scholarly journals E2-SCRP: An Energy Efficient Secure Clusterbased Routing Protocol for 3D Underwater Acoustic MANET (UWMANET)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2430-2442
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Buffer Size ◽  
Delivery Ratio

In the current years, Underwater Mobile Ad hoc Network (UWMANET) has emerged as an enthusiastic field for supporting disaster prevention applications (Climate and Weather Observation, Earthquakes in Ocean (Tsunamis), underwater level navigation and tracking). In UWMANET, conventional data transmission methods have certain drawbacks such as high energy consumption, packet loss rate and end-toend delay. Nowadays, mobile node i.e. Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) is widely used for data collection from underwater sensors, which act as a relay between sensor node and surface sink. Security is a significant issue in UWMANET, which is required for secure communications. In this paper, Energy Efficient Secure Cluster based Routing Protocol called E2 -SCRP is presented in 3D UWMANET environment. The qu-Vanstone based Elliptic Curve Cryptography (qV-ECC) based short-term public key generation scheme is proposed for sensor node authentication. To reduce energy consumption, layer based clustering algorithm is proposed using Type-2 Fuzzy Logic System (T2fls) where Trust value, Distance between neighbors, Relative mobility and Node buffer size for cluster head (CH) election are considered. Next step is to execute two different security schemes based on Event Management. For event occurred clusters, Ciphertext Stealing Technique (CST) is used to resolve the ciphertext expansion problem. For normal data transmission, Lightweight Digital Watermarking (LDW) with Firefly algorithm is proposed. Optimal route for data transmission is executed by Pigeons Swarm Optimization (PiSO) and the forward to sink node via Adjacent AUV. Experiments conducted using NS3 (3.26) and the performance is evaluated for several metrics include packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, end-to-end delay, security strength, and throughput

scholarly journals Energy-efficient hierarchical routing in wireless sensor networks based on Fog Computing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ademola Abidoye ◽  
Boniface Kabaso
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Fog Computing ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Hierarchical Routing

Abstract Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been recognized as one of the most essential technologies of the 21st century. The applications of WSNs are rapidly increasing in almost every sector because they can be deployed in areas where cable and power supply are difficult to use. In the literature, different methods have been proposed to minimize energy consumption of sensor nodes so as to prolong WSNs utilization. In this article, we propose an efficient routing protocol for data transmission in WSNs; it is called Energy-Efficient Hierarchical routing protocol for wireless sensor networks based on Fog Computing (EEHFC). Fog computing is integrated into the proposed scheme due to its capability to optimize the limited power source of WSNs and its ability to scale up to the requirements of the Internet of Things applications. In addition, we propose an improved ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm that can be used to construct optimal path for efficient data transmission for sensor nodes. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated in comparison with P-SEP, EDCF, and RABACO schemes. The results of the simulations show that the proposed approach can minimize sensor nodes’ energy consumption, data packet losses and extends the network lifetime

scholarly journals IESDAD :improved energy efficient structure- free data aggregation and delivery protocol in WSN

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.27) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Avneet Kaur ◽  
Neeraj Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Data Aggregation ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Gateway Node ◽  
Free Data

The wireless sensor is deployed to sense large amount of data from the far places. With the large deployment of the sensor networks, it faces major issues like energy consumption, dynamic routing and security. The Energy efficient structure-free data aggregation and delivery (ESDAD) is the protocol which is hierarchal in nature. The ESDAD protocol can be further improved to increase lifetime of wireless sensor networks. The base station localizes the position of each sensor node and defines level of each node for the data transmission. In the ESDAD protocol, the next hop node is selected based on cost function for the data transmission. In this research work, improved in ESDAD protocol is proposed in which gateway nodes are deployed after each level for the data transmission. The sensor node will sense the information and transmit it to gateway node. The gateway node aggregates data to the base station and simulation results show that improved ESDAD protocol performs well in terms of energy consumption and number of throughput. 

Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol on Mobile Sink in Wireless Sensor Network

2013 ◽  
Vol 787 ◽  
pp. 1050-1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Gui Lin ◽  
Hui Qi Zhang ◽  
Xu Yang Wang ◽  
Fang Qin Yao ◽  
Zhen Xing Chen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Mobile Sink ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing ◽  
Simulation Results

To the disadvantages, such as high energy consumption and the energy consumption imbalance, we proposed an energy-efficient routing protocol on mobile sink (MSEERP) in this paper. In the MSEERP, the network is divided into several square virtual grids based on GAF, each grid is called a cluster, and the cluster head election method of GAF is improved. In addition, the MSEERP introduces a mobile sink in the network, the sink radios in limited number of hops and uses control moving strategy, namely the sink does not collect the information until it moves to a cluster with highest residual energy. We applied NS2 to evaluate its performance and analyze the simulation results by the energy model. Simulation results show that the MSEERP balances the energy consumption of the network, saves nodes energy and extends the network lifetime.

