scholarly journals Effects of field margins and other uncultivated fields on Orthoptera assemblages in the mountainous paddy field area of northeast Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-64
Author(s):  
Masatoshi Takeuchi ◽  
Teruaki Irie
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Paddy Field ◽  
Habitat Heterogeneity ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Field Margins ◽  
The Impact

To understand how farmlands help maintain biodiversity, we investigated the relationship between habitat heterogeneity and Orthoptera community composition on multiple spatial scales. First, we determined the impact of 12 environmental variables on the Orthoptera community diversity by sampling 37 quadrats in uncultivated fields over a broad spatial scale. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) demonstrated that environmental parameters influenced species composition. The first two canonical axes were associated with forest cover, grass (including harvested dried grass in some cases), bare or paddy fields, and plants with tall stems. Secondly, we conducted a local-scale survey of Orthoptera assemblages in an operational farm unit consisting of paddy fields, fallow fields, marginal grass fields, and secondary forests. Eleven Orthoptera species (46%) were found exclusively on specific vegetation types. Thirdly, we carried out a habitat-scale survey to elucidate the correspondence between consecutive spatial changes in vegetation and Orthoptera community composition in a paddy field and surrounding marginal fields. Even within narrower ranges, the compositional habitat heterogeneity induced changes in the dominant Orthoptera species composition. These results indicate that a high degree of habitat segregation occurs among Orthoptera species in field margins and in uncultivated fields, and that farmland management significantly affects spatial distribution of Orthoptera.

scholarly journals Habitat heterogeneity drives scale-dependent biodiversity loss in a temperate marine ecosystem

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Starko ◽  
Lauren Bailey ◽  
Elandra Creviston ◽  
Katelyn James ◽  
Alison Warren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Heterogeneity ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Diversity Loss ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
Local Wave

AbstractBiodiversity loss is driven by interacting factors operating at different spatial scales. Yet, there remains uncertainty as to how fine-scale environmental conditions mediate biological responses to broad-scale stressors. We surveyed mid-latitude kelp bed habitats to determine whether local habitat heterogeneity has mediated changes in community diversity after more than two decades of extreme temperature events, most notably the 2013-2016 heat wave. Local wave exposure conditions were key in determining responses, with some habitats remaining stable and others experiencing near complete diversity loss, leading to local declines without regional extinctions. Wave-sheltered shores, which saw the largest declines, are a very common habitat type in the Northeast Pacific and may be especially sensitive to climate-related losses in kelp diversity and abundance. Our findings highlight how local gradients can interact with global drivers to facilitate diversity loss and demonstrate how incorporating differences between habitat patches can be essential to capturing scale-dependent biodiversity loss across the landscape.

Assessment of a three-stage sampling strategy to investigate the spatial distribution and population density of Aphelenchoides besseyi among Oryza sativa seeds

Nematology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-380
Author(s):  
Katsumi Togashi ◽  
Shigeru Hoshino
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Paddy Field ◽  
Rice Plant ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Nematode Density ◽  
Aphelenchoides Besseyi ◽  
The Mean

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the spatial distribution patterns of Aphelenchoides besseyi among Oryza sativa seeds on panicle, plant hill, and paddy field spatial scales and to present a three-stage sampling method for estimating the mean density per seed in paddy fields. Living and dead nematodes were extracted individually from 20 seeds sampled from each of five panicles, which were sampled from each of six rice plant hills in each of eight paddy fields, where all plants had leaves exhibiting the 'white tip' symptom. Nested ANOVA indicated that A. besseyi density per seed was significantly different among the eight paddy fields, among rice plant hills in paddy fields, and among panicles in rice plant hills. The proportion of nematode-infested seeds (prevalence) increased and reached an upper limit as the mean density per seed on the panicle scale increased, whereas linear relationships were observed between nematode prevalence and the mean density on plant hill and paddy field scales. Relationships between mean density and mean crowding of nematodes per seed indicated that the nematodes exhibited clumped distribution on each of panicle, plant hill and field scales. Using these relationships, a three-stage sampling plan for estimating nematode density per seed at a specified precision level is presented.

scholarly journals Impacts of peat on nitrogen conservation and fungal community composition dynamics during food waste composting

