scholarly journals Stresses in Fly Ash Brick using Different Proportion of Lime, Cement, Gypsum, Sand and Stone Dust

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 4288-4292
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Initial Rate ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Dead Load ◽  
Brick Clay ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Stone Dust ◽  
Rate Of Absorption

The dead load of any structure varies depending on the type of bricks and its weight. Due to the increased numbers of high rise buildings, lighter materials than normal clay bricks are preferred. Fly-ash bricks are more popular presently since it weighs 28% less than clay bricks as well as shows higher strength .The strength is higher by 25% than commonly available bricks. Besides strength other characteristics such as absorption capacity, modulus of rupture, initial rate of absorption, durability and bond strength. The values thus obtained from the test shows excellent results as compared to that of brick clay. The latest type of bricks has been given the name fly-ash bricks. The key objective of the paper is to study the strength of fly ash brick using different material proportion and also to improve the compressive stress and also to determine the durability along with stability of the bricks.

Properties Improvement of Fired Clay Bricks Incorporating with Cigarette Butts

2012 ◽  
Vol 535-537 ◽  
pp. 1723-1730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aeslina binti Abdul Kadir ◽  
Abbas Mohajerani
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Steel Fibre ◽  
Initial Rate ◽  
Mixing Time ◽  
Toxic Waste ◽  
Mixing Times ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Cigarette Butts ◽  
Rate Of Absorption ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Characteristics

Although small in size, indiscriminate littering of cigarette butts (CBs) can cause serious environmental impact. Several trillion cigarettes produced worldwide annually lead to thousands of kilograms of toxic waste. CBs accumulate in the environment due to the poor biodegradability of the cellulose acetate filters and, in doing so, they have become the most common litter item on our planet. This paper presents some of the results from a continuing study on recycling CBs into fired clay bricks. Physico-mechanical properties of fired clay bricks manufactured with different percentages of CBs (2.5%, 5% and 10%) and also of control brick samples are reported and discussed. To improve the properties, three different mixing times were tested with 7.5% of CBs incorporated in clay bricks, specifically at 15 minutes, 10 minutes and 5 minutes respectively. The impacts of these changes on physical and mechanical characteristics were evaluated. With 15 minutes mixing time, the measurement increased up to 114% and 12% for strength and density respectively compared to 5 minutes mixing time. On the other hand, values for water absorption, initial rate of absorption and tensile strength decreased by 22%, 29% and 5% respectively. Microstructure analyses of CB bricks were also investigated using ESEM. Attempts were also made to improve the properties by incorporating 3% of steel fibre into CB brick samples. Nevertheless, the addition of the steel fibre did not significantly improve the properties or the appearance of the manufactured samples.

scholarly journals Recycling of Cigarette Butts in Fired Clay Bricks: A New Laboratory Investigation

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halenur Kurmus ◽  
Abbas Mohajerani
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Initial Rate ◽  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Toxic Waste ◽  
Firing Process ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Cigarette Butts ◽  
The World ◽  
Rate Of Absorption

Cigarette butts (CBs) are the most commonly littered waste material in the world. It is estimated that over 5.7 trillion cigarettes are consumed worldwide each year. Consequently, millions of tonnes of highly toxic waste are contaminating the environment. CBs are composed of cellulose acetate filters—a polymer with poor biodegradability—and which, depending upon the environmental conditions, can take many years to decompose. In this study, fired clay bricks were manufactured with 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% CBs by mass and tested against control bricks with 0% CBs. The results revealed a decrease in compressive strength from 48.6 MPa for 0% CB content bricks to 30.8 MPa for 1% CB content bricks, and a decrease in dry density with the increase in CB content, from 2114 kg/m3 for the control bricks to 1983 kg/m3 and 1969 kg/m3 for 1% and 2% CB content bricks. The highest value of water absorption appeared for 2% CB content bricks, which reached an absorption rate of 13.1% compared to 9% for the control bricks. The energy required during the firing process was calculated with a saving of up to 10.20%, for bricks incorporating 1% CBs. The thermal conductivity of the samples showed a reduction of 17% from 1.078 to 0.898 W m−1·K−1 with the addition of 1% CBs. In addition, the manufactured bricks were tested for efflorescence, an initial rate of absorption (IRA), microstructural analysis, and shrinkage. A life-cycle assessment (LCA) is recommended to analyze the environmental impacts of bricks incorporating CBs.

scholarly journals PERFORMANCE OF SUSTAINABLE GREEN CONCRETE INCORPORATED WITH FLY ASH, RICE HUSK ASH, AND STONE DUST

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 279-291
Author(s):  
Ayesha Siddika ◽  
Md. Ruhul Amin ◽  
Md. Abu Rayhan ◽  
Md. Saidul Islam ◽  
Md. Abdullah Al Mamun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Shear Cracks ◽  
Green Concrete ◽  
Sustainable Concrete ◽  
Stone Dust

