BRIGHT RED ANTIBIOTIC ABOMASUM OF KALMYK COWS

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 690-699
Author(s):  
P.A. Kulyasov ◽  
◽  
B.S. Gilgeev ◽  
T.B. Kikeev ◽  
A.S. Sangadzhieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Antibacterial Substance ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Practical Research ◽  
Southern Russia ◽  
Chloride Salts ◽  
Digestive Glands

In cows of the Kalmyk breed, a chemical compound is released inside – hydrochloric acid. She, together with the gastric enzyme pepsin, breaks down the food received from the external environment into the stomach into the smallest elements that can be absorbed through the digestive glands of the stomach into the blood. Amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, fat and water-soluble vitamins, all of them, rush into the bloodstream, but the minerals, before leaving the bloodstream, it is in the stomach that they have time to bind together with gastric hydrochloric acid. The result of this chemical reaction will be, – chemical resistant chlorine compounds. In theory, this should be the end of it, but no, since chemical chloride salts are a nutrient medium for the growth of a special acid-resistant fungus inside the stomach. It is from its fungal structures that an antibacterial substance is released, a bright red color, similar to the color of the arterial blood of mammals. Having a bright red color, the antibiotic has been invisible to the human eye for many millennia. Red blood is a red antibiotic. The antibacterial substance suppresses all microflora entering the blood from the external environment, making it bactericidal resistant to microbes. Laboratory and practical research, carried out jointly with the 4th year students of the specialty "Veterinary Medicine", made it possible to understand the whole mechanism of the digestion process of the animal's body, evaluate its role in the life of Kalmyk cows and, based on this, try to outline a plan for the isolation of substance in pure crystalline form. Kalmyk cows have a strong endurance to destructive adverse environmental factors (cold, hunger) and a fairly strong immunity to pathogenic bacterial microflora, which allows us to conclude about the important properties of the antibacterial substance produced inside their stomachs. A lot of work remains to be done to prove the significance and importance of finding hydrochloric acid and an antibiotic, a bright red color, inside living mammalian bodies in the arid area of southern Russia.

The availability of potassium in some Tasmanian soils. I. The variability of soil potassium in the field and its fractionation

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 750
Author(s):  
AM Graley ◽  
KD Nicholls ◽  
CS Piper
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Exchangeable Fraction ◽  
Total Potassium

The potassium status of Frodsley sandy loam and some associated soils from the Fingal district, north-eastern Tasmania, has been investigated. Regularly spaced sampling of surface soils on a rectilinear grid pattern disclosed a variability of exchangeable potassium values in the field much greater than recorded for soils elsewhere; even for 3-ft spacings there was a sevenfold range. The need for adequate sampling of experimental areas is stressed. The median value for exchangeable potassium in the A1 horizon of Frodsley sandy loam was 0.31 m-equiv./100 g for "developed" areas and 0.35 m-equiv./100 g for "undeveloped" areas. Values for the A2 horizon were closely correlated with those for the corresponding surface horizon, but only about one-third as high. The amounts in the B horizon tended to approximate to those in the A1 horizon except for soils with high values in the surface. The potassium-supplying capacity of the soils was assessed by fractionation of the potassium into water-soluble, exchangeable, difficultly exchangeable, hydrochloric acid-soluble, and total potassium. In Frodsley sandy loam approximately 35 per cent. of the exchangeable potassium appeared in the water-soluble form, which suggested that there may be moderate losses from this soil by leaching. Ten minutes' boiling with normal nitric acid released only about 90 per cent. more potassium than was present in the exchangeable fraction. Boiling normal nitric acid extracted much less potassium from some samples of this soil type than did cold normal ammonium chloride from others, because of the great variability of exchangeable potassium. Concentrated hydrochloric acid dissolved a further 0.60.7 m-equiv./100 g on the average. These low values for the two latter fractions are taken to indicate the poverty of this soil type in reserves of potassium and, with the relatively low values for the exchangeable fraction, explain the widespread responses to potassium reported in field experiments. Examination of the minerals of the clay fraction of Frodsley sandy loam supported the chemical data in regard to the poor potassium status of these soils. Separation of sand, silt, and clay from the B horizons of two profiles showed that much of the total potassium was present in the coarser fractions of the soil. Type A, a soil associated with Frodsley sandy loam on river terraces, had a similar potassium status. Soils formed on dolerite were significantly higher in all categories of potassium.

