scholarly journals To the study of a complex of micromycetes of wild grapes growing in the floodplain forest of the Krasnodar Territory

2021 ◽  
pp. 377-381
Author(s):  
Е.Г. Юрченко ◽  
А.А. Лукьянова ◽  
И.В. Горбунов
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Floodplain Forests ◽  
Qualitative Composition ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Genus Fusarium ◽  
Frequency Index ◽  
Fungal Populations ◽  
Fungal Associations

Для понимания формирования закономерностей грибных сообществ и реакции ампелоценозов на усиление абиотических и антропогенных нагрузок изучение ассоциаций растений и грибов имеет важное значение. Целью исследований было установить количественный и качественный состав сообществ микромицетов, ассоциированных с однолетними побегами дикорастущих растений винограда в естественных условиях пойменных лесов Краснодарского края. В результате исследований было установлено, что на поверхности однолетних лоз численность грибных популяций достигала 837,6 КОЕ/г сухого вещества в образце, произрастающем на склоне и 1191,7 КОЕ/г сухого вещества в образце лозы произрастающей в пойме реки Псебепс. В комплексе микромицетов доля гифальных грибов составляла 93,7-95,9%, дрожжи занимали 3,7-5,9 и 0,4% - дрожжеподобные грибы. Гифальные микромицеты были представлены 7 видами и стерильной формой светлого мицелия. По частоте встречаемости первое место заняли грибы родов Phoma, Botryodiplodia, Cladosporium, Alternaria (100%), второе место - Coryneum (70%). Следующую группу микромицетов с частотой встречаемости 14% составили грибы из рода Fusarium и Aspergillus niger Tiegh. В качестве доминант на однолетней лозе дикорастущего винограда отмечены микромицеты родов Phoma (46,75%) и Botryodiplodia (43,15%). Доля видов рода Cladosporium spp. и Coryneum spp. в общем объеме микромицетов составляла 4,6 и 3,85 % соответственно. Различия в количестве и соотношении таксонов грибов, исследованных биообразцов связаны, вероятно, с различным режимом влажности. To understand the pattern formation of fungal communities and the reaction of ampelocenoses to increased abiotic and anthropogenic loads, the study of plant and fungal associations is important. The aim of the research was to establish the quantitative and qualitative composition of micromycete communities associated with annual shoots of wild-growing grape plants in natural conditions of floodplain forests of the Krasnodar Territory. As a result of the research, it was found that on the surface of annual vines, the number of fungal populations reached 837,6 CFU/g of dry matter in a sample growing on a slope and 1191,7 CFU/g of dry matter in a sample of a vine growing in the floodplain of the Psebeps River. In the micromycete complex, the proportion of hyphal fungi was 93,7%-95,9%, yeast - 3,7%-5,9% and yeast-like fungi - 0,4%. Hyphal micromycetes were represented by 7 species and a sterile form of light mycelium. According to the frequency index, the first place was taken by fungi of the genera Phoma , Botryodiplodia , Cladosporium , Alternaria (100%), the second place was taken by Coryneum (70%). The next group of micromycetes with a frequency index of 14% consisted of fungi from the genus Fusarium and Aspergillus niger Tiegh. Micromycetes of the genera Phoma (46,75%) and Botryodiplodia (43,15%) were registered as dominants on the annual vines of wild-growing grapes. The proportion of species of the genera Cladosporium spp. and Coryneum spp. in the total volume of micromycetes was 4,6% and 3,85%, respectively. The differences in the number and ratio of fungal taxa and the studied biological samples are probably related to the different humidity regime.

scholarly journals Effects of rhizosphere fungi on the chemical composition of fruits of the medicinal plant Cinnamomum migao endemic to southwestern China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingzhong Chen ◽  
Xiaolong Huang ◽  
Bingli Tong ◽  
Deng Wang ◽  
Jiming Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Rhizosphere Fungi ◽  
Medicinal Value ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Fungal Populations

Abstract Background This study examined how rhizosphere fungi influence the accumulation of chemical components in fruits of a small population species of Cinnamomum migao. Results Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were dominant in the rhizosphere fungal community of C. migao. Pestalotiopsis and Gibellulopsis were associated with α-Terpineol and sabinene content, and Gibellulopsis was associated with crude fat and carbohydrate content. There were significant differences in rhizosphere fungal populations between watersheds, and there was no obvious change between fruiting periods. Gibberella, Ilyonectria, Micropsalliota, and Geminibasidium promoted sabinene accumulation, and Clitocybula promoted α-Terpineol accumulation. Conclusion The climate-related differentiation of rhizosphere fungal communities in watershed areas is the main driver of the chemical composition of C. migao fruit. The control of the production of biologically active compounds by the rhizosphere fungal community provides new opportunities to increase the industrial and medicinal value of the fruit of C. migao.