The performance of a sustainable green concrete with fly ash (FA), rice husk ash (RHA), and stone dust (SD) as a partial replacement of cement and sand was experimentally explored. FA and RHA have a high silica content, are highly pozzolanic in nature and have a high surface area without any treatment. These by-products show filler effects, which enhance concrete’s density. Results showed that the FA and RHA materials have good hydration behaviour and effectively develop strength at an early age of concrete. SD acts as a stress transferring medium within concrete, thereby allowing the concrete to be stronger in compression, and bending. Consequently, water absorption capacity of the sustainable concrete was lower than that of the ordinary one. However, a little reduction in strength was observed after the replacement of the binder and aggregate using the FA, RHA and SD, but the reduction was insignificant. The reinforced structure with sustainable concrete containing the FA, RHA, and SD generally fails in concrete crushing tests initiated by flexural cracking followed by shear cracks. The sustainable concrete could be categorized as a perfect material with no significant conciliation in strength properties and can be applied to design under-reinforced elements for a low-to-moderate service load.

scholarly journals Recycling Crushed Waste Beer Bottle Glass in Fired Clay Bricks

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 483
Author(s):  
Yuecheng Xin ◽  
Halenur Kurmus ◽  
Abbas Mohajerani ◽  
Yasmin Dallol ◽  
Yunsha Lao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Firing Temperature ◽  
Initial Rate ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Waste Glass ◽  
Glass Cullet ◽  
Glass Waste ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Rate Of Absorption ◽  
Recycling Techniques ◽  
Control Samples

Waste glass is a readily available domestic material. Each year, around 257,000 tonnes of glass waste are produced in Victoria, and the majority is glass packings. Typically, mixed waste glass cullet is deposited in landfills due to the limited recycling techniques. As a result, landfills are facing a growing issue. Therefore, this study investigates the addition of waste beer bottle glass (BG) in fired clay bricks and examines the effects of varying firing temperatures on the physical and mechanical properties of the manufactured samples. Clay bricks containing 10% BG at a firing temperature of 950 °C depicted similar compressive strength results (41 MPa) to the control samples (42 MPa). The results of all tested bricks were found to be below the water absorption limit of 17%. The thermal conductivity of the bricks incorporating BG was investigated, and it was found that the thermal performance improved with the decreasing firing temperature. Moreover, an initial rate of absorption (IRA), XRD, and XRF analysis was conducted. The experimental results have been discussed and compared with the recommended acceptable properties for standard bricks.

scholarly journals Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Stabilized Soil in Pavements

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 2349-2351
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Coal Ash ◽  
Ultimate Bearing Capacity ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Base Layer ◽  
Plate Load Test ◽  
Rubber Powder ◽  
Stone Dust ◽  
Stabilized Soil

This paper discusses the Ultimate Bearing Capacity of a stabilized soil by using the fly ash, stone dust and rubber powder for design of a pavement. This paper will help in utilization of locally available waste materials to reuse in the subbase and subgrade layers of pavement. Rubber powder is a waste byproduct generated from the recycling of tires, and is not so easy for degradable, and hence leads to release of harmful gases when it tends to burn. Stone dust is a locally available waste generated product from quarries. The generation of stone dust is increasing day to day in large quantity. The huge quantity of stone dust storage amount will affect the quality of soil. Fly ash is waste combusted coal ash powder generated from the steamers of coal boilers with the burning of fuel gases together. In the sub grade layer the soil is mixed in different proportions with stone dust for hard foundation. In the sub base layer the soil is stabilized with the combination of rubber powder and fly ash. When the rubber powder and fly ash, mixed with water for compaction generates a bond between the soil particles to settle the air fields. In this paper various percentages of rubber powder, stone dust and fly ash with different samples for pavement is layered, and after that plate load test is conducted upon it.

scholarly journals The Effects of Sintering Temperature and Agro Wastes on the Properties of Insulation Bricks

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-119
Author(s):  
H.E. Mgbemere ◽  
E.O. Obidiegwu ◽  
A.U. Ubong
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Cold Crushing Strength ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
Ball Clay

In this research, kaolin, ball clay, sawdust and rice husk were used to produce insulation bricks through the solid state synthesis method. Two temperatures, 1100oC and 1200oC were used to sinter the green samples. X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, compressive strength tests etc. were used to analyse the properties of the produced bricks. Chemical composition analysis on the starting raw materials showed that SiO2 and Al2O3 were the major constituents while Fe2O3, Na2O, K2O and TiO2 were the minor constituents. As the amounts of kaolin used in preparing the samples decrease, the bulk density, modulus of rupture and cold crushing strength of the bricks decreases while the water absorption capacity, linear shrinkage increases. The thermal analysis showed that on heating the samples, the reactions were mainly exothermic with between 8 to 10 mW/mg of heat released. The morphology of the samples showed that the pores began to collapse when the amount of kaolin present is below 70 wt. %. Sintering the samples at 1100oC and 1200oC led to slightly different values in the results and is therefore very significant. Keywords: Insulation bricks, Kaolin, sawdust, rice husk, temperature effects

