The battles of October in Moscow: Through Witness' Eyes

Author(s):  
В.В. Хутарев-Гарнишевский

Публикуемый источник является отрывком из дневника депутата Московской городской Думы Н.П. Вишнякова (1844-1927). Автор лично не принимал участия в боевых действиях, но находился в самом эпицентре боевых действий между «красными» и «белыми», так как проживал с семьей в центре города. Именно эти события часто называют началом полноценной Гражданской войны. Его дневник отражает психологическое состояние мирного горожанина, оказавшегося заложником гражданского противостояния на улицах Москвы.Особый интерес представляют описания особенностей быта москвичей, циркулирующие среди них слухи, домыслы, их надежды и страхи, а также поведенческие стратегии различных социальных слоев. Особую ценность представляет то, что автор делал свои записи два-три раза в день, подробно фиксируя происходящее. Подобного рода источники крайне немногочисленны.Мемуарное и эпистолярное наследие Н.П. Вишнякова давно признано уникальным источником по истории общественно-политической, культурной и экономической жизни Москвы, но никогда не было опубликовано полностью. Лишь дважды публиковались небольшие отрывки.Данная публикация является частью работы по подготовке полного издания эпистолярного наследия Н.П. Вишнякова, который был вовлечен почти во все политические и экономические процессы Москвы времен правления императора Николая II. Он был депутатом (гласным) Московской Думы с 1873 по 1917 гг. с пятилетним перерывом в 1892--1897 гг., мировым судьей, известным ученым-геологом и краеведом.Для публикации были раскрыты многочисленные сокращения топонимов, а также расшифрованы индивидуальные, характерные для автора сокращения.Особую трудность представляет почерк Н.П. Вишнякова, подчас очень сложный для понимания и в отдельных случаях не поддающийся расшифровке.Эпистолярное наследия Н.П. Вишнякова весьма обширно, а сам дневник охватывает события с 1872 по 1918 гг. Published is an excerpt from a diary of N.P. Vishnyakov (1844–1927), a Moscow Duma deputy. Nikolay Petrovich has never personally participated in the events, but was in the epicenter of the October battles between the Red and the White movements, as he and his family lived in the centre of Moscow. Those events in particular are often referred to as the beginning of the real Civil War. His diary shows us the mental state of a peaceful citizen caught as a hostage during the civil confrontation on Moscow streets. Depicted are certain peculiarities of everyday life, rumors and doubts, hopes and fears of Moscovites, as well as behavioral strategies of different social groups.Most valuable is that the author made 2–3 diary entries a day, registering the events in details. Such sources are very few in number.N.P. Vishnyakov's memoirs and epistolary heritage have never before were fully published and were marked as a unique source on the history of political, cultural and economic life in Moscow between 1873--1918.This is a part of an upcoming publication of the complete texts of N.P. Vishnyakov's epistolary heritage. Nukolay Petrovich was fully engaged into almost every political and economical process in Moscow during the times of Nicholas II. He was a deputy of the Moscow Duma from 1873 to 1917, with a short break in 1892--1897, a magistrate judge, a well-known geology scientist and ethnographer.For this publication shorten forms of toponymies and some personalized abbreviations have been deciphered. It is sometimes very difficult to follow and understand N.P. Veshnyakov’s handwriting.

Author(s):  
Miguel Alarcão

Textualizing the memory(ies) of physical and cultural encounter(s) between Self and Other, travel literature/writing often combines subjectivity with documental information which may prove relevant to better assess mentalities, everyday life and the social history of any given ‘timeplace’. That is the case with Growing up English. Memories of Portugal 1907-1930, by D. J. Baylis (née Bucknall), prefaced by Peter Mollet as “(…) a remarkably vivid and well written observation of the times expressed with humour and not little ‘carinho’. In all they make excellent reading especially for those of us interested in the recent past.” (Baylis: 2)


TECHNOLOGOS ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 112-122
Author(s):  
Dolgova Anzhela

The article is devoted to the history of the peasants’ everyday life in 1919. The basis is archival documents presenting four criminal cases: two murders, torture and malfeasance. Using comparative historical and typological methods the author showed how peasants from different districts of Perm province reacted to the events in the village. A causal analysis of the links between historical events made it possible to identify the general patterns of the considered social phenomena and processes among the peasantry. The history of everyday life is relevant to this day. It is impossible to study historical facts without addressing this topic. The peasantry constituted the majority of the country's population, and therefore was a kind of indicator of the ongoing internal political changes in the country. The life of the peasants in each region of the country had its own characteristics. It depended on the natural and climatic conditions, the standard of living, and the social composition of the population. The civil war showed that interference in the life of peasants could change their social appearance. The war imbalanced the life of the village for a long time, destroyed social ties, and led to senseless human casualties. The cited archival documents, in a way, are the episodes from peasants’ life in a certain period of time. As long as the author's goal was to convey the era of war the documents are given in the form in which they have survived to this day: with the preservation of spelling, punctuation and style. Due to the absence of editorial revision in them a picture of complex relationship in the village opens up the tragic events unfold with the forced participation of peasants. It becomes clear what the norm was for them and what was the main thing in their life - justice or legality. The peasants’ attitude towards life and death had been changed during the Civil War. Life lost its value, and death began to be perceived as something ordinary and inevitable.