scholarly journals Confidence-based Security System for Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 2212-2218
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Node Mobility ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Distance Vector ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less network of wireless nodes. The network topology may change quickly with respect to time, due to node mobility. The network is a disintegrated network, activities such as delivering messages by determining the topology essential to be implemented by the nodes themselves i.e., the routing activity will be unified into mobile nodes. Due to the lack of centralized administration in multihop routing and open environment, MANET’s are susceptible to attacks by compromised nodes; hence, to provide security also energy efficiency is a crucial issue. So as to decrease the hazards of malicious nodes and resolve energy consumption issues, a simple confidence-based protocol is built to evaluate neighbor’s behaviour using forwarding factors. The reactive Ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing protocol (AOMDV), is extended and confidence-based Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (CBAOMDV) protocol, is implemented for MANET. This implemented protocol is able to find multiple routes in one route discovery. These routes are calculated by confidence values and hop counts. From there, the shortest path is selected which fulfills the requirements of data packets for reliability on confidence. Several experimentations have been directed to relate AOMDV and CBAOMDV protocols and the outcomes show that CBAOMDV advances throughput, packet delivery ratio, normalized routing load, and average energy consumption.

scholarly journals Modified Energy Efficient with ACO Routing Protocol for MANET

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1739-1745
Author(s):  
Uppalapati Srilakshmi, Et. al.
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Path Selection ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Military Applications ◽  
Optimum Path ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
The Military

Due to the specific design of the network upon the requirements of the demands as well as the situation at which the setting up of a physical network is impossible, a significant role is played by mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) in the applications of military. Various critical tasks like robust & dynamic military workstations, devices as well as smaller sub-networks within the battle field are handled by the presented network type controls the infrastructure less communication. A highly demand of the efficient routing protocol’s design is existing which ensures safety as well as reliability to transmit the extremely vulnerable as well as the secret military data within the defense networks. The designing of an energy efficient layer routing protocol within the network on behalf of the military applications is done in this method and the simulation is done with the help of a novel cross layer approach of design for increasing the reliability as well as the lifetime of the network. However, the optimum path selection is not allowed by PDO-AODV technique. Therefore, a novel ACO-DAEE (Ant colony optimization with delay aware energy efficient) to select an optimum path as well as to mitigate the delay time within the network system is proposed. Maintaining the optimum paths within the network while transmitting the data effectively is the major objective. With respect to packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, and throughput, it is indicated by the simulation outputs that the performance of ACO-ADEE is quite good. The efficiency of this technique is verified in the simulation outcomes using NS2 software.

scholarly journals Multi-Token Based MAC-Cum-Routing Protocol for WSN: A Distributed Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhasis Dash ◽  
Saras Kumar ◽  
Manas Ranjan Lenka ◽  
Amulya Ratna Swain
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Data Delivery ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
End To End

A wireless sensor network is a collection of batterypowered sensor nodes distributed in a geographical area. Inmany applications, such networks are left unattended for along period of time. These networks suffer from the problemslike high energy consumption, high latency time, and end- to-end low packet delivery ratio. To design a protocol that findsa trade-off between these problems is a challenging task. Inorder to mitigate energy consumption issue, different existingMedia Access Control (MAC) protocols such as S-MAC, RMAC,HEMAC, and Congestion-less Single Token MAC protocols havebeen proposed which ensure better packet delivery but fail toensure energy efficiency due to high end-to-end latency. Theproblem of high end-to-end latency is resolved with the existingrouting protocols such as Fault Tolerant Multilevel Routingprotocol (FMS)and Enhanced Tree Routing (ETR) protocol.AS2-MAC and Multi Token based MAC protocol are able toimprove the end-to-end packet delivery ratio. However, thehierarchical network structure used in these protocols increasestime and energy consumption during network reconstruction.This problem was further resolved in Distributed HierarchicalStructure Routing protocol by constructing the network structurein a distributed manner. In all these existing protocols, efficienttoken management and reliable data delivery ratio was notproperly addressed, which in turn consume more energy. So,it is clear that MAC and routing protocols both together cangive better results related to data transmission in WSN. Inorder to achieve the same, in this paper, we propose a reliabledata transmission algorithm that satisfies both routing and MACprotocol to improve the end-to-end data delivery. The proposedprotocol uses different control message exchange that ensures datapacket delivery in each individual levels and it ultimately uses oftokens to ensure reliable data transmission along with reducedtraffic congestion during end-to-end data delivery. The algorithmconsiderably improves the packet delivery ratio along with reduceenergy consumption of each sensor node. Simulation studies ofthe proposed approach have been carried out and its performancehas been compared with the Multi Token based MAC protocol,AS-MAC protocol and ETR routing protocol. The experimentalresults based on simulation confirms that the proposed approachhas a higher data packet delivery ratio.

scholarly journals Novel Vector based Forwarding Protocol and Efficient Depth based Routing Protocol Acoustic Underwater Wireless Sensor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Thiagarajan ◽  
V. Balajivijayan ◽  
R. Krishnamoorthy ◽  
I. Mohan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing ◽  
Acoustic Channel