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaihua He ◽  
Qiang Li ◽  
Xiaoyi Zeng ◽  
Kai Tian ◽  
Xiangshi Kong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Ammonia Emissions ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Nitrogen Conservation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Peat, as a heterogeneous mixture of decaying plant debris and microbial residues, has been widely used in many fields. However, little research focused on the impact of peat addition on food waste composting. To fill this gap, a composting experiment of food waste mixed with five varying percent peat 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% (w/w, dry weight) was designed to investigate the effect of different dosages of peat on nitrogen conservation, physiochemical parameters, and fungal community dynamics during composting. The results showed that adding peat elevated the peak temperature of composting, lowered final pH, reduced ammonia emissions and increased the final total nitrogen content. Compared to control, adding 5, 10, 15, and 20% peat decreased ammonia emissions by 1.91, 10.79, 23.73, and 18.26%, respectively, during 42 days of composting. Moreover, peat addition increased fungal community diversity especially during maturation phase. The most two abundant phyla were Basidiomycota and Ascomycota in all treatments throughout the composting process. At the end of composting, in treatments with adding 10 and 15% peat, the richest fungi were Scedosporium spp. and Coprinopsis spp., respectively. Simultaneously, canonical correlation analyses showed that pH, moisture content, and seed germination index had significant association with fungal community composition. The study also showed that fungal community and nitrogen conservation had no direct obvious relation during composting. Overall, the results suggest that the addition of peat could efficiently enhance nitrogen conservation through reduction of ammonia emissions and 15% peat addition is the optimal formula for food waste composting.

scholarly journals Effects of Open and Forest Habitats on Distribution and Diversity of Bumblebees (Bombus) in the Małopolska Upland (Southern Poland): Case Study

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1266
Author(s):  
Jolanta Bąk-Badowska ◽  
Anna Wojciechowska ◽  
Joanna Czerwik-Marcinkowska
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Riparian Forest ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Southern Poland ◽  
Stellarietea Mediae ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Forest Habitats

Bumblebees are an important insect group occurring in different land ecosystems, but the number of these species has declined dramatically across Poland as well as in Europe in recent years. The fragmentation of bumblebee habitats influences the abundance and richness in community composition and trophic and competitive interactions. During the years 2003–2006 and 2017–2020, we studied the diversity and distribution of bumblebee species in two natural (boron-mixed Vaccinio-Piceetea and riparian forest Querco-Fagetea) and two semi-natural (segetal-ruderal Stellarietea mediae ruderal Artemisietea vulgaris) habitats in southern Poland. For that, we evaluated how habitats as well as local flowering communities influenced bumblebees’ abundance, richness, and community composition in 16 sites (which are located in four parks). Bumblebee communities responded to environmental factors in different ways according to the type of habitat. Vegetation factors were the most important drivers of bumblebee community structures. Forests showed the lowest bumblebee abundance, richness, and diversity, and the highest dominance levels of these parameters were found in the open ruderal-segetal habitats. The meadows from the Molinio arrhenatheretea class were characterized by bumblebee communities with a more complex structure. Species diversity was positively correlated with open ruderal-segetal habitats, and negatively with mixed forest cover, while abundance was positively correlated with forest cover. Studies like this are necessary to anticipate the impact of habitat fragmentation on bumblebee decline.

scholarly journals Relationship between parameters of public parks and their surroundings and the richness, diversity and species composition of vascular herbaceous plants on the example of Krakow in Central Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Łukasz Moszkowicz ◽  
Izabela Krzeptowska-Moszkowicz ◽  
Karolina Porada
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Habitat Heterogeneity ◽  
Herbaceous Plants ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Migration Corridors ◽  
Synanthropic Species ◽  
The Impact

Greenery is a natural value in urban space. To maintain the richness and diversity of greenery, it is necessary to understand the factors and mechanisms that influence vegetation. The purpose of this paper was to determine the impact of selected features of public parks and factors on the richness and diversity of herbaceous plants. In Krakow public parks, this richness and diversity is greater in parks with a larger area and habitat heterogeneity, the presence of migration corridors, and natural elements. Full stand coverage negatively affects diversity. Biologically inactive surface affects richness and diversity as well as a number of different groups of plant species. The presence of rare and non-synanthropic species is related to the park’s surface, natural elements, and its heterogeneity.

scholarly journals Diversity and temporal variation of the bird community in paddy fields of Kadhiramangalam, Tamil Nadu, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 14279-14291
Author(s):  
Chaithra Shree Jayasimhan ◽  
Pramod Padmanabhan
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Common Myna ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Community Data ◽  
Paddy Cultivation

Paddy, a major food crop of India, provides a variety of habitats in a short period of time and supports diverse organisms.  Paddy fields also harbour many birds with varying species composition across the different cultivation phases of paddy.  This study, conducted in the paddy fields of Kadhiramangalam, Tamil Nadu, India, recorded the bird community composition there during the various cultivation phases of paddy.  The bird community data was analysed and a total of 87 bird species were recorded from the study area belonging to 41 families and 13 orders.  The growth phase (PS 3) is the most diverse phase.  The bird composition showed a significant variation across the paddy cultivation phases with overall average dissimilarity of 71.41%.  The patterns shown by graphs of bird species composition across the paddy cultivation phases is based on guild, habitat usage and order overlap and elucidates that the change in bird community composition temporally can be attributed to the niche variability across the paddy cultivation phases.  The major species contributing to these changes observed are Black-headed Munia, Baya Weaver, Common Sandpiper, Barn Swallow, Common Myna, and Black Drongo in this region.   

scholarly journals Soil classification predicts differences in prokaryotic communities across a range of geographically distant soils once pH is accounted for

