scholarly journals Language is the most important means of interstate communication (on the example of the studying and using of the German language in the USSR during the Great Patriotic War)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
Nina Vashkau
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Prisoner Of War ◽  
Military Leaders ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Important Means ◽  
The Third Reich

Thematic justification of the study of foreign languages is more obvious in connection with the globalization of the world, the exchange of information and the transformation of international cooperation of states into a real necessity. The novelty of the research is dictated by the insignificant circle of historiography on the problem under consideration and the emergence of new sources such as memoirs, archival materials, and diaries of participants in the events. The subject of this research is the role of foreign languages, which was realized by the leadership of the USSR in the 1930s, the training of military linguists and their role during the Great Patriotic War. In the system of public education conditions were created for the training of personnel and the material base. The research methodology includes historicism and objectivity, which make it possible to show the training of specialists in the formation and development, the contribution of military linguists to propaganda against the enemy during the war, to evaluate the optics of peoples’ perception of each other. The prosopographic method made it possible to highlight specific biographies of military linguists, whom fate brought to the forefront of historical events, whether it was the translation of the testimony of a prisoner of war German officer, on whose recognition depended the fate of a local operation or a large-scale offensive, to participation in the meetings of the Nuremberg Trials of the highest political and military leaders of the Third Reich, which has been studied and evaluated by historians and jurists for 65 years. We have used official documents, memoirs, notes and diaries of military linguists of the war years, archival documents.

scholarly journals A beleaguered church the Serbian Orthodox Church in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) 1941-1945

Balcanica ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 269-287
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Stojanovic
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Mass Killings

In the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) from its establishment only days after the German attack on Yugoslavia in early April 1941 until its fall in May 1945 a genocide took place. The ultimate goal of the extreme ideology of the Ustasha regime was a new Croatian state cleansed of other ethnic groups, particularly the Serbs, Jews and Roma. The Serbian Orthodox Church (SPC), historically a mainstay of Serbian national identity, culture and tradition, was among its first targets. Most Serbian Orthodox churches and monasteries were demolished, heavily damaged or appropriated by the Roman Catholic Church or the state. More than 170 Serbian priests were killed and tortured by the Ustasha, and even more were exiled to occupied Serbia. The regime led by Ante Pavelic introduced numerous laws and regulations depriving the SPC of not only its property and spiritual jurisdiction but even of its right to existence. When mass killings stirred up a large-scale rebellion, a more political and seemingly non-violent approach was introduced: the Croatian regime unilaterally and non-canonically founded the so-called Croatian Orthodox Church in order to bring the forced assimilation of Serbs to completion. This paper provides an overview of the ordeal of the Serbian Orthodox Church in the NDH, based on the scholarly literature and documentary sources of Serbian, German and Croatian origin. It looks at legislation, propaganda, the killings and torture of Orthodox clergy and the destruction of church property, including medieval holy relics. The scale and viciousness of some atrocities will be looked at based on unused or less known sources, namely the statements of Serbian refugees recorded during the war by the SPC and the Commissariat for Refugees in Serbia, and documents from the Political Archive of the Third Reich Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

scholarly journals PLANS OF THE NAZI LEADERSHIP OF THE THIRD REICH FOR THE OCCUPATION OF THE USSR

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Grigoriy Yu. Volkov
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Military Leaders ◽  
Personal Traits ◽  
The Third ◽  
Thinking Process ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
German Reich

The victory over the Axis powers had virtually preserved Russia in world history. It was a great celebration not only of the armed forces, but also of ideas. The article widely uses Soviet and modern publications, by both Russian and foreign scientists, dedicated to the East Front of World War II. The criminal essence of Adolf Hitler’s personality, his personal traits, way of thinking is shown, the analysis of his statements, offi cial speeches, private conversations, «table speeches», «Mein Kampf» is carried out. It also reconstructs the thinking process of other Nazi civil and military leaders who acted together with their Führer in pursuit of the common goal. The article for the fi rst time, taking into account the logic of thinking of the leadership of the third Reich, traces literally by years that the war against the USSR was conceived as a total genocide and carefully worked out in all directions. The author concludes that the bloody and inhuman logic of the leadership of the German Reich, big entrepreneurs and bankers, members of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party and the Schutzstaffel, generals and soldiers of the Wehrmacht, and a virtual legion of various offi cials clearly shows that they were all united in their desire to «stop Russian history».

