Income and Expenditure Pattern of Marginalised Categories of Rural Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 137-`141
Keyword(s):  
Farm Size ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Small Farm ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Low Incomes ◽  
Farm Category ◽  
Expenditure Pattern

ABSTRACT TThe present study was undertaken to examine the income and expenditure pattern of marginalized categories in rural Punjab. The data were collected from 120 households consisting of agricultural labour, marginal and small farmers of Amritsar and Ludhiana districts. It was concluded that income and expenditure pattern was directly related to farm-size. As the farm size increased the farm expenditure also increased. The proportion of deficit households was more in the agricultural labour category due to their low incomes. In the small farm category, the proportion of deficit households was more as compared to the marginal farm category on account of higher expenditure on non-food items and social ceremonies.

scholarly journals Livestock Holding and Time Spent by Farm Women in Dairying Activities in Andhra Pradesh

2021 ◽  
pp. 70-76
Author(s):  
N. Leela Krishna ◽  
A. Anitha ◽  
S. Jagadeeswara Rao ◽  
M. Muralidhar
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Farm Women ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Small Farm ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Murrah Buffaloes ◽  
Feeding Activities ◽  
Farm Category

A study was conducted to investigate the involvement of women in dairying activities in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh. The study involved a total of 225 respondents covering 75 villages. The result revealed that small farm women possessed significantly (P≤0.05) more graded Murrah buffaloes (3.68±0.28), whereas women under medium farm category possessed significantly (P≤0.05) more number of local cows (0.28±0.07), Murrah buffaloes (0.45±0.21) as well as more (P≤0.01) buffalo heifers (1.22±0.14). The milk production (litres per day) (13.25±0.80), consumption (1.48±0.06) and milk consumption by women (0.16±0.07) was observed to be high in medium women dairy farmers in the study area. Milk sale per day was observed to be significantly (P≤0.05) high in small farmers (14.20±1.90). Small farm women (587.00±81.70) obtained more income (rupees/day) through dairying followed by medium (516.34±54.35) and landless (385.66±32.39) farm women. It was observed that women are spending more time on dairy activities in the study area compared to men. The time spent was more on feeding activities.

scholarly journals Between weak markets and weak regulations: determinants of contracting in orchard farming in Albania

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Imami ◽  
E. Zhllima ◽  
D. Viaggi ◽  
W. Bokelmann
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Contract Enforcement ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Small Farm ◽  
Farm Survey

This paper analyses the relations and contracting behaviour of orchard farmers with their customers in Albania. The study is based on a structured farm survey, including information about relations and contracting with clients, and a cluster analysis aimed at identifying key farm typologies with respect to contracting. As expected, most farmers rely on spot transactions. Formal contracts are used sparingly due to a lack of interest from buyers, small farm size and lack of trust in contract enforcement. However, farmers commonly use informal agreements/contracts as a substitute for formal ones. The most common differences between those farmers who engage in contracting and those that do not concern household size, the number of years in orchard production, and the amount of losses incurred.

A INVENÇÃO DO ELDORADO MARANHENSE EM NARRATIVAS DE MIGRANTES NORDESTINOS (1930-1970): aportes teóricos metodológicos

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 84-107
Author(s):  
MARCIA MILENA GALDEZ FERREIRA
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Small Farm ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Women Elders ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Work And Life

O estudo aborda a transformação do Médio Mearim, no Maranhão, com a chegada e a fixação de milhares de camponeses, homens e mulheres, idosos, adultos, jovens e crianças, que se deslocam de outras áreas do Maranhão e de outros estados do Nordeste, principalmente do Ceará e Piauá­, rumo a um suposto eldorado, nas décadas de 1930, 1940, 1950 e 1960. Em quatro décadas, muitas práticas sociais e culturais são tecidas no cotidiano de trabalho e de vida de pessoas com múltiplas experiências, e a fronteira agrá­cola é superada. Finda o tempo da terra sem dono e inicia o tempo da grilagem e da expropriação de inúmeros trabalhadores rurais.Palavras-chave: Migrantes nordestinos. Eldorado. Terra. Experiência. Narrativa.THE INVENTION OF MARANHENSE ELDORADO IN NORTHEASTERN MIGRANT NARRATIVES (1930-1970): methodological and theoretical contributionsAbstract: This study is about the transformation of the Medio Mearim region, in Maranhão, upon the arrival and settlement of thousands of small farmers, men and women, elders, adults, young people and children, arriving from other areas on Maranhão and other northeast states mainly Ceará and Puauá­”™s looking for a supposed Eldorado, mostly during the 1930s to the 1960s. In four decades several cultural and social practices are forged along with the daily work and life of people with multiple experiences, overcoming the farming frontier . The ”no one”™s land era” comes to an end and then it begins a time of illegal land alienation and expropriation of countless small farm laborers.Keywords: Northeastern migrants. Eldorado. Land. Experience. Narratives.LA INVENCIÓN DEL ”ELDORADO MARANHENSE” EN NARRATIVAS DE MIGRANTES NORDESTINOS (1930-1970): aportaciones teóricas metodológicasResumen: Este estudio aborda la transformación del Medio Mearim, en Maranhão, con la llegada y predomá­nio de millares de campesinos, hombres y mujeres, idoneos, adultos, jóvenes y niños, que se transportan de otras áreas del Maranhão y de otros estados de la region Nordeste, principalmente de Ceará y Piaui, en sentido a un hipotético eldorado, en las décadas de 1930, 1940, 1950 y 1960. En cuatro décadas, muchas prácticas sociales y culturales son formadas en el cotidiano de trabajo y de vida de personas con múltiplas experiencias, y la frontera agrá­cola es superada. Finaliza el tiempo de la tierra sin dueño e inicia el tiempo de los invasores de tierras y de la expropiación de inúmeros trabajadores rurales.Palabras clave: Migrantes nordestinos. Eldorado. Tierra. Experiencia. Narrativa.

