scholarly journals Visual deductive conflict frame (War Coverage)

10.34778/2n ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Jungblut
Keyword(s):  
Research Question ◽  
Frame Analysis ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Injury Death ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
War Coverage ◽  
News Magazines ◽  
Visual Framing ◽  
Visual Frame ◽  
World Report

This variable describes how a war is depicted in the photos published by a news organization. It thereby suggests what interpretation or perspective on a war is promoted through the visual layer of news discourse. Visual frame analyses of war coverage have largely relied on deductive analyses. As such, studies measure frames that have been derived from the existing literature or small pilot studies (cf. Jungblut & Zakareviciute, 2019). Some of these deductive frames have been applied in multiple studies that are focused on a variety of conflict cases (e.g. Schwalbe, 2013; Schwalbe & Dougherty, 2015). Field of application/theoretical foundation: Visual frame analysis is grounded in the framing approach that describes a media frame as the result of a journalistic process of selecting some aspects of a given social reality and making them more salient than others (Entman, 1993). As such, visual framing is often measured to analyze how a war is depicted in the news. Research thus aims to unravel what image of a war is transported to the audience and thereby seeks to understand if there is a bias towards one of the involved conflict parties. As a result, visual frames usually tend to be conceptualized as the dependent variable within a research design (cf. Jungblut & Zakareviciute, 2019; Schwalbe, 2013). References/combination with other methods of data collection: Experimental research designs have been used to analyze the effect of different visual frames. In this, research examines whether visual framing can affect recipients’ attitude towards conflict parties and whether frames can evoke an emotional response in the audience (Brantner, Lobinger & Wetzstein, 2011). Sample operationalization: Please indicate which of these frames is present in the photo. In each photo, multiple frames can be present at the same time. Frame Description Measurement Conflict Frame Depiction of the combatants, including weapons, troops, POWs, and combat 0 = frame is absent 1 = frame is present Human Interest Frame Depiction of noncombatants, such as civilians and humanitarian relief workers 0 = frame is absent 1 = frame is present Violence of War Frame Depiction of the results of conflict, such as injury, death, and destruction 0 = frame is absent 1 = frame is present Anti-War Protest Frame Depiction of anti-war demonstrations and protests 0 = frame is absent 1 = frame is present Media Self-Reference Frame Depiction of journalists at home and in the conflict zone 0 = frame is absent 1 = frame is present Politicians Frame Depiction of politicians and negotiations 0 = frame is absent 1 = frame is present Looting Frame Depiction of looting 0 = frame is absent 1 = frame is present Oil Resources Frame Depiction of oil fields and refineries 0 = frame is absent 1 = frame is present   Information on Schwalbe, 2013 Author: Carol B. Schwalbe Research question/research interest: Visually Framing of the Iraq War in TIME, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report Object of analysis: Three News Magazines (TIME, Newsweek and U.S. News & World Report) timeframe of analysis: Time frame starts with the opening day of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq (March 19, 2003) and ended with the transfer of limited sovereignty to the provisional Iraqi government (June 28, 2004). Info about variable Variable name/definition: Deductive visual conflict frame Level of analysis: Image Values: 0 = absent, 1= present (for each of the described frames) Scale: binary (nominal)   References Brantner, C., Lobinger, K., & Wetzstein, I. (2011). Effects of visual framing and evaluations of news stories on emotional responses about the Gaza conflict 2009. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 88(3), 523-540. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769901108800304 Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x Jungblut, M., & Zakareviciute, I. (2019). Do Pictures Tell a Different Story? A multimodal frame analysis of the 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict. Journalism Practice, 13(2), 206-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2017.1412804 Schwalbe, C. B. (2013). Visually framing the invasion and occupation of Iraq in Time, Newsweek, and US News & World Report. International Journal of Communication, 7, 239-262. Doi: 1932–8036/20130005 Schwalbe, C. B., & Dougherty, S. M. (2015). Visual coverage of the 2006 Lebanon War: Framing conflict in three US news magazines. Media, War & Conflict, 8(1), 141-162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635215571204

scholarly journals EXPRESS: Marketers Project Their Personal Preferences onto Consumers: Overcoming the Threat of Egocentric Decision Making

