scholarly journals Experimental Work on Cold Starting Emission of CI Engine using Engine Waste Heat Energy

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 3708-3712
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Storage Device ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
Cold Starting ◽  
Smoke Opacity

In the present day, emission by internal combustion engines causes several problems like acid rain, depletion of ozone layer, and global warming for which it has become a prior concern. The hazards further increases during cold weather conditions. In this paper, emission analysis has been carried out using single cylinder, 4 stroke, direct injection and water cooled variable compression ratio diesel engine. A thermal energy storage device (TESD) containing phase changing material (PCM) has been designed and tested for storing the waste energy of cooling water from engine and reutilizing it for pre-heating. The working principle of TESD is based upon the principle of absorbing and rejecting heat during phase change of PCM material. The test condition is 15° C and 1 atm pressure at which, the experiments are carried out using TESD. A significant reduction in CO (23.72%), HC (2.03%) and smoke opacity (6.05%) after 900secs and an increase in engine temperature upto 61ºC after 840secs of engine running is observed.

Heating up trickling filters to tackle cold weather conditions

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Gebert ◽  
P.A. Wilderer
Keyword(s):  
Waste Heat ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Filling Material ◽  
Trickling Filter ◽  
Biofilm Thickness ◽  
Trickling Filters ◽  
Biofilm Support

The investigated effects of heating the filling material in trickling filters were carried out at the Ingolstadt wastewater treatment plant, Germany. Two pilot scale trickling filters were set up. Heat exchanger pipings were embedded in the filter media of one of these trickling filters, and the temperature in the trickling filter was raised. The other trickling filter was operated under normal temperature conditions, and was used as a control. The results clearly demonstrate that the performance of trickling filters cannot be constantly improved by heating the biofilm support media. A sustained increase of the metabolic rates did not occur. The decrease of the solubility of oxgen in water and mass transfer limitations caused by an increase of the biofilm thickness are the main reasons for that. Thus, the heating of trickling filters (e.g. by waste heat utilization) in order to increase the capacity of trickling filters under cold weather conditions cannot be recommended.

Viability of a Eutectic–Thermoelectric Fuel Conditioning System Concept for Diesel Engines

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Schriefer ◽  
Margaret B. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Heat Storage ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
System Model ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Storage Device ◽  
Latent Heat Storage ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Fuel Filter

Internal combustion engines, which run on hydrocarbon fuels, experience difficulty upon engine start-up in extreme cold weather. As ambient temperature decreases below the fuel cloud point and beyond, paraffin form in the fuel and eventually clog the fuel filter. This problem becomes more pronounced when the engine in question is a Diesel and the fuel utilized is biodiesel. As an alternative fuel source, biodiesel has many advantages; however its cold weather performance is worse than even conventional diesel fuel. As biodiesel becomes more integrated into the world’s energy usage, one of the systems within a Diesel engine requiring further investigation is its fuel conditioning system. This paper describes current research aimed at the development of a fuel conditioning system that utilizes several technologies while decreasing the amount of electrical energy required for operation. The system utilizes a eutectic-thermoelectric (E-TE) combination which consists of a eutectic compound based latent heat storage device with adjacent thermoelectric elements to transfer heat from within the engine into the fuel filter, thus diminishing the amount of electrical energy typically required for the fuel conditioning process. Simulations of the E-TE system are conducted while operating within three different modes (start-up, heat storage, and electrical energy generation), while a supervisory controller distinguishes between desired operational status. The research activities and findings reported within this paper include development of a representative E-TE system model which consists of several components including a set of control laws, and a supervisory system. Model development and preliminary results for the phase one model are discussed herein.

Vulnerability of sweet cherry cultivars to continuous periods of spring frosts in Plovdiv, Bulgaria

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-352
Author(s):  
S. Malchev ◽  
S. Savchovska
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Intermediate Group ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Group Form ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars

Abstract. The periods with continuous freezing air temperatures reported during the spring of 2020 (13 incidents) affected a wide range of local and introduced sweet cherry cultivars in the region of Plovdiv. They vary from -0.6°C on March 02 to -4.9°C on March 16-17. The duration of influence of the lowest temperatures is 6 and 12 hours between March 16 and 17. The inspection of fruit buds and flowers was conducted twice (on March 26 and April 08) at different phenological stages after continuous waves of cold weather conditions alternated with high temperatures. During the phenological phase ‘bud burst’ (tight cluster or BBCH 55) some of the flowers in the buds did not develop further making the damage hardly detectable. The most damaged are hybrid El.28-21 (95.00%), ‘Van’ (91.89%) and ‘Bing’ (89.41%) and from the next group ‘Lapins’ (85.98%) and ‘Rosita’ (83.33%). A larger intermediate group form ‘Kossara’ (81.67%), ‘Rozalina’ (76.00%), ‘Sunburst’ (75.00%), ‘Bigarreau Burlat’ (69.11%) and ‘Kuklenska belitza’ (66.67%). Candidate-cultivar El.17-90 ‘Asparuh’ has the lowest frost damage values of 55.00% and El.17-37 ‘Tzvetina’ with damage of 50.60%.

