Reactive Extraction of Levulinic Acid using Tri-n-octylamine in 1-Octanol: Equilibria and Effect of pH

Reactive extraction is a sophisticated separation technique used for the recovery of carboxylic acids from fermentation broth. Levulinic acid is a versatile chemical. A right combination of extractant and diluent will provide a high yield. The reactive extraction of levulinic acid from aqueous solution with tri-n-octylamine (TOA) dissolved in 1-octanol was investigated at room temperature. The effect of pH was studied. From the physical and chemical equilibrium experimental results, the distribution coefficient (KD), extraction efficiency (E%), loading ratio (Z), stoichiometric loading factor (ZS) and modified separation factor (Sf ) are calculated. It was found that physical extraction provided less yield compared to chemical extraction. A maximum KD was obtained as 5.248 using 40% TOA (0.9059 mol/L) while 83.99 % of the levulinic acid was extracted. By increasing the initial concentration of levulinic acid increased the concentration of levulinic acid in both the organic phase and aqueous phase. As the concentration of TOA increases from 10 to 40 % (0.2264 mol/L to 0.9059 mol/L), the distribution coefficient and extraction efficiency also increase. By increasing the pH from 3 to 7, the distribution coefficient and extraction efficiency were drastically affected.

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Reactive Extraction of levulinic acid using tri-n-Octylamine in 1-hexanol

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology - Regular Issue ◽

10.35940/ijeat.b5102.129219 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 4534-4539

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solution ◽

Levulinic Acid ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Extraction Efficiency ◽

Reactive Extraction ◽

Chemical Extraction ◽

Initial Concentration ◽

Equilibrium Data ◽

Loading Ratio ◽

Physical And Chemical

Reactive extraction of levulinic acid using trin-octylamine (TOA) in 1-hexanol was investigated by physical and chemical extractions from aqueous solution at room temperature. Using the equilibrium data, the distribution coefficient (KD), extraction efficiency (E%), loading ratio (Z), stoichiometric loading factor (ZS) and modified separation factor (Sf ) are evaluated. It was observed that chemical extraction provided a better yield than physical extraction. A maximum KD was obtained as 10.715 using 40% TOA (0.9059 mol/L) while 91.46% of the levulinic acid was extracted. By increasing the initial concentration of levulinic acid resulted in a decrease of KD and E%. The KD and E% increased by increasing the TOA concentration from 10 to 40% (0.2264 mol/L to 0.9059 mol/L).

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Equilibrium & kinetic studies of reactive extraction of trans-aconitic acid using sunflower oil with tri-n-octylamine

International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering ◽

10.1515/ijcre-2021-0107 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Rajesh Nimmakayala ◽

Dharm Pal ◽

Dhananjay Singh ◽

Abhinesh Kumar Prajapati

Keyword(s):

Sunflower Oil ◽

Fermentation Broth ◽

Kinetic Studies ◽

Reactive Extraction ◽

Equilibrium Studies ◽

Aconitic Acid ◽

Equilibrium And Kinetics ◽

Loading Ratio ◽

Stirred Cell ◽

Complex Formations

Abstract In order to design an efficient extraction system for the separation of biochemically produced trans-aconitic acid (TAH) from fermentation broth; equilibrium and kinetics of reactive extraction of TAH from aqueous solutions was investigated using tri-n-octylamine (TOA) as an extractant and sunflower oil as a diluent. Through the equilibrium studies stoichiometry (acid, extractant) of complex formations was determined with the help of loading ratio. Formation of (1, 1), (2, 1), & (3, 1) stoichiometry complexes were observed having complexation constants values 179.73 kmol−1 m3, 9512.58 kmol−2 m6, and 614,407.02 kmol−3 m9, respectively. Kinetics experiments were performed in Lewis type stirred cell and results confirmed that reaction between TAH and TOA in sunflower oil fall in regime 1, i.e. slow reaction occurring in bulk organic phase. The overall order of reaction is pseudo first order with rate constant (K mn ) 1.78 × 10−5 (kmol m−3)−0.71 s−1 and physical mass transfer coefficient (K l ) 4.22 × 10−5 m s−1.

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Statistical Optimization of Lactic Acid Extraction Using Green Solvent and Mixed Extractants (TOA and TOMAC)

Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin ◽

10.3329/cerb.v21i1.47369 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 20-35

Author(s):

Anil Kumar ◽

Avinash Thakur

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Distribution Coefficient ◽

Process Parameters ◽

Chemical Engineering ◽

Fermentation Broth ◽

Mutual Effect ◽

Reactive Extraction ◽

Acid Extraction ◽

Green Solvent ◽

Separation And Purification

Since some previous years, reactive extraction has become more attractive and competitive technique for the separation and purification of lower carboxylic acids from fermentation broth as well as from dilute aqueous streams. This paper shows the results of investigation of reactive extraction of lactic acid (LA) from an aqueous solution using the synergistic mixture of the extractants (TOA (tri-n-octylamine) and TOMAC (Tri-n-octylmethylammonium chloride)) and a non-toxic and biocompatible green solvent (soybean oil). Three-level Box-Behnken design (BBD) under response surface methodology (RSM) was opted for the experimental design and to interpret the mutual effect of seven independent process parameters on the LA distribution coefficient (KD). The maximum values of LA distribution coefficient (KD=2.51) and its extraction efficiency (ηη=71.5%) were obtained for the optimum values of various process parameters such as 0.02 [M] initial LA concentration (CC1), 0.5 (v/v) extractant ratio (α), 28.66% (v/v) mixed extractants concentration (ψ), 2 (v/v) phase ratio (φ), 270C temperature (T), 102 rpm stirring speed (ω), and 63 mincontact time (τ). This present investigation will provide a noble discussion on LA reactive extraction using green solvent and on various influencing process parameters for gaining the enhanced value of LA distribution coefficient (KD). Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2019) 20-35