LENINGRAD ARCHIVES AND ARCHIVISTS IN THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR. EVACUATION, THE STRUGGLE TO SAVE THE ARCHIVES, LOSSES, ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS IN THE SERVICE OF THE FATHERLAND

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-75
Author(s):  
Nadezhda M. Korneva ◽  
◽  
David I. Raskin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Central State ◽  
Historical Archives ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Finding Aids

The article is devoted to the history of the Leningrad archives during the Great Patriotic War and the blockade. The evacuation of the most valuable archival funds and parts of the funds largely repeated the experience of the 1917 evacuation. Especially valuable documents and the collections of finding aids of the archives were evacuated. That allowed to save the most valuable part of the archives, but made it almost impossible to use of information from the archives left in the besieged city. But thanks to the highest professionalism and dedication of the Leningrad archivists, these documents were nevertheless shown up and used in the interests of the defense, foreign policy, the national economy, as well as propaganda. In the most difficult conditions of the blockade, thematic requests were carried out, reviews, lists of documents were compiled, documentary collections were prepared for publication. Social and legal requests were also carried out in the interests of individuals. Documents of “operationalchekist” interest were identified. Work on the use of information from the archives of besieged Leningrad was carried out on a large scale. The archives suffered from bombing and artillery shelling. The greatest losses were suffered by the Central State Historical Archives in Leningrad (TsGIAL). Those losses (as well as losses during evacuation and re-evacuation) amounted to approx 1.3% of the total number of documents stored in the archive. But the main part of the documents of the Leningrad archives was saved.

MAJOR MILESTONES OF BELARUSIAN COLLABORATION DEVELOPMENT DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
ALEXEY IPATOV
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
World War ◽  
Special Services ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Red Army ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Military

The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of Belarusian collaboration during the World War II and the fight against it during the operation «Bagration» to liberate the territory of the Belarusian SSR. The main attention is paid to the activities of its individual representatives and a number of organizations that attempted to cooperate with Nazi Germany for «liberation» from the «Soviet yoke». It emphasizes the interest of the military and political elite of the Third Reich in cooperation with such organizations and the desire to fully control their activities. The author comes to the conclusion that thanks to the actions of Red Army, a significant part of the Belarusian collaborators was eliminated. The remaining supporters of «independence» after the end of World War II often continued their anti-Soviet activities during the cold war, actively cooperating with the special services of Western countries.

scholarly journals Ilyushin Il-2 in Archival and Architectural Manifestation of Historical Memory of the Great Patriotic War of 1941–45

2021 ◽  
pp. 1245-1256
Author(s):  
Anna V. Andreeva ◽  
◽  
Ludmila M. Artamonova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
On Line ◽  
Cultural Code ◽  
A Site

The article examines and compares archival documents from the Russian State Archive in Samara (RGA v g. Samara) and Monument to the Ilyushin Il-2 as components of the “site of commemoration,” which has become a part of historical and cultural code of the city. The example of perception of this national and local symbol of the war reveals features of and prospects for constructing historical memory; detailed written evidences, vivid visual images, large-scale architectural and urban planning solutions are used. The theoretical basis for the research is Maurice Halbwachs’ concept of “historical memory” and Pierre Nora’s “lieux de m?moire.” Russian and foreign scientists are developing these concepts within the frameworks of interdisciplinary “memory studies.” The important role in these studies belongs to historians. Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–45 became a backbone idea for our country. It gives meaning to the historical process in the 20th century, manifesting in numerous and various empirical data, events, and artifacts. The Ilyushin Il-2 became a significant “site of memory” in Samara for two reasons. Firstly, many documents on its creation are stored in the Russian State Archive in Samara and are available to researchers and constantly exhibited (on-line as well as real). Secondly, the Ilyushin Il-2 visually symbolizes Samara’s contribution to the Great Victory, as the aircraft, manufactured and restored here, became a center of the composition of the monument to military and labour glory of the citizens in the days of the Great Patriotic War. This monument was opened in 1973. Its last reconstruction was carried out in 2015–17 in order to preserve this unique historical relic. The aircraft-monument and written evidence on the history of its creation, destinies of inventors, production organizers, engineers, workers are situated not far from one other. The Constructor Ilyushin Square and the Memory Square, where the monument and the archive building stand, are connected by Moscow Avenue. It is not just a transport artery, but a pivot of historical memory uniting its documentary, material, and artistic incarnations into general cultural space, in which the Il-2 plays its important role as a "site of memory."

