scholarly journals FORMING THE LOCAL AUXILIARY POLICE AND ENGAGING ITS SUBDIVISIONS IN PUNITIVE OPERATIONS OF NAZI INVADERS ON THE TERRITORY OF ZHYTOMYR REGION IN 1941

2018 ◽  
pp. 219-239
Author(s):  
Іван Васильович Ковальчук
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Dirty Work ◽  
The Public ◽  
Nazi Occupation ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Western Ukraine ◽  
Municipal Police ◽  
Relationship Of

The article considers the process of the Ukrainian local police formation within the structure of the auxiliary Ukrainian administration. It was determined that both Organizations of Ukrainian Nationalists had taken an active part in the process. The members of their march units arrived in Zhytomyr region. During the period of military administration the Nazi occupation authority specified the number of military personnel, the main functions and direct reporting relationship of the Ukrainian auxiliary police. Originally, the given formation was qualified as the public organization subordinated to the local authorities, however, commandant's offices could engage it to perform their tasks. Its aggregate number could not exceed 1% of the population of a specific populated locality. The main function of the auxiliary police was to tackle crime and protect different objects. In its arsenal, the police had the captured Soviet rifles and a set of 5 cartridges for each one. Within a short period of time the whole network of the auxiliary police was established on the territory of Zhytomyr region. It consisted of country commands, district, municipal and regional divisions.Among the governing bodies and municipal police, for example, in Zhytomyr city, there were many of those who came from Western Ukraine and political immigrants from Western Europe who arrived on the territory occupied by Nazi after the beginning of the Soviet-German war. Nevertheless, after some time the occupation authorities at first resorted to a dissolution of the Ukrainian auxiliary police formations, and then it was re-structured and staffed according to new plans and Nazi perspective. In that format the Ukrainian auxiliary police were fully deprived of both Organizations of Ukrainian Nationalists influence, imbedded into the occupation structure and had to carry out the dirty work Nazi could not do because of lack of human resources and means. Since that time Nazi occupation authorities engaged officials from different divisions and departments of the local auxiliary police in their punitive actions against the local population, in particular in a genocide of specific ethnic groups.

Leben mit dem Wald im oberen Theresiental (Transkarpatien, Ukraine) – Porträt einer Waldregion vor den Toren der Europäischen Union | Living with the forest in the upper Theresien Valley (Transcarpathia, Ukraine): Portrait of a forest region at the doors of the European Union

2007 ◽  
Vol 158 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Karl Grunder
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Public ◽  
Forest Region ◽  
Priority Criterion ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The local population of the upper Theresian Valley owes its livelihood almost exclusively to the forest. Natural risks and institutional problems are hindering development. In times of change, such as those that the Ukraine is going through at present, the forest and natural resources in general can ensure the survival of the rural population. From the authors' point of view the communities in the upper Theresian Valley and similar areas should be actively engaged in the management of the forest, and, in the first instance, wood and forest should benefit the local populations. Corruption should be combated at its origin on the structural level. The public at large must have access to transparent information. Foreign investors should be independently monitored. The authors suggest that access to and the relationship of the local population with their natural resources be taken into account as an additional priority criterion for sustainability.

Analisa Wacana Pemberitaan Kasus Korupsi E-KTP Pada Media Kompas.com Terhadap Pembentukan Opini Publik

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Neri Widya Ramailis ◽  
Dede Nopendri
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Social Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Function ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Visual Method ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Media ◽  
Private Entrepreneurs

Discourse is a series of sentences that relate and connect one proposition with the other propositions to from a unity. The main function of the news is not to warn, instruct, and make the public stunned, the main function of the news is to inform and then it is upto the public to utilize the news. There are two ways for the news to be useful to the public, the first to effort news as general knowledge and the second to effort the news a tool of social control. E-Ktp corruption cases are one of the biggest corruption cases that occurered in Indonesia. Therefore, many mass media reported heavilly on E-Ktp corruption cases, one of which was the kompas.com. furthermore, to find out how the writer gets the source the writer gets the source of data and information the writer uses the criminology visual method and then analyzes it using criminology newsmaking theory. However, the results of this study illustrate that the aspect highlighted are those of actors suspected of being involved in E-Ktp corruption cases. Where the media only emphasizes one institution, namely the people’s representative council, even though in this case the involved parties are not only the legislature but case the involved parties are not only the legislature but also from various institutions such as the interior ministry, state-owned enterprises, and private entrepreneurs. In the aspect of media projection Kompas.com make the bulk of the news about E- Ktp corruption cases as news headline and a tranding topic.

