The Use of Risk Evolution Models in Evaluation of Risk Levels for Diseases Developing under the Influence of Factors of Occupational Environment and Work Process

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
VA Fokin ◽  
SV Redko
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Work Processes ◽  
Maximum Permissible Level ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Occupational Environment ◽  
Permissible Level ◽  
Risk Evolution ◽  
External Causes ◽  
Evolution Modeling

Background: The analysis of temporal changes in the value of occupational risk for workers based on evolutionary models helps predict long-term effects of occupational factors and develop effective preventive measures. The objective of our study was to test application of evolutionary modeling to assessing the relationship between prevalence rates of occupational and occupation-related diseases in workers induced by various factors of occupational environment and work processes. Materials and methods: We made epidemiological assessment of the association between workers’ health and working conditions in compliance with the requirements of Guidelines R 2.2.1766–03. The parameters of paired mathematical models constructed for different exposure levels were used for risk evolution models accounting for accumulation of functional changes attributed to external causes. Results and discussion: The results of risk evolution modeling showed that 20 years of high occupational noise exposures exceeding the maximum permissible level posed a very high risk of developing sensorineural hearing loss by the age of 48, this risk being high and moderate in the age ranges of 36–47 and 24–35, respectively. According to the same model, 20-year-long high occupational vibration exposures exceeding the maximum permissible level posed a moderate risk of developing diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue in workers aged 46–65. The risk of developing diseases of the nervous system posed by xylene exposures below the maximum permissible level was assessed as negligible.

The Neurobiology of Pain

2019 ◽  
pp. 387-414
Author(s):  
Maria Fitzgerald ◽  
Michael W. Salter
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Pain Pathways ◽  
Developmental Age ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Age And Sex

The influence of development and sex on pain perception has long been recognized but only recently has it become clear that this is due to specific differences in underlying pain neurobiology. This chapter summarizes the evidence for mechanistic differences in male and female pain biology and for functional changes in pain pathways through infancy, adolescence, and adulthood. It describes how both developmental age and sex determine peripheral nociception, spinal and brainstem processing, brain networks, and neuroimmune pathways in pain. Finally, the chapter discusses emerging evidence for interactions between sex and development and the importance of sex in the short- and long-term effects of early life pain.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the nitrate and nitrite content of vegetables commonly grown in Slovenia

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Kmecl ◽  
Tea Knap ◽  
Dragan Žnidarčič
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Agricultural Area ◽  
Segmented Flow ◽  
Maximum Permissible Level ◽  
Eu Legislation ◽  
Permissible Level ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite ◽  
Nitrite Content

Nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>) and nitrite (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>–</sup>) levels of a total 1195 samples of nine different vegetables (lettuce, potato, cabbage, carrot, string beans, tomato, cucumber, cauliflower and pepper) collected at several locations of an intensive agricultural area in Slovenia were analysed during a period of 13 years. The content of NO<sub>2</sub><sup>–</sup> and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> ions in commercial mature samples was determined using a segmented flow analyser. The average NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> content was the highest in lettuce (962 mg/kg), cabbage (795 mg/kg), string beans (298 mg/kg), carrot (264 mg/kg), cauliflower (231 mg/kg), potato (169 mg/kg) and was moderately high in cucumber (93 mg/kg) and pepper (69 mg/kg). A low NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> content was found in tomato (2<sup>–</sup> did not exceed 0.5 mg/kg, with the exception of potato (1.08 mg/kg). Six samples of lettuce exceeded the maximum permissible level of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> according to current European Union (EU) legislation. Based on the results of our investigation, we assessed the approximate daily intake (DI) of NO<sub>3</sub>– and NO<sub>2</sub><sup>–</sup> to human body. The results indicated that with the consumption of potato, the daily intake per inhabitant is close to the acceptable DI permitted in EU.

scholarly journals The Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Brain and Cognitive Function

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jip Gudden ◽  
Alejandro Arias Vasquez ◽  
Mirjam Bloemendaal
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Intermittent Fasting ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Positive Effects

