The Imperial Russian Navy in the Epoch of Turbomachinery: On the history of the arms industry

Machine Building ◽

Turbine Engines ◽

Russian Scientific ◽

The Usa ◽

History Of ◽

The Government ◽

Technological Experience ◽

Self Production ◽

Восстановление надводного флота Российской империи в 1906–1917 гг. происходило в условиях революционных сдвигов в мировой кораблестроительной технике. Произошел переход от традиционных поршневых паровых машин в качестве главного двигателя к турбинным механизмам. Для самостоятельного изготовления судовых турбин машиностроительным заводам в империи не хватало мощного металлургического оборудования и технологического опыта. В условиях спешной подготовки к войне правительство пожертвовало традиционным официальным принципом — строить все у себя, из отечественных материалов, своими силами. Турбинные двигатели для всех классов кораблей царский флот получал из Германии, Англии, Швейцарии и США. В России же производство турбин в основном сводилось к механической обработке стальных заготовок, полученных от зарубежных поставщиков, и последующей сборки под руководством специалистов из авторитетных в данной области западных фирм. В историографии вопроса наблюдается систематическое противоречие: достоверное фактически описание кораблестроительной практики, как правило, опровергает обобщения, основанные на преувеличенных представлениях о достигнутом заводской техникой России научно-производственном уровне. The restoration of the Imperial Russian surface fleet in 1900–1917 took place during major technological shifts in world shipbuilding. It was the time of transition from traditional reciprocating steam engines to turbine mechanisms. The Empire’s machine-building plants lacked powerful metallurgical equipment and technological experience required for production of ship turbines. Within the circumstances of rapid war preparations, the government shifted from traditional principles of self-production, towards using international resources and powers. The Imperial Russian Navy was supplied by turbine engines for all classes of ships by Germany, England, Switzerland and the USA. Turbine engines in Russia were manufactured by processing steel templates provided by foreign suppliers. Further construction of the engines took place under the supervision of experienced western entities. A systematic contradiction in the historiography on this issue can be seen. The author reveals a verified factually based descriptions of the shipmanufacturing process, and disapproves past general conclusions, which were based on the exaggerated notions about the level of Russian scientific and technological development.

Coronavirus in light of philosophy

Media culture and public relations ◽

10.32914/mcpr.12.1.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 6-32

Author(s):

Emil Vlajki

Keyword(s):

Genetic Manipulation ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Modern Medicine ◽

Human Virus ◽

The Us ◽

History Of ◽

Ancient Times ◽

The Subject ◽

The history of humanity is a history of rationality. As a result, mankind has progressed from the Stone Age to the era of modern medicine, genetics, computer science, robotics, and nanotechnology. The life span of a man in ancient times was about twenty years, and today, in highly developed societies, a man lives, on average, to eighty-six years. Advances in science and technology have not always had a positive impact. Suffice to say, the ongoing environmental problems that seriously affect humanity or, for example, the dietary problems that have resulted due to genetic manipulation. Scientific and technological development must be considered in a serious and philosophical manner. Ethics are increasingly becoming an integral part of life. In this paper, we focused on the new coronavirus that has led to the planetary-wide disease called COVID-19. All countries have engaged in their efforts to suppress the resulting pandemic. However, some of the utilized measures have been suspect: whether to lock-down people in quarantine, whether their movement should be restricted, whether they should be forced to vaccinate, and so on. Claiming to act prophylactically, scientists, by adding some DNA, RNA segments (gain of function, GOF) to an innocuous human virus, have created a dangerous artificial influenza virus. Likewise, an artificial, infectious coronavirus was created in a laboratory. Both procedures for creating these dangerous, hybrid viruses have been described in eminent scientific journals. The scientists involved in this research told us that they wanted to find cures and vaccines for these non-natural viruses on the off-chance they ever appeared among humans; when carefully handled, engineered organisms provide a unique opportunity to study biological systems in a controlled fashion. Biotechnology is a powerful tool to advance medical research and should not be abandoned because of irrational fears. But the chance of this type of virus appearing among humans is almost non-existent. However, what if these viruses "escape" from the lab, as has happened in the recent past? What if a terrorist organization start producing these viruses on their own according to detailed instructions and then use them? Finally, since the two great world powers, the US and China, that jointly created the artificial coronavirus, called SHC014-MA15, who can stop them from continuing this practice? Isn't it possible that they also created the current SARS-CoV-2 provoking a death of two and a half million people? Related to these questions, this study deals with the issue of tolerance. A large number of world-renowned scientists really believe that the current cause of the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, is an artificial, laboratory-created virus, presenting a number of facts for this. It is not disputed that their claims are arguable. This, however, does not mean that their opponents, pharmaceutical companies and some superpowers, who have far greater political and economic power, have to incorrectly and utterly embarrass them all over, morally discredit them, nor ban their texts on the subject. In science, the struggle must be waged by arguments, not by totalitarian Orwellian methods.