Abstract Underwater Wireless Sensor Network offers broad coverage of low data rate acoustic sensor networks, scalability and energy saving routing protocols. Moreover the major problem in underwater networks is energy consumption, which arises due to lower bandwidth and propagation delays. An underwater wireless sensor network frequently employs acoustic channel communications since radio signals not worked in deep water. The transmission of data packets and energy-efficient routing are constraints for the unique characteristics of underwater. The challenging issue is an efficient routing protocol for UWSNs. Routing protocols take advantage of localization sensor nodes. Many routing protocols have been proposed for sensing nodes through a localization process. Here we proposed a Novel vector-based forwarding and efficient depth-based routing protocol. The proposed novel vector-based forwarding provides robust, scalable, and energy-efficient routing. It easily transfers nodes from source to destination. It adopts the localized and distributed alternation that allows nodes to weigh transferring packets and decreases energy consumption and provides better optimal paths. Efficient depth-based routing is a stochastic model that will succeed in a high transmission loss of the acoustic channel. The simulation was used to compare the energy consumption, network lifetime in the form of depth-based routing, delivery ratio, and vector-based forwarding to prove the optimal route finding paths and data transmission propagation delay.

scholarly journals Proposition and Real-Time Implementation of an Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for a Software Defined Wireless Sensor Network

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 2739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Usman Younus ◽  
Saif ul Islam ◽  
Sung Won Kim
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Energy Aware

A wireless sensor network (WSN) has achieved significant importance in tracking different physical or environmental conditions using wireless sensor nodes. Such types of networks are used in various applications including smart cities, smart building, military target tracking and surveillance, natural disaster relief, and smart homes. However, the limited power capacity of sensor nodes is considered a major issue that hampers the performance of a WSN. A plethora of research has been conducted to reduce the energy consumption of sensor nodes in traditional WSN, however the limited functional capability of such networks is the main constraint in designing sophisticated and dynamic solutions. Given this, software defined networking (SDN) has revolutionized traditional networks by providing a programmable and flexible framework. Therefore, SDN concepts can be utilized in designing energy-efficient WSN solutions. In this paper, we exploit SDN capabilities to conserve energy consumption in a traditional WSN. To achieve this, an energy-aware multihop routing protocol (named EASDN) is proposed for software defined wireless sensor network (SDWSN). The proposed protocol is evaluated in a real environment. For this purpose, a test bed is developed using Raspberry Pi. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm exhibits promising results in terms of network lifetime, average energy consumption, the packet delivery ratio, and average delay in comparison to an existing energy efficient routing protocol for SDWSN and a traditional source routing algorithm.

scholarly journals An Energy Efficient Routing Protocol Based on Layers and Unequal Clusters in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Zhu ◽  
Junfang Wei
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing ◽  
Unequal Cluster

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have drawn tremendous attentions from all fields because of their wide application. Underwater wireless sensor networks are similar to terrestrial Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), however, due to different working environment and communication medium, UWSNs have many unique characteristics such as high bit error rate, long end-to-end delay and low bandwidth. These characteristics of UWSNs lead to many problems such as retransmission, high energy consumption and low reliability. To solve these problems, many routing protocols for UWSNs are proposed. In this paper, a localization-free routing protocol, named energy efficient routing protocol based on layers and unequal clusters (EERBLC) is proposed. EERBLC protocol consists of three phases: layer and unequal cluster formation, transmission routing, maintenance and update of clusters. In the first phase, the monitoring area under the water is divided into layers, the nodes in the same layer are clustered. For balancing energy of the whole network and avoiding the “hotspot” problem, a novel unequal clustering method based on layers for UWSNs is proposed, in which a new calculation method of unequal cluster size is presented. Meanwhile, a new cluster head selection mechanism based on energy balance and degree is given. In the transmission phase, EERBLC protocol proposes a novel next forwarder selection method based on the forwarding ratio and the residual energy. In the third phase, Intra and inter cluster updating method is presented. The simulation results show that the EERBLC can effectively balance the energy consumption, prolong the network lifetime, and increase the amount of data transmission compared with DBR and EEDBR protocols.

Analysis of EMCA, EFNR and HEFRN Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks

2014 ◽  
Vol 550 ◽  
pp. 102-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Karpagam ◽  
N. Nagarajan ◽  
J. Abiramiathavi ◽  
K. Vijaipriya
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Relay Node ◽  
Mobile Sink ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Node Routing

One of the main challenges of wireless sensor network is maximization of the lifetime of the sensor node. Since the energy efficiency determines the lifetime of a sensor node, power consumption of the sensing device should be minimized. To conserve power, sensor node should shut off the power supply when not in use. In this paper, we analyze the performance of energy efficient algorithms namely enhanced fault node regaining (EFNR) algorithm, energy – efficient mobile-sink clustering algorithm (EMCA) and a relay node routing technique to High Energy First (HEFRN) clustering algorithm.

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