The importance of diet and the gut-brain axis for brain health and cognitive function is increasingly acknowledged. Dietary interventions are tested for their potential to prevent and/or treat brain disorders. Intermittent fasting (IF), the abstinence or strong limitation of calories for 12 to 48 hours, alternated with periods of regular food intake, has shown promising results on neurobiological health in animal models. In this review article, we discuss the potential benefits of IF on cognitive function and the possible effects on the prevention and progress of brain-related disorders in animals and humans. We do so by summarizing the effects of IF which - through metabolic, cellular and circadian mechanisms - lead to anatomical and functional changes in the brain. Our review shows that there is no clear evidence of a positive short-term effect of IF on cognition in healthy subjects. Clinical studies show benefits of IF for epilepsy, Alzheimer&rsquo;s disease and multiple sclerosis on disease symptoms and progress. Findings from animal studies show mechanisms by which Parkinson&rsquo;s disease, ischaemic stroke, autism spectrum disorder and mood- and anxiety disorders could benefit from IF. Future research should disentangle whether positive effects of IF hold true regardless of age or the presence of obesity. Also, variations in fasting patterns, total caloric intake and intake of specific nutrients may be relevant components of IF success. Longitudinal studies and Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs) will provide a window into the long-term effects of IF on the development and progress of brain-related diseases.

scholarly journals Phasic Electrodermal Activity During the Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC)

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 533-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam C. Raikes ◽  
Sydney Y. Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Standardized Assessment ◽  
Test Element ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Phasic Activity ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
History Of

Context: The long-term effects of concussion on brain function during cognitive tasks are not fully understood and neuroimaging findings are equivocal. Some images show hyperactivation of prefrontal brain regions in previously concussed individuals relative to controls, suggesting increased cognitive resource allocation. Others show prefrontal hypoactivation and hyperactivation in other regions as a presumed compensatory mechanism. Given the relationship between sympathetic arousal and neural activation, physiologic measures of arousal, such as electrodermal activity, may provide additional insight into the brain's functional changes in those with a history of concussion. Objective: To quantify differences in electrodermal activity during a commonly used standardized neurocognitive assessment between individuals with or without a history of concussion. Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Setting: Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Seven asymptomatic individuals with a self-reported history of physician-diagnosed, sport-related concussion (number of previous concussions = 1.43 ± 0.53; time since most recent concussion = 0.75 to 6 years, median = 3 years) and 10 individuals without a history of concussion participated in this study. Main Outcome Measure(s): All participants wore bilateral wrist electrodermal activity sensors during the Standardized Assessment of Concussion. We measured normalized phasic (reactive) electrodermal activity during each test element (orientation, immediate recall, concentration, delayed recall). Results: A significant group-by-test element interaction was present (P = .003). Individuals with a history of concussion had greater phasic activity during delayed recall (P &lt; .001). Delayed-recall phasic activity was greater in both groups relative to the other elements. Conclusions: Delayed recall resulted in greater physiologic arousal in previously concussed individuals relative to healthy control participants, supporting previous neuroimaging findings of increased prefrontal cortex activity during memory tasks after concussion. Given similar task performance and arousal patterns across the test, our results suggest that previously concussed individuals incur additional cognitive demands in a short-delay recall task.

scholarly journals Severe but not moderate hyperoxia of newborn mice causes an emphysematous lung phenotype in adulthood without persisting oxidative stress and inflammation

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anke Kindermann ◽  
Leonore Binder ◽  
Jan Baier ◽  
Beate Gündel ◽  
Andreas Simm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Lung Compliance ◽  
Elastic Fibers ◽  
Newborn Mouse ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

Abstract Background Preterm newborns typically require supplemental oxygen but hyperoxic conditions also damage the premature lung. Oxygen-induced lung damages are mainly studied in newborn mouse models using oxygen concentrations above 75% and looking at short-term effects. Therefore, we aimed at the investigation of long-term effects and their dependency on different oxygen concentrations. Methods Newborn mice were exposed to moderate vs. severe hyperoxic air conditions (50 vs. 75% O2) for 14 days followed by a longer period of normoxic conditions. Lung-related parameters were collected at an age of 60 or 120 days. Results Severe hyperoxia caused lower alveolar density, enlargement of parenchymal air spaces and fragmented elastic fibers as well as higher lung compliance with peak airflow limitations and higher sensitivity to ventilation-mediated damages in later life. However, these long-term lung structural and functional changes did not restrict the voluntary physical activity. Also, they were not accompanied by ongoing inflammatory processes, increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or altered expressions of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutases, catalase) and lung elasticity-relevant proteins (elastin, pro-surfactant proteins) in adulthood. In contrast to severe hyperoxia, moderate hyperoxia was less lung damaging but also not free of long-term effects (higher lung compliance without peak airflow limitations, increased ROS formation). Conclusions Severe but not moderate neonatal hyperoxia causes emphysematous lungs without persisting oxidative stress and inflammation in adulthood. As the existing fragmentation of the elastic fibers seems to play a pivotal role, it indicates the usefulness of elastin-protecting compounds in the reduction of long-term oxygen-related lung damages.

scholarly journals Overweight and diabetes prevention: is a low-carbohydrate–high-fat diet recommendable?

