scholarly journals ABSENCE OF RATE PARITY AND ITS CONSEQUENCES IN HOTEL INDUSTRY

2015 ◽  
pp. 410-417
Keyword(s):  
Market Price ◽  
Hotel Industry ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
High Price ◽  
Special Topic ◽  
Price Strategy ◽  
Price Differentiation ◽  
Rate Parity ◽  
Important Position ◽  
Price Strategies

Rate parity is one of the most important questions of hotel industry in different countries. It is described as a strategy which offers same rate with same conditions for a certain room category in all sales channels at the same time. In this study, positive and negative characteristics of rate parity will be explored. Before this process, marketing instruments and general characteristics of marketing will be underlined. Especially, price policy has an important position in marketing mix. Price strategies such as high price strategy, low price strategy and market price strategies will be examined where price differentiation has a crucial role. Price policy targets are consisted of financial, volume and customer objectives and rate parity can be found within the rate stability under customer objectives. Shortly, rate stability consists of sum of rate unity, rate transparency and rate parity. Here, the absence of rate parity is questioned and described which is the main discussion topics of hotel industry with qualitative methods. As a result, pros and cons of rate parity will be put in order with the findings of this study and recommendations will be made for the hotel sector. Rate parity will be more understandable for young researchers in order to increase their interest about this special topic.

THE SPECIFICS OF PRICING IN THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentyna Nepochatenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hospitality Industry ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Hotel Industry ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Price Differentiation ◽  
Almost Everywhere ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Main Regulator ◽  
The Cost

The stage of investigating the factors that influence price is the most time-consuming. The validity of strategic and tactical pricing decisions depends on how thorough the analysis is conducted. This article deals with the issues of price management in the hospitality industry, including the pricing concepts of small and medium-sized hotels. Effective pricing policy includes not only setting the initial market price, but also methods of payment, types of discounts, price differentiation on various grounds. The cost of a room depends on seasonality, class of the hotel, as well as city and country. Considered characteristic features affecting the process of pricing in today's hospitality industry deserve special attention and are key to the success of the business. The hotel seeks to set a price that would cover the costs of production, distribution, product promotion and an acceptable rate of return. There is great scope for price differentiation in hotel services, both by the type of service provided in terms of volume, standard, time, quantity and by consumer. The constraints of an active pricing policy in the hotel industry are successfully addressed by differentiating prices for services. In the hotel industry, price is an indicator of the quality of service, so the accommodation tariff should reflect the actual supply. If the advertised prices to consumers are high for a hotel in a given class, they will look for another hotel. At the same time, low prices for accommodation services will lead to lower revenues and profits for the hotel establishment. Demand for hotel services is the main regulator of price levels, so incentives and forecasts should be the most important condition when setting the most effective prices. The rule of thumb almost everywhere is that when demand increases, price increases. Pricing policy formation in the hotel is a component of a unified marketing policy and is constantly being shaped by competing companies.

scholarly journals PERSPEKTIF ILMU EKONOMI DAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 5 TAHUN 1999 TENTANG LARANGAN PRAKTIK MONOPOLI DAN PERSAINGAN USAHA TIDAK SEHAT TERHADAP DISKRIMINASI HARGA

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irwan Sugiarto
Keyword(s):  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Cost Price ◽  
Price Strategy ◽  
Price Determination ◽  
Intertemporal Price Discrimination ◽  
Price Strategies ◽  
Second Degree

Unfair business competition can cause and trigger monopoly practice where markets arecontrolled and dominated by business doers. Besides, another impact of monopoly practiceis that; the business doers tend to sell expensive products without good quality. Monopolybusiness doers often apply price strategy where the entrepeneurs at normal competitivemarkets are not possible to do that. One of price strategies is price discrimination. Pricediscrimination refers to different price determination at a product at different time to everydifferent customer, or different market, but it is not based on different cost. Price discriminationcan be distinguished into three kinds, namely first degree price discrimination, second degreeprice discrimination, and third degree price discrimination. In addition to that, there is avariant in second degree price discrimination and third degree price discrimination, namelytwo part tariff, intertemporal price discrimination, and also peak load pricing.In Act No. 5 year 1999, discrimination related to prices is regulated in two groups ofrules and articles, that is to say price discrimination which is aproved under agreement, anddiscrimination which is performed by unilateral agreement or without agreement.

scholarly journals Economic and environmental consequences of technical and institutional change in Dutch dairy farming