2021 ◽  
pp. 002224372199837
Author(s):  
Walter Herzog ◽  
Johannes D. Hattula ◽  
Darren W. Dahl
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Marketing Managers ◽  
False Consensus Effect ◽  
False Consensus ◽  
High Level

This research explores how marketing managers can avoid the so-called false consensus effect—the egocentric tendency to project personal preferences onto consumers. Two pilot studies were conducted to provide evidence for the managerial importance of this research question and to explore how marketing managers attempt to avoid false consensus effects in practice. The results suggest that the debiasing tactic most frequently used by marketers is to suppress their personal preferences when predicting consumer preferences. Four subsequent studies show that, ironically, this debiasing tactic can backfire and increase managers’ susceptibility to the false consensus effect. Specifically, the results suggest that these backfire effects are most likely to occur for managers with a low level of preference certainty. In contrast, the results imply that preference suppression does not backfire but instead decreases false consensus effects for managers with a high level of preference certainty. Finally, the studies explore the mechanism behind these results and show how managers can ultimately avoid false consensus effects—regardless of their level of preference certainty and without risking backfire effects.

Interventions Promoting Educators’ Use of Data: Research Insights and Gaps

2012 ◽  
Vol 114 (11) ◽  
pp. 1-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie A. Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
System Level ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Leverage Points ◽  
Knowledge To Action ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Capacity Data

Background/Context In recent years, states, districts, schools, and external partners have recognized the need to proactively foster the use of data to guide educational decision-making and practice. Understanding that data alone will not guarantee use, individuals at all levels have invested in interventions to support better access to, interpretation of, and responses to data of all kinds. Despite the emergence of these efforts, there has been little systematic examination of research on such efforts. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study This article synthesizes what we currently know about interventions to support educators’ use of data—ranging from comprehensive, system-level initiatives, such as reforms sponsored by districts or intermediary organizations, to more narrowly focused interventions, such as a workshop. The article summarizes what is what is known across studies about the design and implementation of these interventions, their effects at the individual and organizational levels, and the conditions shown to affect implementation and outcomes. Research Design Literature review. Data Collection and Analysis This review entailed systematic searches of electronic databases and careful sorting to yield a total of 41 books, peer-reviewed journal articles, and reports. Summaries of each publication were coded to identify the study methods (design, framework, sample, time frame, data collection), intervention design (level of schooling, focal data and data user, leverage points, components), and findings on implementation, effects, and conditions. Findings/Results The review uncovers a host of common themes regarding implementation, including promising practices (e.g., making data “usable” and “safe,” targeting multiple leverage points) and persistent challenges (e.g., developing support that is generic but also customized, sustaining sufficient support). The review also finds mixed findings and levels of research evidence on effects of interventions, with relatively more evidence on effects on educators’ knowledge, skills, and practice than on effects on organizations and student achievement. The article also identifies a set of common conditions found to influence intervention implementation and effects, including intervention characteristics (capacity, data properties), broader context (leadership, organizational structure), and individual relationships and characteristics (trust, beliefs and knowledge). Conclusions/Recommendations The review finds that the current research base is limited in quantity and quality. It suggests the need for more methodologically rigorous research and greater attention to the organizational and student-level outcomes of interventions, comparative analyses, interventions that help educators move from knowledge to action, and specific ways in which the quality of data and leadership practices shape the effectiveness of interventions.