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1301-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Brouns
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Low Carbohydrate

Abstract In the past, different types of diet with a generally low-carbohydrate content (< 50–< 20 g/day) have been promoted, for weight loss and diabetes, and the effectiveness of a very low dietary carbohydrate content has always been a matter of debate. A significant reduction in the amount of carbohydrates in the diet is usually accompanied by an increase in the amount of fat and to a lesser extent, also protein. Accordingly, using the term “low carb–high fat” (LCHF) diet is most appropriate. Low/very low intakes of carbohydrate food sources may impact on overall diet quality and long-term effects of such drastic diet changes remain at present unknown. This narrative review highlights recent metabolic and clinical outcomes of studies as well as practical feasibility of low LCHF diets. A few relevant observations are as follows: (1) any diet type resulting in reduced energy intake will result in weight loss and related favorable metabolic and functional changes; (2) short-term LCHF studies show both favorable and less desirable effects; (3) sustained adherence to a ketogenic LCHF diet appears to be difficult. A non-ketogenic diet supplying 100–150 g carbohydrate/day, under good control, may be more practical. (4) There is lack of data supporting long-term efficacy, safety and health benefits of LCHF diets. Any recommendation should be judged in this light. (5) Lifestyle intervention in people at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes, while maintaining a relative carbohydrate-rich diet, results in long-term prevention of progression to type 2 diabetes and is generally seen as safe.

scholarly journals A Cohort Study on Long-Term Adverse Effects of Parental Drinking: Background and Study Design

2015 ◽  
Vol 9s2 ◽  
pp. SART.S23329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingunn Olea Lund ◽  
Anne Bukten ◽  
Elisabet E. Storvoll ◽  
Inger Synnøve Moan ◽  
Svetlana Skurtveit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Registry Data ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
General Population Cohort ◽  
Parental Drinking ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Long Term Adverse Effects

Although many studies have addressed adverse outcomes in children of parents with alcohol abuse/dependence, less is known about the possible long-term effects of more normative patterns of parental alcohol consumption, including drinking at lower risk levels and heavy episodic or binge drinking. The extent of harm from parental drinking may therefore be underestimated. With this research proposal, we describe a project that aims to assess possible long-term adverse effects of parental drinking by combining survey and nationwide registry data. Advantages of a longitudinal general population cohort design include that it allows for detailed information on parental drinking through survey data and identification of possible negative long-term health and social outcomes from exposure to parental drinking 1–19 years after exposure through continuously updated nationwide registers. The rich information available from combining survey and registry data allows us to take into account important confounders, mediators, and moderators.

scholarly journals The spectrum of molecules of medium mass as endogenous intoxication indicator in quails with mycotoxicosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 06010
Author(s):  
Elena Kuzminova ◽  
Evgeny Dolgov ◽  
Marina Semenenko ◽  
Denis Osepchuk ◽  
Ksenia Semenenko
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Maximum Permissible Level ◽  
Permissible Level ◽  
Endogenous Intoxication ◽  
Medium Mass ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Distribution Index

The paper presents the results of determining the level of molecules of medium mass (MMM) in the blood serum of poultry with experimental mycotoxicosis. The study revealed a relationship between the concentration of MMM in the blood serum and the severity of the pathological process in poultry with different types of mycotoxicosis. The most pronounced changes occur in mycotoxicosis due to the combined intake of T-2 toxin and aflatoxin B1 into the poultry body, even when their concentration individually does not exceed the maximum permissible level. In this case, a significant increase in the concentration of MMM in the blood serum is recorded – in 1.8 times (λ = 254 nm) and in 2.2 times (λ = 280 nm), with an increase in the MMM distribution index. Next, according to the severity of endogenous intoxication, follows mycotoxicosis caused by aflatoxin B1, and the lowest values were recorded with T-2 toxicosis.

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