scholarly journals RESEARCH OF THE QUALITATIVE COMPOSITION OF MILK OF COWS OF UKRAINIAN BROWN DAIRY BREED

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 185-190
Author(s):  
Y. I. Sklyarenko ◽  
T. O. Chernyavska ◽  
L. V. Bondarchuk
Keyword(s):  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
State Enterprise ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Qualitative Composition ◽  
Dairy Breed

The aim of the research – is to study the qualitative composition of milk of cows of Ukrainian brown dairy breed in terms of households and in the context of genealogical descent. Method. Research conducted under the conditions of the State Enterprise "Pilot Farm of the Institute of Agriculture of Northern East of NAAS» in Sumy region, Enterprize of Additional Liability “Mayak” in Trostyanetc region, State Enterprise "Pilot Farm Agricultural Firm “Nadiya” of the Institute of Agriculture of Northern East of NAAS» in Romny region. Milk production was assessed by monthly milking control with sampling of milk. Quality indicators measured in the laboratory of the former Sumy State Breeding Center on the equipment of Bentley. We investigated the percentage of fat, percentage of protein, including casein, percentage of dry matter, skimmed residue, contents of somatic cells. Biometric processing of results was carried out by the conventional method (Plohynskoho M.O., 1969), using software Statistica 6.0. The results of the research. Studies have been conducted on the content of fat, protein, casein, lactose and somatic cell count in cow milk. Established difference of qualitative composition of milk of cows depending on the households and on the genealogical origin of the animals. Analysis of our studies indicate that the level of quality indicators of milk production of animals of Ukrainian brown dairy breeds in different farms is significantly different. All the main indicators of quality prevailed in animals of Enterprize of Additional Liability “Mayak”. For the fat content of milk cows of Distinkshna line 159523 were dominated. They though not significantly, but dominated the animals of Eleganta 148551 and Laddi 125640 lines for 0.16% and 0.19% respectively. The substantial significant difference of the content of lactose in the milk of cows of different lines is not set. Animals of Distinkshna line 159523 significantly superior cows of Eleganta 148551 and Laddi 125640 lines for the protein, for 0,24% (P < 0,05) and 0,32% (P < 0,05) respectively. For the casein content they were significantly superior then Laddi 125640 line cows – on 0,24% (P < 0,05). For the dry matter content and skimmed milk residue animals of Distinkshna line 159523 also have the advantage. Conclusions. As a result of studies found that the level of quality indicators of milk production in animals of Ukrainian brown dairy breed in different farms is significantly different. So fat content in milk varies 3,43–3,98%; protein content – 3,10–3,55%; casein content – 2,83–3,31%; dry matter content – 12,4–13,1%, fat-free dry milk residue – 8,95–9,13%. The dependence of milk quality indicators based on linear descent. For the main indices are preferred animals of Distinkshna line 159523.

Energy metabolism of oiled muskrats

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 1057-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. McEwan ◽  
N. Aitchison ◽  
P. E. Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Thermal Conduction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Feeding Activities

The heat production of muskrats (Ondatra zibethica), oiled with varying quantities of crude oil, was measured at three ambient temperatures, −5, 5, and 10C on days 0, 1, and 3 after oiling. On day 0, the heat production of muskrats oiled with 1.9 to 42.3 g of oil was from 14 to 119% higher, respectively, than the non-oiled muskrats. Three days after oiling, the metabolic rate of oiled muskrats was about the same as the control values. A similar trend was determined for ambient temperatures of 5 and 10C. Heavy oiling increased the thermal conduction of muskrats by as much as 122%. To compensate for the loss of insulation and increased thermal conductivity of the fur, there was a 2.5-fold increase in dry-matter intake. In view of their dependence on water, both for feeding activities and a place for refuge, it is doubtful if muskrats exposed to moderate quantities of oil could survive under natural conditions.

A method of collecting faeces from ewes

1961 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Owen ◽  
Jean W. Ingleton
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Reliable Estimation ◽  
Feed Utilisation

A Method of estimating grazing intake is essential for studies of feed utilisation in ewes under natural conditions. Since the ewe is a close and selective grazer, methods involving the cutting of comparable grazed and ungrazed areas of the pasture are unlikely to allow reliable estimation of pasture intake. It seems likely that only by a study of the faeces produced can reasonable estimation of individual intakes be made. The first requisite for such estimations is an accurate method of estimating faeces output. Sheep, with their relatively lower and drier faeces output, present fewer problems in total faeces collection than do cattle, which produce large quantities of faeces of a low dry-matter content. The collection of faeces, free from urine, presents a special difficulty in female animals.

scholarly journals Nutritional changes induced by fungi on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) seeds

Bio-Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1270-1276
Author(s):  
Nkechi Gloria Iyanyi ◽  
Anthony Eromosele Ataga
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Botryodiplodia Theobromae ◽  
Fungal Organisms