Author(s):  
Angela V. Dolgova

During the Civil War, Soviet workers had to fight against desertion and banditry. Since the majority of the country’s population was the peasantry, a confrontation arose with the Soviet government of that part of it that could not accept it. More often than not, peasants fell under such Bolshevik propaganda labels as “white gangs” or “gangs of deserters”, which had spread through the efforts of the party-Soviet propaganda machine. According to archival documents, local Soviet workers used terror not only to suppress resistance, but also as a forced measure caused by the real military-political situation in the Perm Governorate. The fight for the establishment of the power of the Soviets was fought against banditry, not desertion, and was fierce. Consequently, the widespread thesis in the history of the Civil War in the Perm Governorate about mass desertion is nothing more than an assumption. The line of the Eastern Front passed next to the Osinsky District, so the most fierce fight unfolded here, which in turn had an impact on the military-political situation in the governorate as a whole.


1953 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore Thayer

One need not be very conversant with modern money, credit, and banking to find in them a kinship with the land banks of the Colonial era. In a manner suggestive of our Federal Reserve System, the Colonial land banks exerted a wide influence over the economic life of the times. Indeed, the functions of the land-bank system embraced every phase of the Colonial economy. Its history to a large degree comprises the history of currency, money values, inflation, credit, public finance, and economic development in eighteenth-century America.


1976 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 173-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart Lyon

This discussion of Anglo-Saxon coinage attempts to look beyond the detail of numismatic classification in order to consider the relationship between the underlying variations and the economic life of the times. Those parts of it which deal with the classification of the coinage and analyse the observed metrology are intended to be a critical summary of the numismatic research carried out in the past thirty years. Other parts, in which I seek to relate the metrology to such documentary evidence as is known to me – and thus trespass across the vague dividing line between numismatics, of which I have some knowledge, and economic history, of which I have little – are aimed at stimulating awareness and discussion of the problems involved. Finally, a section is devoted to numismatic methods because it is important that their use and limitations be generally understood.


2021 ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
С.А. АЙЛАРОВА

Статья посвящена одному из аспектов истории образования в Осетии конца XIX – начала XX в. – самосознанию социопрофессиональной группы – осетинского учительства. Формирование профессиональных групп было выражением модернизации социальной структуры пореформенного осетинского общества. Ввиду особенностей истории образования в Осетии главным представителем этой группы являлись учителя церковно-приходских школ – основного типа начальной школы в крае. Осознание профессиональных интересов, общественного статуса и материального положения народного учителя было проявлением оформления этого социального сообщества. В центре внимания педагогической публицистики – учительская повседневность, размеры жалования, проблема пенсий, жилье, питание, взаимоотношения учителя с школьной и сельской администрацией, представителями сельского общества, статус и перспективы педагогического труда. Обсуждение многих проблем носило полемический характер; участники дискуссии высказывали противоположные суждения о материальной обеспеченности народного учителя, качестве жилья, возможности подсобного хозяйства, будущего образования детей учителя. Освещалась запутанность ситуации с учительскими пенсиями, которые в реальности не выплачивались. В актуальной публицистике освещены не все проблемы учительской повседневности, а только социально значимые, волновавшие демократическую интеллигенцию. Изучение субкультуры и самосознания осетинского учительства актуально в русле методологических поисков отечественной «новой социальной истории», а также «историко-антропологического» подхода, дающих возможность реконструкции поведенческих стратегий этой группы интеллигенции. «Интеллектуальная история» Осетии дореволюционного периода формировалась во многом представителями этой образовательной общности, развивавшей общественную мысль на протяжении десятилетий. Публицистическая подборка, составившая основу статьи, информативна и свидетельствует о перспективности изучения такой социопрофессиональной и культурной группы, как осетинское учительство. The article considers one of the aspects of the history of education in Ossetia in the end of XIX – early XX century – the self-awareness of the Ossetian teachers as socio-professional group. The formation of professional groups was an expression of the modernization of the social structure of the post-reform Ossetian society. In view of the peculiarities of the history of education in Ossetia, the main representative of this group was the teachers of parish schools, the main type of elementary school in the region. Awareness of the professional interests, social status and material situation of the people's teacher was a manifestation of the formation of this social community. The focus of pedagogical journalism is on teachers' everyday life, salaries, the problem of pensions, housing, food, the teacher's relationship with the school and rural administration, representatives of rural society, the status and prospects of pedagogical work. Discussion of many problems was polemical in nature; the participants in the discussion expressed opposite opinions about the material security of a people's teacher, the quality of housing, the possibility of subsidiary farming, and the future education of the teacher's children. The confusion of the situation with teachers' pensions, which in reality were not paid, was highlighted. In actual journalism, not all problems of teachers' everyday life are highlighted, but only socially significant ones that worried the democratic intelligentsia. The study of the subculture and self-consciousness of the Ossetian teachers is relevant in line with the methodological searches of the national “new social history”, as well as the “historical-anthropological” approach, which makes it possible to reconstruct the behavioral strategies of this group of intelligentsia. The "intellectual history" of Ossetia in the pre-revolutionary period was formed in many respects by representatives of this educational community, which had been developing public thought for decades. This journalistic selection is informative and testifies to the prospects of studying such a socio-professional and cultural group as the Ossetian teachers.