Managing the modernization of regional markets of educational services in the conditions of formation of Industry 4.0

On the Horizon ◽

10.1108/oth-07-2019-0032 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 27 (3/4) ◽

pp. 187-192 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aleksei V. Bogoviz ◽

Svetlana V. Lobova ◽

Alexander N. Alekseev ◽

Vadim N. Prokofiev ◽

Irina V. Gimelshtein

Keyword(s):

Russian Federation ◽

Industry 4.0 ◽

Educational Services ◽

Content Type ◽

Regional Markets ◽

Deductive Method ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

The Government ◽

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to substantiate the perspectives and to develop recommendations for managing digital modernization of regional markets of educational services in the conditions of formation of Industry 4.0 by the example of modern Russia. Design/methodology/approach The methodological basis of the research consists of the hypothetical and deductive method. The offered hypothesis of the necessity for decentralization of managing digital modernization of regional markets of educational services in the conditions of formation of Industry 4.0 is verified with the help of a complex of methods of economic statistics (econometrics), namely, the method of regression analysis and analysis of variation. The research objects are regions of modern Russia that are peculiar for the highest level of scientific and technological development (top 15 of 83 regions at the beginning of 2019), which shows their largest progress in formation of Industry 4.0. The information and empirical basis of the research consists of the materials of the report on human development in the Russian Federation “Human and Innovations”, prepared by the Analytical Center for the Government of the Russian Federation (values of the education index are taken from it), and analytical materials of the rating “Level of Development of Science and Technologies in Regions of Russia” as a result of 2018, prepared by Ria rating (values of the index of scientific and technological development are taken from it). Findings It is determined that regional specifics are not sufficiently considered during management of modernization of regional markets of educational services in the conditions of formation of Industry 4.0 in modern Russia. This reduces efficiency of managing digital modernization of regional markets of educational services and leads to the fact that these markets do not perform their function of infrastructural provision of Industry 4.0, slowing down the process of its formation. Originality/value The necessity for managing modernization of the markets of educational services in the conditions of formation of Industry 4.0 at the regional level, in view of specifics of the regional economy, is substantiated. For this, a conceptual model and recommendations for its practical application in modern Russia are offered.

The Legal History of Public Land in Liberia

Journal of African Law ◽

10.1017/s0021855314000059 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 250-265 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Caleb J Stevens

Keyword(s):

Legal History ◽

Primary Source ◽

Public Land ◽

Legal Concept ◽

The Past ◽

The Usa ◽

History Of ◽

The Government ◽

Definition Of ◽

Source Materials

AbstractThis article demonstrates that there has never been a clear definition of public land in Liberian legal history, although in the past the government operated as if all land that was not under private deed was public. By examining primary source materials found in archives in Liberia and the USA, the article traces the origins of public land in Liberia and its ambiguous development as a legal concept. It also discusses the ancillary issues of public land sale procedures and statutory prices. The conclusions reached have significant implications for the reform of Liberia's land sector.

Implementation of the state policy in the field of innovation

Vestnik of Samara University. Economics and Management ◽

10.18287/2542-0461-2021-12-3-7-15 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 7-15

Author(s):

Nikolay M. Tyukavkin ◽

Yulia V. Matveeva

Keyword(s):

Russian Federation ◽

Economic Effect ◽

The State ◽

Intellectual Activity ◽

Effective System ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Customer Model ◽

The Government ◽

In the Strategy of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation, the main goal is to ensure the competitiveness and independence of the state by forming an effective system of the most complete application and development of the intellectual potential of the state. The main directions in the work of the Government of the Russian Federation, for the period up to 2024, is the formation of conditions for the entry of the Russian Federation into the top five leading countries in the field of R D, represented by the priorities of scientific and technological development of the state, determined by this Strategy.These areas are represented by the Program, which is the main mechanism for implementing the Strategy. It is aimed at increasing the socio-economic effect of applying the results of scientific research and intellectual activity, significantly increasing the efficiency of using budget funds and extra-budgetary sources to finance R D, by switching to the qualified customer model. The Strategy also provides for measures to develop the level of capitalization of the educational potential of the population to fulfill the tasks of technical modernization of industrial production, development of entrepreneurial structures of all types, attracting talents, social mobility, ensuring the required rates of economic growth, as well as the quality of life of society

Bulletin of Kemerovo State University Series Political Sociological and Economic sciences ◽

Implementation of Policy Papers in the Field of Scientific and Technological Development of Russia

10.21603/2500-3372-2020-5-4-525-533 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2020 (4) ◽

pp. 525-533

Author(s):