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-379
Author(s):  
P.B.M. Berentsen ◽  
G.W.J. Giesen ◽  
J.A. Renkema
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
High Price ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Price Support ◽  
Labour Income

A linear programming model of a dairy farm was used to explore the future for different types of Dutch dairy farms under different scenarios. The scenarios are consistent sets of changing factors that are considered external at farm level. The factors included are technical, such as efficiency of milk production and feed production, or institutional, such as national environmental legislation and EU market and price policy. Income and nutrient losses for farms differing in intensity and size are generated for the base year 1992 and for the year 2005. The results show that technical change up to the year 2005 has a positive influence on labour income as well as on nutrient losses. The increase of labour income is higher for farms with a higher total milk production in the basis situation. The influence of environmental policy on labour income and environmental results is bigger for farms with a higher intensity, as these farms have to take more measures to comply with governmental policy. Replacement of the price support policy for milk by a 2-price system with a high price for a restricted amount of milk and a low price for an unrestricted amount of milk has negative consequences for labour income, especially for intensive farms.

Competitor Orientation, Pricing Strategy, and Business Performance

2020 ◽  
pp. 115-128
Author(s):  
Carlos A. F. Sampaio ◽  
Ricardo G. Rodrigues ◽  
José M. Hernández-Mogollón
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Hotel Industry ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Price Strategy ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Competitor Orientation ◽  
The Relationship

This study proposes to study the nature of the relationship between competitor orientation, a strategy based on low prices and hotel business performance, and to test if a low-price strategy plays a mediating role in the relationship between competitor orientation and business performance. A structural equation modeling approach is used, and a sample from the Italian hotel industry is used to evaluate the proposed hypotheses. Results show that competitor orientation is positively related to business performance and to a strategy based on low prices. Furthermore, it is found that a low-price strategy has adverse effects on business performance. Additionally, the mediating role of the low-price strategy is not confirmed.

18. Abuse of dominance (2): pricing practices

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Whish ◽  
David Bailey
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Single Market ◽  
High Price ◽  
Parallel Imports ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Abuse Of Dominance ◽  
Article 102 Tfeu ◽  
The Eu

This chapter considers abusive pricing practices under Article 102 TFEU and the Chapter II prohibition in the Competition Act 1998. It discusses cost concepts used in determining whether a price is abusive and deals with excessive pricing; conditional rebates; bundling; predatory pricing; margin squeeze; price discrimination; and practices harmful to the single market. Price discrimination may be both exploitative and exclusionary and an excessively high price may be a way of preventing parallel imports or excluding a competitor from the market; but the division may provide helpful insights into the way in which the law is applied in practice. In each section the application of Article 102 by the European Commission and the EU Courts is considered, followed by cases in the UK. Where appropriate, reference is made to the Commission’s Guidance on the Commission’s Enforcement Priorities in Applying Article [102 TFEU] to Abusive Exclusionary Conduct by Dominant Undertakings.

scholarly journals Effect of Spirulina platensis Supplementation by Different Concentration in Diet on Red Color Intensity of Kohaku Koi (Cyprinus carpio L.)

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
N.B.P Utomo ◽  
O. Carman ◽  
F. Fitriyati
Keyword(s):  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Spirulina Platensis ◽  
Market Price ◽  
High Price ◽  
Color Intensity ◽  
Red Color ◽  
And Control ◽  
Patch Length

<p>Kohaku koi (<em>Cyprinus carpio</em>) is one of the fancy koi that has a high price.  Red color intensity of kohaku determines its market price.  This study was performed to verify the effect of <em>Spirulina platensis</em> supplementation in diet  with different dosages (1, 3 and 5%) on red color intensity of kohaku koi.  The result of study show that inclusion of <em>Spirulina platensis</em> in the diet increased intensity of koi color.  Feeding with  1% of <em>Spirulina platensis</em> enriched paste diet for 5 weeks resulted in  a brighter red color compared to other treatments and control.   Alteration of red color intensity has not been followed by its patch length.  No effect of <em>Spirulina</em> supplementation on koi growth by weight and length were observed.</p> <p>Keywords: <em>Spirulina platensis</em>, color, kohaku, koi, <em>Cyprinus carpio</em></p> <p> </p> <p>ABSTRAK</p> <p>Ikan koi kohaku (<em>Cyprinus carpio</em> L) merupakan salah satu jenis ikan koi yang memiliki harga tinggi.  Kecerahan warna merah ikan koi kohaku menentukan harga jualnya.  Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan <em>Spirulina platensis</em> in the diet dengan dosis berbeda (1, 3 dan 5%) terhadap kualitas warna merah koi kohaku.  Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penambahan <em>Spirulina platensis</em> melalui pakan dapat meningkatkan kualitas warna pada ikan koi. Pemberian pakan berupa pasta yang diperkaya dengan <em>Spirulina platensis</em> sebanyak 1% selama 5 minggu menghasilkan warna merah lebih cerah dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya dan kontrol. Perubahan warna yang terjadi tidak diikuti oleh perubahan panjang bercak warnanya. Penambahan <em>Spirulina</em> pada pakan tidak berpengaruh pada pertumbuhan berat dan panjang ikan koi.</p> <p>Kata kunci: <em>Spirulina platensis</em>, warna, kohaku, koi, <em>Cyprinus carpio</em></p>

