article, we explain the basics of congestion control and provide experiential exercises to help understand its impact on TCP performance.

scholarly journals Understanding Traversal of a Packet in Internet

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram Rustagi P
Keyword(s):  
Experiential Learning ◽  
Network Protocols ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Local Network ◽  
Application Layer ◽  
Web Page ◽  
Web Browser ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Networking Technologies

In this series of articles on Experiential Learning of Networking Technologies, we have discussed a number of network protocols starting from HTTP [7] at application layer, TCP [3] and UDP [1] protocols at transport layers that provide end to end communications, and IP addressing [2] and routing for packet delivery at network layer. We have defined a number of experiential exercises for each underlying concept which provide a practical understanding of these protocols. Now, we would like to take a holistic view of these protocols which we have learned so far and look at how all these protocols come into play when an internet user makes a simple web request, e.g., what happens from network perspective when a user enters google.com in the URL bar of a web browser [12]. From the perspective of user, web page of Google’s search interface is displayed in the browser window, but inside the network both at the user’s local network and the internet, a lot of network activity takes place. The focus of this article is to understand the traversal of packets in the network triggered by any such user activity.

Understanding Transport Layer Basics – Experiential Learning Series

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram P. Rustagi ◽  
Viraj kumar
Keyword(s):  
Experiential Learning ◽  
Service Delivery ◽  
Transport Layer ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Application Layer ◽  
Reliable Service ◽  
Hands On ◽  
End To End ◽  
Streaming Service

The transport layer in a network stack provides end-to-end connectivity to the application layer. In the internet stack, there are two main transport layer implementations in use: TCP (which provides reliable service delivery) and UDP (which does not). Unfortunately, many people misconstrue these characterizations as “TCP provides guaranteed delivery” and “UDP may make errors”. This article attempts to clarify such misconceptions. It also discusses practical aspects of these two protocols (including TCP’s streaming service and UDP’s message-oriented service) and illustrates concepts with simple hands-on exercises.

Experiential Learning of Networking Technologies: Understanding Web Security

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram P. Rustagi ◽  
Viraj Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Experiential Learning ◽  
Web Security ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Networking Technologies

With the rapid increase in the volume of e-commerce, the security of web-based transactions is of increasing concern. A widespread but dangerously incorrect belief among web users is that all security issues are taken care of when a website uses HTTPS (secure HTTP). While HTTPS does provide security, websites are often developed and deployed in ways that make them and their users vulnerable to hackers. In this article we explore some of these vulnerabilities. We first introduce the key ideas and then provide several experiential learning exercises so that readers can understand the challenges and possible solutions to them in a hands-on manner.

scholarly journals Cross-Protocol Unfairness between Adaptive Streaming Clients over HTTP/3 and HTTP/2: A Root-Cause Analysis

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 1755
Author(s):  
Chanh Minh Tran ◽  
Tho Nguyen Duc ◽  
Phan Xuan Tan ◽  
Eiji Kamioka
Keyword(s):  
Root Cause Analysis ◽  
Transport Layer ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Adaptive Streaming ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cause Analysis ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Tcp Protocol ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Client Side

With the introduction of HTTP/3, whose transport is no longer the traditional TCP protocol but the novel QUIC protocol, research for solutions to the unfairness of Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (HAS) has become more challenging. In other words, because of different transport layers, the HTTP/3 may not be available for some networks and the clients have to use HTTP/2 for their HAS applications instead. Therefore, the scenario in which HAS over HTTP/3 (HAS/3) competes against HTTP/2 (HAS/2) must be considered seriously. However, there has been a shortage of investigations on the performance and the origin of the unfairness in such a cross-protocol scenario in order to produce proper solutions. Therefore, this paper provides a performance evaluation and root-cause analysis of the cross-protocol unfairness between HAS/3 and HAS/2. It is concluded that, due to differences in the congestion control mechanisms of QUIC and TCP, HAS/3 clients obtain larger congestion windows, thus requesting higher video bitrates than HAS/2. As the problem lies in the transport layer, existing client-side ABR-based solutions for the unfairness from the application layer may perform suboptimally for the cross-protocol case.

scholarly journals An Integrated Cross Layer Design to Enhance the Quality of Service of Video Streaming in Mobile Adhoc Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
N. Gomathi ◽  
M. Uvaneshwari
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Transport Layer ◽  
Application Layer ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Mapping Algorithm ◽  
Novel Technique ◽  
Dynamic Mapping ◽  
Multipath Transport ◽  
Description Coding