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Kaminsky ◽  
Blandine Trouche ◽  
Sergio E. Morales
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Community Patterns ◽  
Plant Life ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAgricultural land is typically managed based on visible plant life at the expense of the belowground majority. However, microorganisms mediate processes sustaining plant life and the soil environment. To understand the role of microbes we first must understand what controls soil microbial community assembly. We assessed the distribution and composition of prokaryotic communities from soils representing four geographic regions on the South Island of New Zealand. These soils are under three different uses (dairy, sheep and beef, and high country farming) and are representative of major soil classification groups (brown, pallic, gley and recent). We hypothesized that pH would account for major community patterns based on 16S profiles, but that land use and location would be secondary modifiers. Community diversity and structure was linked to pH, coinciding with land use. Soil classification correlated with microbial community structure and evenness, but not richness in high country and sheep and beef communities. The impact of land use and pH remained significant at the regional scale, but soil classification provided support for community variability not explained by either of those factors. These results suggest that several edaphic properties must be examined at multiple spatial scales to robustly examine soil prokaryotic communities.

scholarly journals Ephemeroptera (Mayflies) Assemblages and Environmental Variation along Three Streams Located in the Dry-Hot Valleys of Baima Snow Mountain, Yunnan, Southwest China

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 775
Author(s):  
Muhammad Farooq ◽  
Xianfu Li ◽  
Lu Tan ◽  
Davide Fornacca ◽  
Yanpeng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Environmental Variation ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Elevation Gradients ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The Impact

Mountain freshwater ecosystems are threatened all over the world by a range of human-induced stresses, ensuing in a rapid loss of habitats and species diversity. Many macroinvertebrates are reactive to habitat disturbance, and mayflies (Ephemeroptera) are amongst the most sensitive groups. Despite they are susceptible to environmental deviation, knowledge concerning their species richness and diversity is still unknown in remote areas. The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate the mayfly species assemblage and community composition along different mountain streams and assess potential differences, and (2) identify the environmental variation and its influence on the structure of mayfly communities within such freshwater systems. We collected biological and environmental data from 35 sites situated along elevation gradients in the Baima Snow Mountain, northwest Yunnan, China. Multivariate analyses were performed on the environmental variables and the mayfly species composition, as well as on richness and diversity indices. We found that the community composition of mayflies was different across all three watercourses. Among the 18 Ephemeroptera taxa identified, Baetis sp. and Baetiella marginata were highly dominant, accounting for over 50% of the dissimilarity of each stream. In terms of species assemblages, almost all sites in the Yeri stream hosted good-quality habitats for several mayfly species, as reflected by the highest species richness. The Benzilan stream followed, whereas the Sharong stream showed relatively low mayfly assemblage. This variation was explained by the high environmental heterogeneity between the three watercourses. In particular, the RDA model revealed that among the different environmental factors analyzed, altitude, conductivity, total dissolved solids, water temperature, dissolved silicon, and pH explained most of the variation in species composition. Moreover, the altitude alone explained 17.74% of the variation, and in-depth analysis confirmed its significant effect on diversity indices. Further research should focus on evaluating the scale of threats to this important group of insects in the mountain freshwater ecosystem, particularly the impact of human-induced disturbances such as land use/landcover alterations.

scholarly journals Abiotic environmental factors override phytoplankton succession in shaping both free-living and attached bacterial communities in a highland lake

AMB Express ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Wang ◽  
Rong Zhu ◽  
Xiaolin Zhang ◽  
Yun Li ◽  
Leyi Ni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Free Living ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Abiotic Environmental Factors

Abstract Bacterial communities are an important part of biological diversity and biogeochemical cycling in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the relationship amongst the phytoplankton species composition and abiotic environmental factors on seasonal changes in the community composition of free-living and attached bacteria in Lake Erhai were studied. Using Illumina high-throughput sequencing, we found that the impact of environmental factors on both the free-living and attached bacterial community composition was greater than that of the phytoplankton community, amongst which total phosphorus, Secchi disk, water temperature, dissolved oxygen and conductivity strongly influenced bacterial community composition. Microcystis blooms associated with subdominant Psephonema occurred during the summer and autumn, and Fragilaria, Melosira and Mougeotia were found at high densities in the other seasons. Only small numbers of algal species-specific bacteria, including Xanthomonadaceae (Proteobacteria) and Alcaligenaceae (Betaproteobacteria), were tightly coupled to Microcystis and Psephonema during Microcystis blooms. Redundancy analysis showed that although the composition of the bacterial communities was controlled by species composition mediated by changes in phytoplankton communities and abiotic environmental factors, the impact of the abiotic environment on both free-living and attached bacterial community compositions were greater than the impact of the phytoplankton community. These results suggest that the species composition of both free-living and attached bacterial communities are affected by abiotic environmental factors, even when under strong control by biotic factors, particularly dominant genera of Microcystis and Psephonema during algal blooms.

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