scholarly journals Analysis of Hydrous Ethanol Price Competitiveness after the Implementation of the Fossil Fuel Import Price Parity Policy in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9899
Author(s):  
Aloisio S. Nascimento Filho ◽  
Hugo Saba ◽  
Rafael G. O. dos Santos ◽  
João Gabriel A. Calmon ◽  
Marcio L. V. Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Economy ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Import Price ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
Price Ratio ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Parity Price ◽  
Hydrous Ethanol

Competition is a relevant element in any open economy. Public policies are necessary to induce economic efficiency and to create conditions to preserve or stimulate a competitive environment. This paper aims to assess the competitiveness of hydrous ethanol price in a period of political, social and economic crises, in 15 Brazilian state capitals between the years 2012 and 2019. We compared the ethanol–gasoline price ratio behavior in two different periods, before and after the import parity price policy implemented by Petrobras in 2016. Mann–Whitney and Levene’s tests, two non-parametric statistical methods, were applied to verify significant changes between these periods. The implementation of changes in Petrobras’ pricing policy from 2016 onwards caused a statistically significant increase in the ratio coefficient of variation in two-thirds of the distribution market and more than the half of analyzed retail markets. Second, overall, the cities that showed statistically significant changes in the median and coefficient of variation in the distribution market price ratio were followed by the retail market. Our findings suggest that government interventions in the fuel and byproduct final selling prices to distributors negatively impact competition between companies that are part of the fuel distribution and retail chain, also affecting the sale of biofuels in Brazil and discouraging the initiatives to use renewable fuels to reduce the emission of pollutants.

scholarly journals Mekanisme Pasar Dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Islam

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Yenni Samri Juliati Nasution
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Fair Price ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Important Position

The market is a mechanism for the exchange of goods and services that nature. The market price is formed by a variety of factors which later formed the demand and supply of goods and services. Consumer demand is influenced by many factors, such as price, consumer income, tastes, expectations and level <em>mashlahah</em>. Quote manufacturers also influenced by many factors, such as<em> mashlahah</em>, profits, and prices. Interaction of supply and demand will establish the balance point can be changed from the demand side or the supply, either due to the deviation of structured and unstructured deviation. Perfectly competitive market can generate a fair price for the seller and the buyer. Therefore, if the market mechanism is interrupted, then the fair price will not be achieved. Islam puts the market at an important position in the economy. And very concerned about the concept of a fair price and perfect market mechanism. So, the role of government is very important to better ensure the activities of market mechanisms as perfect as taking a policy of price intervention that is based on justice.

Anchoring in Mergers and Acquisitions: Does the Regulatory Environment Matter?

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-171
Author(s):  
Kavitha Ranganathan ◽  
Poonam Singh
Keyword(s):  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
Regulatory Focus ◽  
Market Price ◽  
High Price ◽  
Regulatory Environment ◽  
Focal Points ◽  
Anchoring Effect ◽  
Floor Price ◽  
The Face ◽  
Regulatory Intervention

We examine the 52-week anchoring effect in the Indian takeover market that has a unique regulatory design. The Indian takeover regulation mandates the minimum offer price to be function of the target’s 26-week or 60-day high price. We show that the 52-week anchoring effect is robust even in the face of other regulatory anchors that differ from the widely cited 52-week high price. The anchoring effect dominates when the offer price exceeds the 52-week high price. Regulatory intervention in 2011 that shifts the floor price to a recent market price, such as the 60-day high price, does not attenuate the 52-week anchoring effect. We infer that acquirers are willing to pay a higher premium while anchoring to the 52-week high price, even when the regulatory focus is on lower reference prices. Besides, regulatory anchors also serve as additional focal points, demonstrated by the significance of the 26-week high price during its own period of regulation (2002-2011).

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