Nozzle for Oscillating Direct Injection in H2 Internal Combustion Engines

MTZ worldwide ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 42-45
Author(s):  
Bernhard Bobusch ◽  
Thomas Ebert ◽  
Anja Fink ◽  
Oliver Nett
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines

scholarly journals Combustion Thermodynamics of Ethanol, n-Heptane, and n-Butanol in a Rapid Compression Machine with a Dual Direct Injection (DDI) Supply System

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2729
Author(s):  
Ireneusz Pielecha ◽  
Sławomir Wierzbicki ◽  
Maciej Sidorowicz ◽  
Dariusz Pietras
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Rapid Compression Machine ◽  
Process Indicators ◽  
Rapid Compression

The development of internal combustion engines involves various new solutions, one of which is the use of dual-fuel systems. The diversity of technological solutions being developed determines the efficiency of such systems, as well as the possibility of reducing the emission of carbon dioxide and exhaust components into the atmosphere. An innovative double direct injection system was used as a method for forming a mixture in the combustion chamber. The tests were carried out with the use of gasoline, ethanol, n-heptane, and n-butanol during combustion in a model test engine—the rapid compression machine (RCM). The analyzed combustion process indicators included the cylinder pressure, pressure increase rate, heat release rate, and heat release value. Optical tests of the combustion process made it possible to analyze the flame development in the observed area of the combustion chamber. The conducted research and analyses resulted in the observation that it is possible to control the excess air ratio in the direct vicinity of the spark plug just before ignition. Such possibilities occur as a result of the properties of the injected fuels, which include different amounts of air required for their stoichiometric combustion. The studies of the combustion process have shown that the combustible mixtures consisting of gasoline with another fuel are characterized by greater combustion efficiency than the mixtures composed of only a single fuel type, and that the influence of the type of fuel used is significant for the combustion process and its indicator values.

scholarly journals Reduction of CO2 Emissions in Steelmaking by Means of Utilization of Steel Plant Waste Heat to Stabilize Seasonal Cooling Water Temperature

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 5957
Author(s):  
Tomas Mauder ◽  
Michal Brezina
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Casting ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Casting Process ◽  
Spray Cooling ◽  
Steel Plant ◽  
Cooling Water Temperature

Production of overall CO2 emissions has exhibited a significant reduction in almost every industry in the last decades. The steelmaking industry is still one of the most significant producers of CO2 emissions worldwide. The processes and facilities used at steel plants, such as the blast furnace and the electric arc furnace, generate a large amount of waste heat, which can be recovered and meaningfully used. Another way to reduce CO2 emissions is to reduce the number of low-quality steel products which, due to poor final quality, need to be scrapped. Steel product quality is strongly dependent on the continuous casting process where the molten steel is converted into solid semifinished products such as slabs, blooms, or billets. It was observed that the crack formation can be affected by the water cooling temperature used for spray cooling which varies during the year. Therefore, a proper determination of the cooling water temperature can prevent the occurrence of steel defects. The main idea is based on the utilization of the waste heat inside the steel plant for preheating the cooling water used for spray cooling in the Continuous Casting (CC) process in terms of water temperature stabilization. This approach can improve the quality of steel and contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The results show that, in the case of billet casting, a reduction in the cooling water consumption can be also reached. The presented tools for achieving these goals are based on laboratory experiments and on advanced numerical simulations of the casting process.

scholarly journals Decarbonization in Shipping Industry: A Review of Research, Technology Development, and Innovation Proposals

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 415
Author(s):  
George Mallouppas ◽  
Elias Ar. Yfantis
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Research Technology

This review paper examines the possible pathways and possible technologies available that will help the shipping sector achieve the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) deep decarbonization targets by 2050. There has been increased interest from important stakeholders regarding deep decarbonization, evidenced by market surveys conducted by Shell and Deloitte. However, deep decarbonization will require financial incentives and policies at an international and regional level given the maritime sector’s ~3% contribution to green house gas (GHG) emissions. The review paper, based on research articles and grey literature, discusses technoeconomic problems and/or benefits for technologies that will help the shipping sector achieve the IMO’s targets. The review presents a discussion on the recent literature regarding alternative fuels (nuclear, hydrogen, ammonia, methanol), renewable energy sources (biofuels, wind, solar), the maturity of technologies (fuel cells, internal combustion engines) as well as technical and operational strategies to reduce fuel consumption for new and existing ships (slow steaming, cleaning and coating, waste heat recovery, hull and propeller design). The IMO’s 2050 targets will be achieved via radical technology shift together with the aid of social pressure, financial incentives, regulatory and legislative reforms at the local, regional and international level.

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