Big data and artificial intelligence for health system sustainability: The case of Veneto Region

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-52
Author(s):  
Grazia Dicuonzo ◽  
Francesca Donofrio ◽  
Antonio Fusco ◽  
Vittorio Dell’Atti
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Health Agency ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Case Study Methodology ◽  
The Impact

This paper investigates the digitalization challenges facing the Italian healthcare system. The aim of the paper is to support healthcare organizations as they take advantage of the potential of big data and artificial intelligence (AI) to promote sustainable healthcare systems. Both the development of innovative processes in the management of health care activities and the introduction of healthcare forecasting systems are valuable resources for clinical and care activities and enable a more efficient use of inputs in essential-level care delivery. By examining an innovative project developed by the Regional Social Health Agency (ARSS) of Veneto, this study analyses the impact of big data and AI on the sustainability of a healthcare system. In order to answer the research question, we used a case study methodology. We conducted semi-structured interviews with key members of the organizational group involved in the case. The results show that the implementation of AI algorithms based on big data in healthcare both improves the interpretation and processing of data, and reduces the time frame necessary for clinical processes, having a positive effect on sustainability.

Binge watching and college students: motivations and outcomes

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swati Panda ◽  
Satyendra C. Pandey
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Video Streaming ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Television Shows ◽  
Method Approach

Purpose The purpose of the paper is to explore various motivations that influence college students to spend more time binge watching and the subsequent gratifications. Video streaming websites such as Netflix and Amazon Video have changed the viewing habits of consumers. Viewers have more control and can enjoy on-demand content as per their convenience. This has resulted in viewers watching multiple episodes of television shows in a compressed time frame – a phenomenon termed as binge watching. College students engage in binge watching because of the various gratifications that it promises. This paper investigates the various triggers and consequences of binge watching. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected through a mixed method approach. The first stage involved qualitative interviews and focused group discussions with college students to understand the phenomenon of binge watching. The second stage involved administering a questionnaire to address our research question. Findings Findings indicate that social interaction, escape from reality, easy accessibility to TV content and advertising motivate college students to spend more time binge watching. If students are negatively gratified after binge watching, then they intend to spend more time doing it. Originality/value The findings have important implications on the overall wellbeing of college students and strategic implications for video streaming companies.

scholarly journals In my remembered country: what poetry tells us about the changing perceptions of volcanoes between the nineteenth and twenty-first centuries

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-87
Author(s):  
Arianna Soldati ◽  
Sam Illingworth
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Culturally Appropriate ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract. In this study we investigate what poetry written about volcanoes from the 1800s to the present day reveals about the relationship between volcanoes and the societies and times represented by poets who wrote about them, including how it evolved over that time frame. In order to address this research question, we conducted a qualitative content analysis of a selection of 34 English-language poems written about human–volcano interactions. Firstly, we identified the overall connotation of each poem. Then, we recognised specific emerging themes and grouped them in categories. Additionally, we performed a quantitative analysis of the frequency with which each category occurs throughout the decades of the dataset. This analysis reveals that a spiritual element is often present in poetry about volcanoes, transcending both the creative and destructive power that they exert. Furthermore, the human–volcano relationship is especially centred around the sense of identity that volcanoes provide to humans, which may follow from both positive and negative events. These results highlight the suitability of poetry as a means to explore the human perception of geologic phenomena. Additionally, our findings may be relevant to the definition of culturally appropriate communication strategies with communities living near active volcanoes.

scholarly journals Persona as Key Component in (Cultural) Person Branding

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-71
Author(s):  
Nicholas Qyll
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Cultural Image ◽  
Brand Culture ◽  
Visual Frame ◽  
Image Representations ◽  
Visual Construction ◽  
Person Brands

This article examines the elements and processes involved in the visual construction of person brands, and their personas as key components of those brands, in pursuit of the research question: What pictorial design strategies make person brands succeed? Key findings of the empirical investigation of the iconic artist brand Madonna allow a focus on Madonna’s image and her fans’ co-creative image practice through a visual frame analysis and cultural reading of her self-brand. Madonna has created a complex ‘worldview world’ that is governed by a metanarrative and feeds on the diverse acts of referencing cultural image icons. At the same time, central strategies of her image representations are reflected in the fan artefacts investigated. This article thus focuses not only on the role of the visual in person branding and in a modern-day visual brand culture. It also considers the place and form of such cultural person branding within the persona studies field.