scholarly journals Selection of Method of Chemical Analysis in Measuring the Salinity of Mineral Materials

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 559
Author(s):  
Teresa Stryszewska ◽  
Marta Dudek
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Chloride Salts ◽  
Sulphate Salts ◽  
Selection Of

The article deals with the issue of salt content in brick buildings, which plays an important role in the assessment of the technical condition, in particular of historic buildings. A question has been asked about the selection of the best research method to determine the salinity of mineral materials. To obtain the answer, the authors conducted some tests on ceramic bricks salted with seven types of salt solutions. Research methods such as: spectrophotometry (UV), ion chromatography (High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)), X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) were compared. The above methods belong to two groups: the first is based on aqueous extracts and allows the determination of water-soluble salts, and the second concerns testing directly on the sample so that insoluble salts can also be determined. The results tests indicate that the methods based on solid phases (XRF and EDS) give higher salinity values than those based on aqueous extracts (HPLC and UV). The results were also analysed with regard to the type of salt. Larger differences are observed for sulphate salts while chloride salts are characterised by smaller differences. On this basis, it is concluded that the salt content of the material is best assessed using tests that make it possible to recognise the salt in question and its quantity.

scholarly journals Administration of a CO-releasing molecule at the time of reperfusion reduces infarct size in vivo

2004 ◽  
Vol 286 (5) ◽  
pp. H1649-H1653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiru Guo ◽  
Adam B. Stein ◽  
Wen-Jian Wu ◽  
Wei Tan ◽  
Xiaoping Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Infarct Size ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Coronary Artery Occlusion ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Arterial Blood

Although carbon monoxide (CO) has traditionally been viewed as a toxic gas, increasing evidence suggests that it plays an important homeostatic and cytoprotective role. Its therapeutic use, however, is limited by the side effects associated with CO inhalation. Recently, transition metal carbonyls have been shown to be a safe and effective means of transporting and releasing CO groups in vivo. The goal of the present study was to test whether a water-soluble CO-releasing molecule, tricarbonylchloro(glycinato) ruthenium (II) (CORM-3), reduces infarct size in vivo when given in a clinically relevant manner, i.e., at the time of reperfusion. Mice were subjected to a 30-min coronary artery occlusion followed by 24 h of reperfusion and were given either CORM-3 (3.54 mg/kg as a 60-min intravenous infusion starting 5 min before reperfusion) or equivalent doses of inactive CORM-3, which does not release CO. CORM-3 had no effect on arterial blood pressure or heart rate. The region at risk did not differ in control and treated mice (44.5 ± 3.5% vs. 36.5 ± 1.6% of the left ventricle, respectively). However, infarct size was significantly smaller in treated mice [25.8 ± 4.9% of the region at risk ( n = 13) vs. 47.7 ± 3.8% ( n = 14), P < 0.05]. CORM-3 did not increase carboxyhemoglobin levels in the blood. These results suggest that a novel class of drugs, CO-releasing molecules, can be useful to limit myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo.

Preparation, Properties of Partially Hydrolized Guar Gum

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 1901-1906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Sun ◽  
Hong Bo Tang ◽  
Si Qing Dong ◽  
Yan Ping Li
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analyzer ◽  
Partially Hydrolyzed Guar Gum ◽  
Guar Seed

Guar gum is a highly viscous water soluble heteropolysaccharide obtained from guar seed endosperm portion. Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) is low in viscosity and has the healthy benefits as the dietary fiber. In this study, the effect of amount of acidolysis agent, ethanol content, acidolysis temperature and time on the acidolysis degree of guar gum was investigated by using the solvent method. The thermal properties were characterized by the idifferential scanning calorimeter and thermogravimetric analyzer, respectively. It was showed that the better conditions for preparing PHGG were: acidolysis temperature 40°C, acidolysis time 4h, ethanol mass concentration 61%, respectively. The freeze-thaw stability, expansion capability decreased after guar gum was partially hydrolized by hydrochloric acid. The onset temperature, end temperature and peak temperature of PHGG all increased, but its melting enthalpy and thermal stability were reduced, compared with those of guar gum.