scholarly journals Legal policy of the third reich

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-195
Author(s):  
Evgenii A. Palamarchuk ◽  
Andrei Iu. Mordovtsev ◽  
Tatiana V. Mordovtseva ◽  
Sergei O. Shaliapin ◽  
Svetlana E Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Third Reich ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Legal Policy ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cognitive Context ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
German Nation ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Legal Policies

In the present study, an attempt was made to analyze the activities of "Lebensborn" (source of life), established under the auspices of SS reichsfuhrer G. Himmler, whose task was to fundamentally improve the racial characteristics of the German nation. The ultimate goal of this policy was the development of a flawless racial superman who was considered one of the most important factors in securing Nazi Germany's world domination. The Lebensborn phenomenon is considered in a broad cognitive context in the cognitive understanding of the mechanism for legitimizing Nazi legal policy, considering the characteristics of the legal and political culture of the Third Reich ideology. Using a wide range of archival documents, including the Lebensborn Charter, as well as research publications, the authors identified and analyzed the organization's main orientations and results. The special focus is on the creation in the third Reich of Lebensborn specialized parent houses, in addition, the second is considered in the context of the legitimacy of racial legal policies.

scholarly journals The “Liberating Germanisation” of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia: Documents and Facts

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Kantor
Keyword(s):  
Third Reich ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
Nazi Occupation ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
National Languages ◽  
Military Units ◽  
Second World

In many ways, the perception and comprehension of the Second World War form the basis for the historical self-identification of several generations. They are also a sphere of political manipulation. For instance, in the Baltic states, the Nazi occupation, interpreted as a means of “the liberation from the Soviets”, is a widespread ideologeme. Participation in military activities or service in the rear divisions under the swastika flag are interpreted as a “struggle for independence” there. Reference to archival documents about the actual plans, methods, and results of the leaders of the Third Reich as related to the Baltic states and their titular nations makes it possible to study the events that took place in the region between 1941 and 1944. The author refers to a collection of materials of the operational headquarters of Reichsleiter Rosenberg in Riga kept in the Latvian State Historical Archive (Latvijas Valsts Vēstures arhīvs), the documents of the “Riga Trial” kept the Central Archive of the FSB of Russia, and the most recent historiography. Special attention is paid to the actual plans of the Reich leaders concerning the process of granting Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia independence, the functioning of self-government, and the actions of the occupational authorities towards the national languages, cultures, and education of the “unpromising nations”, i. e. Lithuanians, Latvians, and Estonians. The article also examines the establishment of SS formations and other military units made up by representatives of the Baltic peoples and the economic aspects of Nazi policy in “Ostland”.

scholarly journals Place Renaming and German Policy-Making in Temporarily Occupied Soviet Territories

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-135
Author(s):  
Marina V. Datsishina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Cultural Appropriation ◽  
Nazi Ideology ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Western Border ◽  
Occupied Territories ◽  
National Socialists ◽  
The Third Reich