scholarly journals 1057 THE PRODUCTION OF CULINARY HERBS IN THE U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS: CONSTRAINTS AND SOLUTIONS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 580b-580
Author(s):  
Louis E. Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Virgin Islands ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Small Farm ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Production Constraints ◽  
Culinary Herbs ◽  
The U.S

In the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI), herbs and spices are in great demand, mainly for culinary purposes. These crops include thyme, basil, oregano, parsley, chives, fennel, rosemary and marjoram. Based on estimated total marketable yield of 25 growers in 1993, 10,264 kg of fresh culinary herbs were produced in USVI. During the same period, 21,207 kg of various herbs were imported to the USVI. These data clearly show that local demand for herbs exceeds domestic production. Constraints which limit increased production in USVI include small farm size, limited water resources, absence of mechanization and limited information on crop management practices. Many herb growers use traditional farming practices and for the most part avoid modern approaches to cultivation. Appropriate cultural and management practices (e.g. drip irrigation, mulching, fertilizer, etc.) could potentially boost production and increase overall efficiency despite the reality of small farm acreages. This paper will describe the current status of herb production in the USVI, constraints to production and proposed solutions to improve its economic prospect.

scholarly journals Determinants of Agricultural Production Diversification among Marginal and Small Farmers of Kanyakumari and Perambalur

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Y. Melba ◽  
K. R. Ashok ◽  
A. Vidhyavathi ◽  
S. Kalaivani ◽  
P. Vennila
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Crop Diversification ◽  
Cattle Farm ◽  
State Planning ◽  
The Impact

Aims: To assess the influence of agricultural production diversity of marginal and small farmers Study Design: Purposive Random Sampling Place and Duration of Study: Kanyakumari and Perambalur districts in Tamil Nadu were purposefully chosen for the survey, which was conducted through primary data collection from July to August 2020. Methodology: According to the Tamil Nadu state planning commission report 2017, Kanyakumari and Perambalur districts were chosen at random from the top five and bottom five districts of the food security index to analyze dietary diversity. The crop diversification index was calculated using the entropy index. The Tobit model is used to investigate the impact of diverse agriculture production among marginal and small farming households. Results: The findings clearly show that, of the two districts, Perambalur has diversified more than Kanyakumari. Farmers in Perambalur district cultivate agricultural crops, whereas farmers in Kanyakumari district selected block cultivate horticultural crops, particularly plantation crops. According to the Tobit results, the number of cattle, farm size, credit available, and distance from the market all had a positive and significant influence on crop diversification. Improving female-headed household decision-making, promoting household investment and infrastructure facilities, and suggesting crop development as crop diversification measures. Conclusion: The results conclude that farmers in Perambalur district have highly diversified cropping than Kanyakumari district.

scholarly journals Indebtedness Among Farmers in Haryana State, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-384
Author(s):  
Babloo Jakhar ◽  
Rohtas Kait
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Farm ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
Size Category ◽  
Land Holdings ◽  
Very High ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Subject and purpose of work: The study aims to assess the nature, extent and sources of debt and the measures of the burden of debt on farmers. Materials and methods: The study was based on primary data collected (by field survey) from a sample of 600 farmers selected from Haryana state in India. With regards to the selection of farmers/respondents, a proportionate sampling technique was employed. For the analysis of the collected data, average (or mean value) and percentage techniques were used. The data were collected in January, February and March, 2021. Results: The study revealed that the average amount of debt per sampled farmer is 563 960 rupees. This amount of debt is very high. Institutional sources played a major role in loan disbursement to farmers. Of the total amount owed, one third of all the debt was incurred from non-institutional sources at a higher rate of interest; 67.03% was incurred for productive purposes and the remaining 32.97% of debt was incurred for non-productive purposes. Non-productive debt adds nothing to agricultural production. 67% of all farmers in the state belong to marginal and small farm-size category. Thus, at small size of land holdings, at higher rate of interest charged by non-institutional sources and non-productive loans are the main cause of farmer indebtedness. Conclusions: Farmers have been trapped under the burden of debt and are not in a situation to pay their loans back within the prescribed period of time.