Evaluation of characteristics of fly ash-reinforced clay bricks as building material

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 530-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harjinder Singh ◽  
GS Brar ◽  
GS Mudahar
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Excellent Performance ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Effective Utilization ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Filling Ability ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Reinforced Clay

The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the technical possibilities of incorporating fly ash in clay bricks to produce an industry-acceptable bricks. The effect of fly ash with high replacing ratio from (0% to 50%) of clay on properties of bricks was analyzed. The tests of bulk density, porosity, water absorption, compressive strength, and flexural strength were conducted in accordance with relevant Indian standards in order to estimate the effect of the fly ash content on the performance of the hardened bricks. Novel lightweight bricks have been produced by sintering mixes of fly ash and clay. The results show that fly ash addition up to 50% (in weight) can be beneficial for properties of sintered bricks at temperature 1000°C. Test results revealed that the combined use of clay and fly ash exhibited excellent performance due to efficient micro-filling ability and pozzolanic activity. These bricks give better compressive strength with additional advantage of being lightweight and more environmentally friendly. Effective utilization of fly ash additive is not only for conservation of natural clay resources but also an alternative solution to difficult and expensive waste disposal problems.

Utilization of Fly Ash in the Synthesis of Refractory Forsterite-Spinel Ceramics

2021 ◽  
Vol 321 ◽  
pp. 131-140
Author(s):  
Martin Nguyen ◽  
Radomír Sokolař
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Thermal Shock ◽  
Thermal Shock Resistance ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Linear Thermal Expansion ◽  
Aluminium Oxide ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Shock Resistance

Forsterite refractory ceramics is utilized in the metallurgical and cement industries as a lining of metallurgical furnaces and rotary kilns for its high refractoriness up to 1850°C and refractoriness under load above 1600°C. Another significant property of forsterite is its coefficient of linear thermal expansion utilized in the electrotechnical industry for ceramic-metal joints. Addition of aluminium oxide into the raw material mixture results in creation of magnesium-alumina spinel (MgO·Al2O3) which improves sintering, thermal shock resistance and mechanical properties in comparison with pure forsterite ceramics. Inexpensive source of aluminium oxide is fly ash. Utilization of fly ash, secondary energetic product of coal-burning power plants, is important for the environment and sustainable development. This paper evaluated properties of fly ash-based forsterite-spinel ceramics in comparison with alumina-based forsterite-spinel ceramics. Forsterite-spinel ceramics was synthesized from olivine, calcined magnesite and fly ash/alumina powders. XRD analysis was used to determine mineralogical composition, thermal analyses were used to determine the behaviour during firing and scanning electron microscopy to determine the morphology of crystal phases. Refractoriness of pyrometric cones, refractoriness under load, thermal shock resistance, coefficient of linear thermal expansion, water absorption, porosity and modulus of rupture were also determined on fired test samples.

scholarly journals Characterizing the Performance of Ternary Concrete Mixtures Involving Slag and Metakaolin

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Sullivan ◽  
Mi G. Chorzepa ◽  
Stephan A. Durham
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Drying Shrinkage ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Ternary Blends

Ternary blends of cementitious materials are investigated. A cement replacement level of 45% is used for all ternary mixtures consisting of 15% metakaolin and 30% slag replacements. Three metakaolin and two blast furnace slag, referred to as ‘slag’ for short, products commercially available are used to compare performance in ternary blends. A mixture with a 45% fly ash replacement is included to serve as a benchmark for performance. The control mixture contains 422 kg of cement per cubic meter of concrete, and a water-to-cementitious material ratio of 0.43 is used for all mixtures with varying dosages of superplasticizer to retain workability. Mixtures are tested for mechanical properties, durability, and volumetric stability. Mechanical properties include compression, split-cylinder tension, modulus of rupture, and dynamic Young’s modulus. Durability measures are comprised of rapid chloride-ion penetrability, sulfate resistance, and alkali–silica reactivity. Finally, the measure of dimensional stability is assessed by conducting drying shrinkage and coefficient of thermal expansion tests. Results indicate that ternary mixtures including metakaolin perform similarly to the control with respect to mechanical strength. It is concluded that ternary blends perform significantly better than both control and fly ash benchmark in tests measuring durability. Furthermore, shrinkage is reduced while the coefficients of thermal expansion are slightly higher than control and the benchmark.

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