The Role and Perceptions of Independent Audit Partners in the Governmental Audit Market

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne H. Lowensohn ◽  
Frank Collins
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Audit Firm ◽  
The Public ◽  
Audit Market ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Independent Audit

Audits are the primary means of monitoring that public funds are appropriately spent by governmental entities. Currently, independent auditors (rather than governmental auditors) are the primary suppliers of governmental audit services, despite the fact that many of them view governmental audits as “secondary” (AICPA 1987). Furthermore, nongovernmental auditors are believed to be less “independent” and more prone to lose sight of the programmatic demand to safeguard the public trust (Power 1997) than governmental auditors. To better understand the supply of governmental audit services, this study investigates independent audit firm partner opinions of governmental audits and their motivation to pursue these engagements. Multiple regression results of our data reveal that partners are more likely to pursue governmental audits if they believe that desirable intrinsic and extrinsic rewards are attainable through performing these audits. Furthermore, environmental risk factors—an active political climate and authoritative changes—reduce partner motivation to pursue governmental audits. It is suggested that environmental risk factors disrupt the comfortable principal/agent relationship of the auditor and auditee because the relationships have become decoupled (abstracted) from the audit's programmatic mission.

On the Volatile Relationship of Secularization and New Religious Movements

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Holland
Keyword(s):  
Religious Movements ◽  
New Religious Movements ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Christian Science ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Action ◽  
Public Square ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter considers the complex relationship between secularization and the emergence of new religious movements. Drawing from countervailing research, some of which insists that new religious movements abet secularizing processes and some of which sees these movements as disproving the secularization thesis, the chapter presents the relationship as inherently unstable. To the extent that new religious movements maintain a precarious balance of familiarity and foreignness—remaining familiar enough to stretch the definitional boundaries of religion—they contribute to secularization. However, new religious movements frequently lean to one side or other of that median, either promoting religious power in the public square by identifying with the interests of existing religious groups, or emphasizing their distinctiveness from these groups and thus provoking aggressive public action by the antagonized religious mainstream. This chapter centres on an illustrative case from Christian Science history.

scholarly journals Abundant Citizen Science Data Reveal That the Peacock Butterfly Aglais io Recently Became Bivoltine in Belgium

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 683
Author(s):  
Marc Herremans ◽  
Karin Gielen ◽  
Jos Van Kerckhoven ◽  
Pieter Vanormelingen ◽  
Wim Veraghtert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Science ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Science Data ◽  
The Public ◽  
Online Portal ◽  
Spring Generation ◽  
Reproductive Cycles ◽  
New Generation

The peacock butterfly is abundant and widespread in Europe. It is generally believed to be univoltine (one generation per year): adults born in summer overwinter and reappear again in spring to reproduce. However, recent flight patterns in western Europe mostly show three peaks during the year: a first one in spring (overwintering butterflies), a second one in early summer (offspring of the spring generation), and a third one in autumn. It was thus far unclear whether this autumn flight peak was a second new generation or consisted of butterflies flying again in autumn after a summer rest (aestivation). The life cycle of one of Europe’s most common butterflies is therefore still surprisingly inadequately understood. We used hundreds of thousands of observations and thousands of pictures submitted by naturalists from the public to the online portal observation.orgin Belgium and analyzed relations between flight patterns, condition (wear), reproductive cycles, peak abundances, and phenology to clarify the current life history. We demonstrate that peacocks have shifted towards two new generations per year in recent decades. Mass citizen science data in online portals has become increasingly important in tracking the response of biodiversity to rapid environmental changes such as climate change.