Spectrophotometric Determination of p-aminobenzoic acid via Diazotization and Coupling reaction

2021 ◽  
pp. 5313-5318
Author(s):  
Rana S. Al-Saffar ◽  
Safaa A. Zakaria ◽  
Nabeel S. Othman
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Sodium Nitrite ◽  
Azo Dye ◽  
Coupling Reaction ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Good Sensitivity ◽  
Aminobenzoic Acid

A simple and accurate spectrophotometric method to assay p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) has been suggested. The method based on the diazotization of PABA via reaction with nitrite ions which liberated in the medium through the reaction of sodium nitrite with hydrochloric acid, then coupling the dizotised-PABA(D-PABA)with 1-naphthylamine -7-sulphonic acid (1-NASA) to form an intense colored pink azo dye ,it is water-soluble , very stable and has a maximum absorbance at 525 nm. The absorbance was increase with the increasing of PABA amounts in the solution, and the linearity from 2.5 to70 µg in 10 ml (0.25to7 µg.ml-1).The molar absorptivity and Sandell ҆s sensitivity values have been calculated they equal to 3.6057x104 L.mol-1 cm -1 and 0.0037993 µg. cm-2 respectively. The two values above demonstrated a good sensitivity of the suggested method. The method has been used in estimated PABA resulted from analysis of folic acid in tablet.

Tuning Morphology and Fluorescence of Aggregated Nanostructures of Derived Perylene Diimide Molecules

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 2005-2010
Author(s):  
Xiaorong He ◽  
Weidong Zhou ◽  
Yuliang Li ◽  
Xiaofeng Liu ◽  
Cuihong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Self ◽  
Perylene Diimide ◽  
Confocal Raman Microscopy ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Confocal Raman ◽  
Chloride Salts ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this paper, we report on the self-assembly of water-soluble N,N′-di(N,N′-dimethyl-dodecane-1,12-diamide)-perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (PDDoAM) in formic acid and chloride salts for producing varied nano-aggregates with different optical properties. Interestingly, the self-assembly can lead to nanocubic, microsheet and “tower-like” nanostructures respectively, as demonstrated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. The optical properties of molecular aggregates were investigated by means of Confocal Raman Microscopy, indicating the morphologies and fluorescence of these nanomaterials are dependent on acids, acid concentrations and casting methods.

THE FORMATION OF LIGNIN IN WHEAT PLANTS

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 734-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Stone ◽  
M. J. Blundell ◽  
K. G. Tanner
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Main Body ◽  
A Value ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Alcohol Benzene

Wheat plants were harvested approximately every two weeks after emergence from the soil. Determination of the lignin content by the 72% sulphuric acid method showed a rapid increase between the period 45–70 days from seeding, and there was a corresponding increase in the yield of vanillin and syringaldehyde, obtained by alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation. The p-hydroxybenzaldehyde yield remained low at all times and seemed to be derived from a different system. It is suggested that the source of this aldehyde is not the lignin, but the tyrosine associated with the protein. The ratios of vanillin to syringaldehyde did not remain constant from plants of different ages, the percentage of syringaldehyde being lower than vanillin in the young plants and higher in those which were more mature. This is qualitatively in agreement with an increase in the methoxyl content of the lignin.When the yield of aldehydes from mature plants is taken as the criterion for the amount of lignin present, the youngest plants have a lignin content of about 0.13%, a value much lower than other bases for calculation would indicate.Oxidation of the whole plant and of the plant which had been extracted with alcohol–benzene, water, and 1% hydrochloric acid, gave similar percentages of aldehydes, owing partly to the removal of aldehyde-producing substances and partly to the degradation of the lignin during the extraction process. Oxidation of the extracts gave no trace of aldehyde in the hydrochloric acid extract, a trace in the water extract, and appreciable percentages in the alcohol–benzene extract. This latter extract consisted of two portions, a red water soluble, alcohol–benzene insoluble fraction and the main alcohol–benzene soluble fraction. The former gave rise to vanillin and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde on oxidation, the amount being a maximum at the first harvest and decreasing to zero after lignification had occurred. The latter, that is, the alcohol–benzene soluble extract, gave rise to syringaldehyde as well as the others, the amounts being low at first and increasing during lignification in the same way as the main body of the plant. It is believed that the alcohol–benzene removes a soluble portion of the lignin since the relative proportions of the aldehydes are very similar to those obtained from lignin itself.