2019 ◽  
pp. 357-374
Author(s):  
Maksim M. Stelmak ◽  
◽  
Dmitry I. Petin ◽  

In 2000s there appeared in the Internet video materials on the Civil War in Russia made by military journalists of the Allied Intervention. Most noteworthy of these is a newsreel made by the American military mission in January–February 1919. Of particular interest is it part shot in Omsk. Although it is of great informative value, the researchers have overlooked this historical newsreel; its analysis and scientific attribution have not been made. The authors have rectified this by conducting a study involving various historical sources, scientific literature and memoirs. The study has resulted in the description of buildings and places on the film in accordance with its video sequence. It also provides a detailed explanation on agencies housed in the buildings in 1919, when Admiral A. V. Kolchak’s government was in power, and on their current holders. Attribution of the American newsreel, which captured Omsk in 1919, allows to reconstruct daily life of this provincial city and once-upon-a-time capital of anti-Bolshevik Russia. The analysis highlights subjects that were of most interest to the American allies. The reel shows different sides of everyday life in White Omsk, of the Supreme ruler and of the refugees. At the same time, it provides some specific, yet important to historians, details of Omsk urbanism of a hundred years ago. Visual sources are rarely used by researchers of the Civil War. Thus, the publication is of immediate interest to military historians studying the Civil War and Allied Intervention, as well as experts in the history of Siberia, source studies, and history of everyday life.


2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 1007-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip I. Ackerman-Lieberman

Scholars agree that medieval Jewish legal writers responded to “the needs of the times” in making their legal rulings, carefully choosing the legal sources and precedents upon which they relied, rereading or even rejecting those sources in light of their quotidian reality. Particularly in the Geonic Period, as Talmudic norms encountered a geographically expansive community experiencing radical social transformations in the engagement with Islam, as well as rapid economic development concomitant with the rise of the ʿAbbāsids, which urbanized and transformed the economic life of the Jewish community, classical sources of Jewish law faced new pressures. Geonic leaders responded to these pressures by making recourse to the traditional institutions of taqqana (Hebrew, “legislative enactment”) and minhag (Hebrew, “custom”). Therefore, it is widely accepted that the vicissitudes of daily life influenced both the responsa of the Geonim and their contributions to the expanding codificatory literature. On the other hand, the potential influence of Jewish legal norms upon daily life remains an unsettled area in the study of the history of the premodern Jewish community. A paucity of documentary or archaeological evidence complicates this problem, and edited literary texts of various genres remain themselves among the most important witnesses to Jewish life in the period.


2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Evans

This reply to the critiques by Daniel Woolf, Cass R. Sunstein and Daniel Nolan of my book Altered Pasts: Counterfactuals in History (Brandeis University Press, 2013), takes each of their contributions in turn, and reasserts the centrality to counterfactual history of positing definite, long term alternative timelines rather than a vague claim that things might have turned out differently to the way they actually did (for example, if the Confederacy had won the Civil War, slavery might still exist in the usa). Such alternate timelines have no claim to either truth or utility since they ignore the many possible contingencies that would most likely have taken place following the initial deviation from the real timeline of history.


Author(s):  
B.S. Zhumagulov ◽  

The article analyzes a new view of the history of economic development of Kazakhstan after the civil war. The purpose of the work is to identify problems, analyze the implementation of the social and economic policy of Soviet power. In this article, there are new transformations in the political, economic and social life of Kazakhstan and the difficulties in its implementation. The ongoing work on restoration of peaceful life, destroyed economy and economy in Kazakhstan is indicated. The reasons for the decline in economic life, destruction, poverty and hunger in Kazakhstan are indicated. As a result of hunger, cold and the accompanying diseases, the demographic situation in the nomadic and semi-nomadic regions of the republic deteriorated – the population of the rural population in many provinces decreased to 1/3, more than 700 000 people left Kazakhstan.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document