Seeds are usually infected by microorganisms and pests during storage, causing deterioration and reduction in the nutritive and market value of these seeds. In this study, the proximate composition of Vigna unguiculata seeds inoculated with different fungal organisms was determined to ascertain the level of deterioration caused by fungi on the seeds. The fungi used in the study were Botryodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger. There was a significant increase (p<0.05, 0.008) in the protein content of seeds inoculated with fungi. Fusarium oxysporum (29.45%) caused the highest increase in protein followed by Aspergillus niger (28.14%), Botryodiplodia theobromae (27.85%) and Rhizopus stolonifer (27.50%). The increase could be attributed to the proteineous content of the fungal mycelia. There was a significant increase (p<0.05, 0.005/0.014) in moisture and ash content of inoculated seeds respectively. Fusarium oxysporum caused the highest increase in ash (7.93) while Rhizopus stolonifer (5.4) caused the lowest increase. The increase in ash content is due to the presence of minerals like potassium and phosphorus in the mycelia of the fungi. There was a significant decrease (p<0.05, 0.019) in the carbohydrate, lipid, fibre and dry matter content of fungi-inoculated seeds when compared with the control. Fusarium oxysporum (36.6) caused the highest decrease while Rhizopus stolonifer (43.2) caused the lowest decrease in dry matter of inoculated seeds. Decrease in dry matter may be as a result of production of enzymes by these fungi.

Fungal communities in wet tropical forests: variation in time and space

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1391-1398 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Jean Lodge ◽  
Sharon Cantrell
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Fungal Populations ◽  
Fresh Litter

Understanding variation in tropical forest fungal populations and communities is important for assessing fungal biodiversity, as well as for understanding the regulatory roles fungi play in tropical forests. In wet tropical forests, the canopy is typically occupied by certain wood decomposers, endophytes, epiphylls, and pathogens. Aphyllophoraceous canopy fungi are a subset of species found in the understory. Marasmioid agarics in the understory often form extensive networks of rhizomorphs that trap litter; these and other aerial species are rare on the forest floor. Decomposers are stratified within the forest floor, with some species colonizing only fresh litter, others preferring decomposed litter, and others restricted to soil organic matter. Specificity to particular host substrates is frequent among tropical forest litter decomposers and contributes to spatial heterogeneity in fungal communities over the landscape. Litter basidiomycete and microfungal communities in patches of 1 m2 or less do not significantly resemble communities in similar patches located at distances greater than 100 m. Disturbances induce changes in the environment and the abundance of different substrates, resulting in changes in fungal communities through time, and variation over the landscape. Severe disturbances, as well as the slight daily variations in rainfall, profoundly affect populations of fungal decomposers and their influence on plant nutrient availability. Key words: fungi, tropical forests, diversity, stratification, spatial variation, temporal variation.

scholarly journals Effect of Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation on Degradation of Polyurethane Buried in Soil

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 810-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Cosgrove ◽  
P. L. McGeechan ◽  
P. S. Handley ◽  
G. D. Robson
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Soil Microcosms ◽  
Polyurethane Waste ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Dependent Change ◽  
Dispersion Agent ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Fungal Populations

ABSTRACT This work investigated biostimulation and bioaugmentation as strategies for removing polyurethane (PU) waste in soil. Soil microcosms were biostimulated with the PU dispersion agent “Impranil” and/or yeast extract or were bioaugmented with PU-degrading fungi, and the degradation of subsequently buried PU was determined. Fungal communities in the soil and colonizing buried PU were enumerated on solid media and were analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Biostimulation with yeast extract alone or in conjunction with Impranil increased PU degradation 62% compared to the degradation in untreated control soil and was associated with a 45% increase in putative PU degraders colonizing PU. Specific fungi were enriched in soil following biostimulation; however, few of these fungi colonized the surface of buried PU. Fungi used for soil bioaugmentation were cultivated on the surface of sterile wheat to form a mycelium-rich inoculum. Wheat, when added alone to soil, increased PU degradation by 28%, suggesting that wheat biomass had a biostimulating effect. Addition of wheat colonized with Nectria haematococca, Penicillium viridicatum, Penicillium ochrochloron, or an unidentified Mucormycotina sp. increased PU degradation a further 30 to 70%, suggesting that biostimulation and bioaugmentation were operating in concert to enhance PU degradation. Interestingly, few of the inoculated fungi could be detected by DGGE in the soil or on the surface of the PU 4 weeks after inoculation. Bioaugmentation did, however, increase the numbers of indigenous PU-degrading fungi and caused an inoculum-dependent change in the composition of the native fungal populations, which may explain the increased degradation observed. These results demonstrate that both biostimulation and bioaugmentation may be viable tools for the remediation of environments contaminated with polyurethane waste.

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