Natalia Vasetskaya

Keyword(s):

High Tech ◽

Real Sector ◽

Innovative Development ◽

Resource Base ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Russian Scientific ◽

Technological Complex ◽

Goals And Objectives ◽

The present research featured scientific and technical policy papers in Russia. The research objective was to study the normative legal acts that determine the strategic scientific and technological development of the country. The paper contains an analysis of the goals stated in these documents and defines the efficiency of the target indicators. The study was based on systematization methods, content analysis, and comparative analysis of the main strategic legal acts that form Russian scientific and technical policy. These documents are divided into two groups. The first one contains the goals and objectives of scientific and technological development, but no quantitative values of targets, or indicators, of scientific and technological development. The second group specifies these indicators. The study revealed that not all the goals outlined in the policy papers have been met, and there are targets for scientific and technological development that have not been achieved yet. Moreover, some of the measures provided in the policy papers were implemented with a noticeable delay or were not implemented at all. For instance, the list of end-to-end technologies still remains unapproved. All these issues hindered the development of Russian competitive high-tech sector of goods and services: the country failed to develop mechanisms that could stimulate its transition to innovative development of real sector enterprises and to improve the resource base for scientific and technological complex.

Assessment of the Volume of State Funding for the Development of Biomedicine in Russia and in the USA

Acta Naturae ◽

10.32607/20758251-2015-7-4-4-10 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 4-10

Author(s):

A. N. Petrov ◽

N. G. Kurakova

Keyword(s):

Research And Development ◽

Developed Countries ◽

State Funding ◽

Research Fields ◽

Scientific Organizations ◽

The Us ◽

The Usa ◽

Russian Medical ◽

This article demonstrates that Russias funding for research and development is less than 2.5 % of global funding, whereas the amount of financing of just three countries, the USA, China, and Japan amounts to 50%. It is argued that the inadequacy of Russias domestic financing for the development of the science sector vis a vis that of developed countries allows the country to prioritize only a limited number of research fields in its scientific and technological development. We have compared and contrasted expenditures on research and development in biomedicine in the USA and Russia. It has been demonstrated that in 2014, basic funding for 27 research centers included in the US National Health Institutes network exceeded the amount of financing for 104 Russian medical scientific and research institutes subordinated to the Russian Ministry of Health and Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations by 173 times. We have concluded that a substantial increase in state funding for fundamental, exploratory, and applied research in the field of biomedicine is required if life sciences are to be preserved as one of the priorities in the scientific-technological and social development of Russia. It is also necessary to eliminate all administrative and tax barriers that prevent active participation of domestic industrial entities in the co-financing of the development of Russian drugs and medical equipment.

Problems of ensuring the presence of the Russian Federation among the five leading countries of the world in the field of genomic research

The Economics of Science ◽

10.22394/2410-132x-2018-4-3-227-240 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 227-240

Author(s):

L. A. Tsvetkova ◽

F. A. Kurakov

Keyword(s):

Research And Development ◽

Russian Federation ◽

Genomic Research ◽

Foreign Companies ◽

Technological Field ◽

The World ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

The Government ◽

Genomic research is one of the priorities of the country’s scientific and technological development, which have been supported by the instruction of the President to the Government on the development of a program for the development of advanced genomic research and genetic technologies in the Russian Federation, by the national project “Science”, and by the project of tintegrated scientific -technological program “The Postgenomic technologies: editing to synthetic biology”. The target indicator of NP “Science” is to ensure the presence of the Russian Federation among the five leading countries of the world that carry out research and development in areas determined by the priorities of scientific and technological development, and one of the indicators of the implementation of this indicator is “the place of the Russian Federation by share in the total number of applications for a patent for an invention filed in the world”. Comparison of patent activity of residents of theRussian Federationand the leading countries of the world engaged in research and development using the capabilities of highperformance genome sequencing was performed. A map of the competitive landscape in the technological field under consideration has been built, showing that foreign companies such as DowDuPont, Roche Holding and Illumina have already created impressive by volume patent portfolios. It was noted that in order for the developments, that will be created in the world-class genomic technology centers within the NP Science, to be globally competitive, it is already necessary to create conditions for the active participation of the business sector in government projects and programs.