The Public Purchase of Grain on Independent Delos

1993 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 300-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Reger
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Aggregate Demand ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Third Century ◽  
The Public ◽  
Price Structure ◽  
Grain Trade ◽  
Local Supply ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Grain Prices

Earlier work has tended to view Delos as an entrepôt for the larger Hellenistic grain trade, but during the years of independence (314-167 B.C.) the island relied on the import of grain to satisfy local demand, and this was certainly the more important aspect of the trade in grain, at least from the Delians' point of view. This study explores several issues connected with the local supply of grain. From prices for grain reported in inscriptions and estimates of the local population, the aggregate annual demand for grain is estimated, and the price structure of grain derived; the ratio of wheat and barley prices on Delos is found to differ considerably from that known from Athens and Roman Egypt. The shortage of 282 B.C., assumed by earlier scholars from prices recorded for that year, is shown instead to be a period of atypically low prices. The impact of the sailing season on shipments of grain is explored, and an annual rhythm in grain prices and availability linked to the closure of the sea and the agricultural year is revealed. The Delians tried to reduce the impact of these fluctuations by the public purchase of grain on an irregular basis in the late fourth and third century, as attested through public loans; by the last quarter of the third century they had established a regular sitōnia fund to buy grain for resale at reduced prices. Comparison of funds available, grain prices, and the estimated aggregate demand suggest that the Delian sitōnia was able to cover a significant fraction of local demand; this contrasts with evidence from other cities. Some of the implications of these results for our understanding of the Hellenistic economy are briefly explored.

Reconceptualizing the Public Spaces of New Urban Areas in Hanoi: The End or the New of Public-Making?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minh-Tung Tran ◽  
◽  
Tien-Hau Phan ◽  
Ngoc-Huyen Chu ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
The Public ◽  
Doi Moi ◽  
The World ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Public spaces are designed and managed in many different ways. In Hanoi, after the Doi moi policy in 1986, the transfer of the public spaces creation at the neighborhood-level to the private sector has prospered na-ture of public and added a large amount of public space for the city, directly impacting on citizen's daily life, creating a new trend, new concept of public spaces. This article looks forward to understanding the public spaces-making and operating in KDTMs (Khu Do Thi Moi - new urban areas) in Hanoi to answer the question of whether ‘socialization’/privatization of these public spaces will put an end to the urban public or the new means of public-making trend. Based on the comparison and literature review of studies in the world on public spaces privatization with domestic studies to see the differences in the Vietnamese context leading to differences in definitions and roles and the concept of public spaces in KDTMs of Hanoi. Through adducing and analyzing practical cases, the article also mentions the trends, the issues, the ways and the technologies of public-making and public-spaces-making in KDTMs of Hanoi. Win/loss and the relationship of the three most important influential actors in this process (municipality, KDTM owners, inhabitants/citizens) is also considered to reconceptualize the public spaces of KDTMs in Hanoi.

THE PEDIATRICIAN AND THE PUBLIC

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-487
Author(s):  
John A. Askin ◽  
Kurt Glaser
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Jewish People ◽  
Jewish State ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public ◽  
Short Period ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Made In

IN SPITE of a short period of sovereignty— less than 7 years—the State of Israel is playing an important role in matters pertaining not only to the Middle East but, in some respects, in matters of importance to the whole world. In medicine the advances in Israel have been no less striking than the progress made in other fields. It is felt that the pediatricians of our country might be interested to learn about Israel's medical status, particularly pertaining to pediatrics. Palestine, of which the present Israel is a part, was in Old Testament times known as Canaan or Philistia because of the tribes which lived there. Palestine was the home of the Jewish people from the time Joshua conquered the land, about 1400 B.C., until the Romans destroyed the Jewish State in the year 70 A.D. Around 630 A.D. the country came under Moslem power. From 1516 to the end of World War I Palestine was a part of the Turkish Empire. In 1917, the British Government issued the famous Balfour Declaration which promised the Jews of the world that they could build a national homeland in Palestine. The League of Nations made the land a British mandate in 1920. From then until World War II Palestine was at several occasions plunged into violent civil war between the Jews and the Arabs. After World War II in 1947 Great Britain announced a decision to give up the Mandate.

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