scholarly journals Key Criteria for Information Quality in the Use of Online Social Media for Emergency Management in New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Gunilla Elleholm Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Media ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Emergency Management ◽  
Information Quality ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
The Public ◽  
Online Social Media

<p>Knowledge and information give people the power to make decisions and to act; they are the key to the success of real-time decision making. Social media can be valuable in emergencies where information can be shared to save lives and minimise the human and social impact. Fostering information quality is important in order to validate the information collected for decision making. With the empowerment of the general public and the abundance of information on social media, information quality becomes central to achieving an effective and efficient outcome in emergency response and saving lives. A gap exists in the research in the area of information quality in the use of online social media for emergency management in New Zealand. The research question for this study is: What are the key criteria for fostering information quality in the use of online social media for emergency management in New Zealand? How are they achieved? The data collection method employed was in-depth interviews of members of emergency management organisations in New Zealand. The interviews were followed by participant check. Previous research has identified accuracy, consistency and relevancy as the most frequently acknowledged criteria for information quality. This study found that the three key criteria for information quality in the use of online social media for emergency management in New Zealand are: Using verified and validated information; Using timely information; Building and using networks. There were two conflicts between the criteria: The need to dispel rumours or get time critical information out to the public can be in conflict with making sure that information is verified and trustworthy. The other conflict lies in the desire to control communication on social media, which hinders sharing of information and engagement with the public. It was found that the key criteria for information quality can be achieved by engaging with followers, so that their shared information can be included in the EOCs standard verification processes, and at the same time letting the followers know what the time frame is for new information releases.</p>

scholarly journals Benefit/risk framing (Technology Coverage)

10.34778/2zl ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwendolin Gurr ◽  
Julia Metag
Keyword(s):  
Media Coverage ◽  
Science Communication ◽  
Causal Attribution ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Problem Definition ◽  
Attribution Of Responsibility ◽  
Frame Element ◽  
The Media ◽  
Risk And Benefit