The article discusses the transfer of territory-remapping strategies by Nazi Germany from Europe to the occupied territories of the USSR, with a particular focus on place renaming. Measures concerning toponymy and onomastics were generally well-rooted in the policy of the Third Reich. In the year of 1942, as the German occupation zone in the Soviet Union reached its peak for the whole period of the war, specific guidelines for renaming were issued to secure the acclaimed territories. On the functional side, the guidelines were to eliminate confusion in the correspondence between administrative bodies of the occupied lands and their Berlin leadership. The author shows that each renaming decision could be due to several factors, but ultimately these were meant to contribute to further legal and cultural appropriation of the occupied territories and their subsequent Germanization. Renaming of places in the German way took different forms. Most commonly, it went through the integration of the Nazi ideology into the context of European and world history. The national socialists declared themselves heirs to Germany’s great past, the successors of its best traditions. The “Germanization” of place names in different occupation zones had different dynamics. Logically, the farther the occupied territories were from the Western border of the USSR, the fewer German names they featured. The article showcases how the “derussification” policy was used to disrupt the links with the Soviet past, to foster separatist tendencies, and ultimately to verbalize the expectations of a “blitzkrieg” victory. Renaming of toponymic objects also aimed to reduce the population’s resistance to occupation, as well as increase the loyalty to the occupiers. The paper builds on archival documents, the occupation press, eyewitness accounts.

scholarly journals d is for democracy?

MODOS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 338-355
Author(s):  
Nanne Buurman
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Fairy Tale ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Founding Fathers ◽  
German Art ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Level I ◽  
Nazi Past ◽  
The Cold War

As part of a larger study on documenta as a Haunted Exhibition, my article proposes a revision of the historiography produced by and about the recurring large-scale exhibition, founded 1955 in Kassel. By rehabilitating a selection of the modern abstract art that was ostracized in the ‘Third Reich’ as ‘Jewish-Bolshevist’ degeneration, the early documenta editions contributed to the construction of a binary historiographic fairy tale of ‘good’ (i.e. democratic) abstraction vs. ‘bad’ (i.e. totalitarian) realism, which has often been discussed with regard to US-American cultural politics of reeducation in Germany. Taking a closer look at the biographies of documenta’s founding fathers and the ‘Germanic’ genealogies of their historiographic practices, however, I seek to complicate this success story of documenta as an arbiter of democracy, whose makers were claiming a radical break with the Nazi past. Highlighting the show’s continuities with German nationalism before, during and after the Nationalist Socialist regime, both on an ideological and a personal level, I will argue that documenta not only served as a ‘weapon of the Cold War’, but also as a washing machine for German (art) history, including the biographies of its historians and curators, who thus managed to distract attention from their former Nazi associations by deploying abstraction as a detergent, whose capacity for political resignification allowed for its recuperation by different ideological regimes. The article traces the continuous attempts by a network of nationalist documenta co-founders to brand abstraction as something specifically German before, during and after the NS and discusses how this part of modern art’s history in Germany was largely overwritten by the general perception of an ‘Americanization' of abstraction after World War II.

“Aseev House” 1918–1921: “in a state of great neglect”

2020 ◽  
pp. 217-225
Author(s):  
Aleksander L. Avrekh
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Material Base ◽  
State University ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Red Tape ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The Revolution

We trace an episode illustrating the humanitarian component of the social cataclysm. On the basis of partially for the first time entered into scientific circulation archival documents, we consider destructive economic and cultural manifestations of the revolution period and civil war on the example of the city estate of M.V. Aseev which was in the beginning of the 20th century one of architectural and cultural dominants of the governorate center. After nationalization, it was assumed unrealized adaptation of the “House of Aseev” under the orphanage, which led to its actual abandonment. The transfer of the estate to the use of the emerging state university implied a dual purpose: the elimination of homelessness and the formation of the material base of the higher education institution, which can count on centralized funding. The development of the revolution into a large-scale civil war made it impossible to implement it. We trace the bureaucratic red tape with the transfer of the estate to the Agronomical faculty of Tambov State University, which lasted until the beginning of 1919, and increased the neglect of buildings and territory. The lack of funds at the disposal of the university and local authorities did not allow to stop the destruction of the estate. The data, which we give, characterize the increasing destruction – desolation of premises, land, water supply systems, heating, electricity, sewerage.

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