scholarly journals Extraction of Alkaloids and Oil from Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) Seed

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 669-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Rahman ◽  
M. B. Islam ◽  
M. A. Rouf ◽  
M. A. Jalil ◽  
M. Z. Haque
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Climatic Condition ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Pongamia Pinnata ◽  
Soluble Salts

The present study deals with the extraction of alkaloids and oil from Karanja seed. It was observed that Karanja seed grown under the soil and climatic condition of Bangladesh contains alkaloids and 32% of bitter, red brown thick oil. Using hexane as the only organic solvent alkaloids and oil were recovered from the seeds and defatted kernels by two extractions.. The oil and those alkaloids which occurred as free bases were recovered first with hexane from the dried crushed seeds. Then hexane-insoluble salts of the alkaloids retained in the defatted kernels were converted into hexane-soluble free bases by the treatment with aq. sodium carbonate or ammonium hydroxide. Then after the free bases, soluble in hexane thus obtained were recovered by another extraction with hexane. Thus a proteinaceous meal was obtained containing very low alkaloid without losing any proteins. The alkaloids which were dissolved in the oil were then converted into water-soluble salts by treating with aq. hydrochloric acid. Thereafter, the water soluble salts were completely removed by repeated extraction with water. Keywords:   Pongamia pinnata; Oil; Alkaloid; Extraction. © 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi:10.3329/jsr.v3i3.7227                J. Sci. Res. 3 (3), 669-675 (2011) 

scholarly journals Comparisons between methods of measuring soluble phosphorus and potassium in soils used for fertilizer experiments on sugar beet

1962 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Warren ◽  
G. W. Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Acid Method ◽  
Soluble P

Eleven years of field experiments on manuring sugar beet were used by the late E. M. Crowther to compare methods of analysing soils for soluble P and K; this paper reports his work.The experiments were divided by soil analyses into groups of equal numbers of sites; average crop responses were used to value the analytical methods. Such tables of average data overvalue soil analyses because each method was misleading in a small proportion of the fields used. A quantitative way was developed of assessing the gains from using soil analysis in planning fertilizing and of comparing analytical methods. The total profit from uniformly manuring all the soils examined was compared with the profit made by using analyses to select a proportion only of the soils to be manured; the total amount of fertilizer used was the same with each way of planning manuring. The most efficient analytical method gave the most profit.For phosphate, differential manuring of sites selected by soil analysis was more profitable than uniform manuring, with all the methods of measuring soluble P that were tested. The best method used a rapid extraction with dilute hydrochloric acid, but extracting with water (calcium bicarbonate solution was used for calcareous soils), or with citric acid solution, was nearly as effective. These three methods, using little solvent relative to soil, were more useful than methods using larger volumes of dilute sulphuric acid, dilute acetic acid, and a lactate solution.The sugar beet responded more often to K than to P manuring, so there was less chance of making extra profit by using analyses to detect the richer soils where either no K fertilizer, or small dressings only, should have been given. Using the citric acid method of measuring soluble-K to separate the soils into groups for differental manuring was more profitable than giving uniform dessings to all fields; acetic acid was less effective than citric acid, and the hydrochloric acid method gave no advantage over uniform manuring with the heavier rate of potassium. Water-soluble K measurements were worse than acid-soluble values; using them to predict responses and manuring would have given less profit than uniform manuring at the heavier rate used.

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