scholarly journals Adoption of BARI Recommended Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Varieties by the Potato Farmers of Bangladesh

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
MI Khalil ◽  
ME Haque ◽  
MZ Hoque
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Small Farm ◽  
Interview Schedule ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Potato Varieties ◽  
Primary Level ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Small Family Size ◽  
Cultivation Technology

This study was conducted to determine the extent of adoption of BARI recommended potato varieties by the potato growers in three Upazilas namely, Pirgachha of Rangpur, Munsiganj sadar of Munsiganj and Shibganj of Bogra district of Bangladesh. To achieve the objectives, the present research was designed to collect both qualitative and quantitative data. The study areas were selected purposively considering highly concentrated potato growing areas. Total numbers of potato growers in the selected areas were 581 from which 231 were selected as respondents following proportionate random sampling technique. A pre-tested interview schedule was used to collect data from the respondents during October, 2010 to February, 2011. The potato growers showed marked individual differences in their socio-economic characteristics and majority of them belonged to middle age category having small family size, primary level of education, small farm size, medium innovativeness and medium contact with extension personnel. The study revealed that the highest proportion (68.4%) of the potato farmers belonged to high adoption category; whereas 6.5 percent fall in medium adoption category and 25.1 percent in low adoption category of BARI recommended potato varieties. Extent of adoption of BARI recommended potato varieties were found more or less equal in three different study areas, where the highest (72.6%) portion of the potato farmers were in high adoption category in Munshiganj Sadar followed by 68.4 percent in Shibganj and 67.5 percent in Pirgachha. The studies also revealed that Diamant, Cardinal and Granola were the most popular varieties among all the released varieties of BARI and are largely grown in Munshiganj, Rangpur and Bogra, respectively. Farmers’ education and knowledge about potato cultivation technology showed significant positive relationship with their adoption of BARI recommended potato varieties. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v11i2.17492 The Agriculturists 2013; 11(2) 79-86

Price Spreads in the Marketing of Potato in Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 414-419
Keyword(s):  
Potato Crop ◽  
Marketing Channel ◽  
Marketing Channels ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Small Farm ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
The Public ◽  
Marketing Efficiency ◽  
Support Price ◽  
The Government

The study revealed that more area was allocated to potato crop by large farmers and medium farmers for pea cultivation. The small farmers allocated more area to wheat and paddy due to price fluctuations in the potato crop and minimum support price (MSP) for the farmer. It was noticed that during the peak season there was a glut in the market and prices slumped. The results further revealed that the marketed surplus was higher in the case of a small farm as compared to medium and small farms. The former sold a major share of the production in the peak season itself due to the urgent cash requirements. There were three marketing channels prevalent in the marketing of potatoes. The producer’s share and marketing efficiency in consumer’s rupees was highest in marketing Channel-III (Producer → Consumer) with lowest price spreads. It was suggested that to increase producer’s share in consumer’s rupee the government should intervene in the marketing of potato and directly procure potato from the farm. For efficient marketing of potato modern infrastructure should be built up with the public-private partnership. The government should cover the potato under MSP after evolving suitable infrastructure.

Income and Consumption Expenditure Pattern of Marginal and Small Farmers in Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 619-624
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Annual Income ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Expenditure Pattern

The study highlighted the income and consumption pattern of the marginal and small farmers in the three agro-climatic zones of Punjab for 2011-12. It was found that out of the total net family income of these farmers, the majority was earned from crop and dairying, followed by income from non-farm activities. The net per capita annual income of marginal and small farmers was found to be as low as about 15361 and 26625. Corresponding to this, the annual per capita household consumption expenditure was 12144 and 13239. This situation depicted the vulnerability of these farmers to indebtedness in case of unforeseen expenditure situations. Also, there existed an income and consumption disparity in Punjab, whereby the poorer section accounts for less than one-fifth share of the total income and expenditure. There was a need to address the problems of this section in isolation as this section formed the major proportion of the farming population in the state and was most prone to economic misery.

scholarly journals Small Farm Businesses: A Typology of Farm, Operator, and Family Characteristics with Implications for Public Research and Extension Policy

1982 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick H. Buttel ◽  
Michael E. Gertler
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Sales Volume ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Small Farm ◽  
Farm Families ◽  
Public Programs ◽  
Business Size

Data from a 1979 New York survey were analyzed to develop a systematic multivariate typology of small farmers (i.e., operators of small farm businesses) which would be useful in designing and targeting public programs. Farm business size, operator's age, and off-farm employment were the most important dimensions of variation. A typology was constructed by successive dichotomization of low and moderate sales volume farms; operators 49 years of age and under, and 50 and over; and families with and without off-farm income. Means for economic and social indicators were computed for each of the resulting eight categories. Low sales volume farm families with relatively old operators and without off-farm employment were found to experience very low total family incomes. Suggestions are made regarding how public extension and research programs may be developed and targeted with specific categories of the most needy small farmers in mind.

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