The European Missile Defense Factor in Russia–USA/NATO Relations

World Economy and International Relations ◽

10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-10-103-111 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 65 (10) ◽

pp. 103-111

Author(s):

V. Klimov

Keyword(s):

Data Exchange ◽

World Order ◽

Nuclear Forces ◽

Defense System ◽

Missile Defense ◽

White House ◽

Competition And Cooperation ◽

The Usa ◽

History Of

The article analyses the issue of the NATO missile defense development and the evolution of views in the Russian political, military and expert circles. In 2009, the U. S. President Baraсk Obama declared a start of the NATO missile defense system construction with a goal to be able to intercept a limited nuclear strike from Iran. Russia is in doubt about the stated purpose of the European missile defense and considers it to be a threat to its own strategic nuclear forces. The European missile defense construction has been experiencing technical obstacles and political difficulties: the cancellation of deployment of interceptor SM‑3 IIB and delays in establishing operational capability of the Aegis Ashore land-based missile defense system in Poland. The current architecture of the NATO missile defense, which allows only to intercept a limited number of incoming warheads, has no significant impact on Russian retaliatory strike capability. Nevertheless, the missile defense in Europe remains an irritating factor in relations between Russia and the USA. Apparently, Biden’s arrival in the White House creates an opportunity for parties to address the issue during negotiations on the New START follow-on Treaty. The research addresses the history of Russia–USA–NATO cooperation on theatre missile defense and the reasons for the failure of the joint missile defense in Europe. The author justifies the reanimation of the Joint Data Exchange Center project and outlines the idea of its transformation to the Multilateral Data Exchange Center. Acknowledgments. The article was prepared within the project “Post-crisis world order: challenges and technologies, competition and cooperation” supported by the grant from Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation program for research projects in priority areas of scientific and technological development (Agreement № 075-15-2020-783).

FAZENDA CAPÃO DO BISPO: O ESQUECIMENTO DO PATRIMÔNIO HISTÓRICO NO AGLOMERADO URBANO.

Revista Científica Semana Acadêmica ◽

10.35265/2236-6717-207-9183 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (207) ◽

pp. 1-16

Author(s):

Vanessa Campos Ribas Vieira

Keyword(s):

Central Region ◽

Public Administrators ◽

Urban Context ◽

Rural Region ◽

The Usa ◽

History Of ◽

The Government ◽

In The Beginning ◽

Artistic Heritage ◽

The City

Located on the banks of the main avenue that crosses the neighborhood of Del Castilho and its surroundings, in the northern part of the city of Rio de Janeiro, is one of the last examples of the rural colonial architecture of the State: Fazenda Capão do Bispo. This study seeks to present the history of the farm and discuss the change in its importance in the region and its trajectory in the immediate urban context, especially with regard to the importance of the USA as a good to be preserved. Originally based on a coffee-producing farm, not in the beginning of the 17th century, a property went through a fragmentation process due to sesmarias concessions and the growth of the central region of the city that induced a population to migrate towards the rural region. Listed by the National Historical and Artistic Heritage Institute in 1947. After years of tutelage by the IAB in 2011, there was a resumption of possession by the government, which has not yet promoted preservation actions. In contrast, the region continues to grow and the farm loses visibility in its surroundings. Then, as a result of this work, we seek, through the analysis of the Capão do Bispo Farm, demonstrating the importance of establishing preservation zones around listed assets, associated with the need for preservation of the city's memory by public administrators.

History of mechanical staple surgical suture (review of literature)

Grekov s Bulletin of Surgery ◽

10.24884/0042-4625-2020-179-6-81-87 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 179 (6) ◽

pp. 81-88

Author(s):

A. L. Akopov ◽

D. Yu. Artioukh ◽

T. F. Molnar

Keyword(s):

New Technology ◽

Main Step ◽

Stapling Devices ◽

Stapling Device ◽

Mechanical Stapling ◽

Surgical Suture ◽

Technological Advances ◽

The Usa ◽

History Of

Modern surgery is difficult to imagine without mechanical stapling devices. The objective of the study was to trace the continuity of the development of mechanical stapling technology by European and American surgeons. The main step that led to this technological development was the idea of using a simple paper staple for suturing of human tissue. The first time the mechanical stapling device was used on a human was 9th May, 1908 in Budapest. Subsequently, surgeons and engineers of Europe, primarily Hungary (Austria-Hungary) (H. Hultl, V. Fischer, A. von Petz, etc), Germany (H. Friedrich, etc.) and the USSR (V. Gudov, V. Demikhov, P. Androsov, etc) refined the mechanical principles and practical implications of this new technology. By the mid-1950s, two types of devices were manufactured in the USSR for simple suturing tissues such as the pulmonary parenchyma or bronchus and for the construction of anastomosis. The disadvantages of these devices could be attributed the requirement of delicate manual loading of small metal staples into the cartridge and assembling of sterile parts immediately prior to application. A group of surgeons and engineers led by an American thoracic surgeon, Mark Ravitch, managed to overcome these disadvantages by making devices user-friendly, launched their production in the USA and even organized a training network for surgeons wishing to use the new instruments. The history of mechanical stapling devices illustrates the successful realization of novel ideas that were supported by technological advances and the professional ambitions of surgeons.