In order to identify interpretative patterns in the media coverage of technology, researches apply the variable risk and benefit framing. Risk and Benefit Framing is being measured differently; some studies use one variable, other studies use several variables to measure it. Either way, the variable is used to investigate to what extent either risks or benefits dominate the discourse and thus whether a positive or negative impression of a technology is given. In addition, it is analyzed how benefits and risks are portrayed, for example with regards to specificity and magnitude (Strekalova 2015) or how the ratio of risks and benefits changes over time or differs among different media (Donk, Metag, Kohring, & Marcinkowski 2012).   Field of application/theoretical foundation: The variable risk and benefit framing is often based on Entman’s framing approach, which is frequently applied in quantitative content analyses on various topics. In media content analyses, the framing concept, however, is understood and applied differently, which is the case also for the analysis of technology coverage. In addition to risk and benefit frames, thematic or issue frames are applied including risks and/or benefits as possible frames among others (e.g. Weaver et al. 2009). Yet, some analyses are based on the assumption that a frame is a specific, unique pattern of a text composed of several elements (Kohring & Matthes 2002; Matthes & Kohring 2008). These elements are (a) problem definition, (b) causal attribution of responsibility, (c) moral judgment of the protagonists and their actions, and (d) treatment recommendations (Entman 1993, p. 52). Following this inductive approach, these elements are coded as single variables. After coding, frames are identified statistically by testing for relational patterns between the frame elements (Kohring & Matthes 2002; Matthes & Kohring 2008).   References/combination with other methods of data collection: In media effects research, it can be of interest whether the frames analyzed in the media coverage are recognized by recipients and how they affect their attitudes towards a topic, which can be tested by means of surveys or experiments among recipients.   Example studies: Strekalova (2015); Donk et al. (2012)   Information on Strekalova, 2015 Authors: Yulia A. Strekalova Research question/research interest: “How do elite and regional U.S. newspapers cover nanomedicine? How was the news about nanomedicine framed by the U.S. newspapers?” Object of analysis: U.S. newspapers (3 national quality newspapers: The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal; 3 regional newspapers: Los Angeles Times, The Boston Globe, The Houston Chronicle) Time frame of analysis: 1990-September 30, 2013   Information on Donk et al., 2012 Authors: André Donk, Julia Metag, Matthias Kohring, Frank Marcinkowski Research question/research interest: The framing of nanotechnology in German print media Object of analysis: 9 German daily newspapers and weekly magazines (Financial Times Deutschland, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Frankfurter Rundschau, Süddeutsche Zeitung, taz, Die Welt, Focus, Der Spiegel, die Zeit) Time frame of analysis: 2000 bis 2008 Codebook: placed at disposal   Information about variable   Authors Variable name/definition Level of analysis Values   Scale level   Reliability Strekalova (2015) Risk and Benefit Frames (in addition: magnitude and specificity of risks and benefits)   article   benefits only risks only benefits and risks no benefits or risks nominal intercoder reliability: .86 (range: .72-.95)   Donk, Metag, Kohring & Marcinkowski (2012) Nanotechnology Frames: variables with frequency ≥5% for 7 categories representing 4 frame elements Categories for frame element “problem definition”: Main topic Evaluation of benefits Evaluation of risks Variables “main topic”: Scientific research medical implementation implementation in information and communication technology (ICT) economy overview of nanotechnology Variables “Evaluation of benefits”: medical benefits scientific benefits economic benefits Variables “Evaluation of risks”: Medical risks Categories for frame element “Causal attribution of responsibility”: Protagonist responsible for benefits Protagonist responsible for risks Variables “Protagonist responsible for benefits”: Scientist economic protagonist nanotechnology Variables “Protagonist responsible for risks”: Nanotechnology Category for frame element “Moral judgement”: Evaluation of nanotechnology Variables: Positive evaluation/acceptance negative evaluation/acceptance Category for frame element “Treatment recommendation”: Call for regulation/support Prospects Variables: Risk regulation Prospects Positive prospects article   nominal R = .87 Pi = .79     References Strekalova, Yulia A. (2015): Informing Dissemination Research. In: Science Communication 37(2), 151–172. Donk, André; Metag, Julia; Kohring, Matthias; Marcinkowski, Frank (2012): Framing Emerging Technologies. In: Science Communication 34(1), 5–29.    Further References Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43, 51­58. Kohring, M., & Matthes, J. (2002). The face(t)s of biotech in the nineties: How the German press framed modern biotechnology. Public Understanding of Science, 11, 143­154. Matthes, J., &, Kohring, M. (2008). The content analysis of media frames: Toward improving reliability and validity. Journal of Communication, 58, 258­279.

scholarly journals In my remembered country: what poetry tells us about the changing perceptions of volcanoes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianna Soldati ◽  
Sam Illingworth
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Culturally Appropriate ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract. In this study we investigate what poetry written about volcanoes from 1800 to the present day reveals about the relationship between humanity and volcanoes, including how it evolved over that time frame. In order to address this research question, we conducted a qualitative content analysis of a selection of 34 English-language poems written about the human-volcano interactions. Firstly, we identified the overall connotation of each poem. Then, we recognized specific emerging themes and grouped them in categories. Additionally, we performed a quantitative analysis of the frequency with which each category occurs throughout the decades of the dataset. This analysis reveals that a spiritual element is often present in poetry about volcanoes, transcending both the creative and destructive power that they exert. Furthermore, the human-volcano relationship is especially centred around the sense of identity that volcanoes provide to humans, which may follow from both positive and negative events. These results highlight the suitability of poetry as a means to explore the human perception of geologic phenomena. Additionally, our findings may be relevant to the definition of culturally appropriate communication strategies with communities living nearby active volcanoes.

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