<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The intent of this paper is to put forth a novel technique for improvising the QoS of multimedia applications in by using Modified dynamic mapping algorithm and Multipath transport(MPT) and Multi Description Coding(MDC). The improvement is attained by applying the MDC at application layer along with UDPLite in transport layer and multipath at network layer and Modified dynamic mapping in MAC Layer.Thismethod attains an increase of 30.84% in Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and 18.57% decrease in delay in contrast to the conventional methods.</span><table class="MsoTableGrid" style="width: 444.85pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" width="593" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes; height: 63.4pt;"><td style="width: 290.6pt; border: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 63.4pt;" valign="top" width="387"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">The intent of this paper is to put forth a novel technique for improvising the QoS of multimedia applications in by using Modified dynamic mapping algorithm and Multipath transport(MPT) and Multi Description Coding(MDC). The improvement is attained by applying the MDC at application layer along with UDPLite in transport layer and multipath at network layer and Modified dynamic mapping in MAC Layer.Thismethod attains an increase of 30.84% in Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and 18.57% decrease in delay in contrast to the conventional methods.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>

Energy Consumption Optimization by Increasing The Processor Speed of Moving Communication Devices in Transport Layer Protocol

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Fakhrur Razi ◽  
Ipan Suandi ◽  
Fahmi Fahmi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Mobile Device ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Video Data ◽  
Transmission Delay ◽  
Transport Layer ◽  
Tcp Protocol ◽  
Transport Layer Protocol ◽  
Processor Speed

The energy efficiency of mobile devices becomes very important, considering the development of mobile device technology starting to lead to smaller dimensions and with the higher processor speed of these mobile devices. Various studies have been conducted to grow energy-aware in hardware, middleware and application software. The step of optimizing energy consumption can be done at various layers of mobile communication network architecture. This study focuses on examining the energy consumption of mobile devices in the transport layer protocol, where the processor speed of the mobile devices used in this experiment is higher than the processor speed used in similar studies. The mobile device processor in this study has a speed of 1.5 GHz with 1 GHz RAM capacity. While in similar studies that have been carried out, mobile device processors have a speed of 369 MHz with a RAM capacity of less than 0.5 GHz. This study conducted an experiment in transmitting mobile data using TCP and UDP protocols. Because the video requires intensive delivery, so the video is the traffic that is being reviewed. Energy consumption is measured based on the amount of energy per transmission and the amount of energy per package. To complete the analysis, it can be seen the strengths and weaknesses of each protocol in the transport layer protocol, in this case the TCP and UDP protocols, also evaluated the network performance parameters such as delay and packet loss. The results showed that the UDP protocol consumes less energy and transmission delay compared to the TCP protocol. However, only about 22% of data packages can be transmitted. Therefore, the UDP protocol is only effective if the bit rate of data transmitted is close to the network speed. Conversely, despite consuming more energy and delay, the TCP protocol is able to transmit nearly 96% of data packets. On the other hand, when compared to mobile devices that have lower processor speeds, the mobile devices in this study consume more energy to transmit video data. However, transmission delay and packet loss can be suppressed. Thus, mobile devices that have higher processor speeds are able to optimize the energy consumed to improve transmission quality.Key words: energy consumption, processor, delay, packet loss, transport layer protocol

Design of Smart Grid Test Bed Using OPNET and PLC

2018 ◽  
pp. 22-42
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Power Line ◽  
Transport Layer ◽  
Application Layer ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Data Link ◽  
Link Layer ◽  
Data Link Layer ◽  
Base Data ◽  
Grid Test

In this design unit, a design to test the performances of varying models was developed for the simulations in the PLC-base data link layer. The design includes a smart home and a Smart Grid environment where a comparison between Zigbee and WiMax-based models can be performed. The Smart Grid Test Bed has been designed using OPNET and Power Line Communication is proposed in this book. It is being designed to allow test bed experiments in four layers among OSI 7 layers. This chapter is organized as follows: The Physical Layer and Datalink Layer for Smart Grid Test Bed in Section 1; the Transport Layer for Smart Grid Test Bed in Section 2; and finally, Application Layer for Smart Grid Test Bed in Section.

A Deep Learning Approach for Detection of Application Layer Attacks in Internet

2020 ◽  
pp. 175-188
Author(s):  
V. Punitha ◽  
C. Mala
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Transport Layer ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Ddos Attacks ◽  
Application Layer ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Technological Transformation ◽  
Application Deployment ◽  
Machine Learning Models

The recent technological transformation in application deployment, with the enriched availability of applications, induces the attackers to shift the target of the attack to the services provided by the application layer. Application layer DoS or DDoS attacks are launched only after establishing the connection to the server. They are stealthier than network or transport layer attacks. The existing defence mechanisms are unproductive in detecting application layer DoS or DDoS attacks. Hence, this chapter proposes a novel deep learning classification model using an autoencoder to detect application layer DDoS attacks by measuring the deviations in the incoming network traffic. The experimental results show that the proposed deep autoencoder model detects application layer attacks in HTTP traffic more proficiently than existing machine learning models.

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