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Perspective of Reactive Separation of Levulinic Acid in Conceptual Mixer Settler Reactor

10.21203/rs.3.rs-759628/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Anuj Kumar ◽

Anjali Ingle ◽

Diwakar Z. Shende ◽

Kailas Wasewar

Keyword(s):

Environmental Pollution ◽

Equilibrium Constant ◽

Industrial Waste ◽

Levulinic Acid ◽

Extraction Efficiency ◽

Waste Material ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Mass Action ◽

Synthesis Process ◽

Loading Ratio

Abstract Many industries are using directly biomass as a raw material for the production of valuable biochemicals. These are used different toxic chemicals such as sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, etc. as a catalyst during the production of biochemicals and exit downstream waste material and create environmental pollution. Therefore, downstream waste material separation is important for decrease environmental pollution. Levulinic acid is a carboxylic acid which can be present downstream of industrial waste. It is a very important chemical and can be transformed into different important chemicals such as 1–4 pentanediol, aminolevulinic acid, succinic acid, gamma valarolactone, hydoxyvaleric acid, diphenolic acid, etc. It is considered in the top ten important and bio-derived acids. Levulinic acid can be directly produced from biomass through chemical synthesis and fermentation processes at industrial and lab scales. The synthesis process produces the char whereas the fermentation process produces wastes during the production of levulinic acid, thus increasing the production cost and industrial waste downstream. The separation of levulinic acid from the waste is costly and challenging. In this study, reactive extraction was employed with TOA in i-octanol for the separation of levulinic acid. The experimental results have been expressed in various performance parameters like distribution coefficient (0.099–6.14), extraction efficiency (9–86%), loading ratio (0.09–0.7), and equilibrium constant (11.34–1.05). The mass action law model was also been applied and found the predicted value close with the experimental results. The mixer settler extraction in the series was used to achieve more than 98% separations of acid. Further, the conceptual approach for levulinic acid separation using mixer-settler reactor scheme is discussed and presented various design parameters including extraction efficiency, diffusion coefficient, extraction equilibrium constant, and loading ratio. This study decreases the industry downstream material and can be solved environmental pollution problems.

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Evaluation of Distribution of Succinic Acid between Binary Phase System with Biodiesel + N,N-Dioctyloctan-1-amine

International Journal of Chemical Engineering ◽

10.1155/2019/9346038 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Sunder Lal Pal ◽

Shourabh Singh Raghuwanshi ◽

Kanti Kumar Athankar ◽

Ashwani Kumar Rathore

Keyword(s):

Distribution Coefficient ◽

Succinic Acid ◽

Rice Bran ◽

Sunflower Oil ◽

Rice Bran Oil ◽

Sesame Oil ◽

Reactive Extraction ◽

Phase System ◽

Binary Phase ◽

Loading Ratio

The present study is aimed at using one of the most promising methods called reactive extraction to extract succinic acid from aqueous solution by using N,N-dioctyloctan-1-amine in biodiesel as diluent made from sunflower oil, rice bran oil, sesame oil, and karanji oil. The results of extraction studies with the diluents (physical) showed their inability to recover any acid by themselves. In reactive extraction, the organic phase extracting power solely depends on tri-n-octylamine. The ranges of the distribution coefficient are found as 7.62–18.12 for sunflower oil biodiesel, 8.33–17.45 for rice bran oil biodiesel, 7.0–17.67 for sesame oil biodiesel, and 9.85–21.36 for karanji oil biodiesel. The ranges of the loading ratio are 0.1–3.0 for sunflower oil biodiesel, 0.1–2.9 for rice bran oil biodiesel, 0.2–2.9 for sesame oil biodiesel, and 0.1–2.9 for karanji oil biodiesel. The karanji and sunflower oil showed higher values of distribution coefficient (KD) over rice bran oil and sesame oil which might be due to presence of both C20 and special fatty acids. The results show that biogenous diluents along with N,N-dioctyloctan-1-amine as extractant form a nontoxic and viable option for the extraction of succinic acid in the binary phase system.

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Assessment of the Efficiency of Aliquat 336+Rice Bran Oil for Separation of Acrylic Acid from Aqueous Solution Using Reactive Extraction

International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering ◽

10.1515/ijcre-2017-0214 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (9) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Himangshu Mondal ◽

Kanti Kumar Athankar ◽

Kailas L. Wasewar

Keyword(s):

Acrylic Acid ◽

Rice Bran ◽

Renewable Resources ◽

Extraction Efficiency ◽

Process Development ◽

Rice Bran Oil ◽

Reactive Extraction ◽

Aliquat 336 ◽

Proposed Model ◽

Predicted Values

Abstract Biomass is an attractive target in process development for the emerging renewable resources based bio-refinery industry. Due to the ample range of application of acrylic acid, its production through bio-route received more awareness in scientific fraternity. In this view, an attempted was made to study the reactive extraction of acrylic acid with aliquat 336 in rice bran oil. Moreover, Box-Behnken matrix was employed to corroborate the effects of process variables viz. concentration of acrylic acid [CAA]aq, concentration of aliquat 336 [CR4N+Cl], and temperature on the extraction efficiency (η%). In physical extraction, average extraction efficiency was found in the order as: 43.55 > 35.36 > 29.14 at 303 K, 323 K, and 343 K respectively in rice bran oil. The correlation coefficient, R2 = 0.988 % indicates the appropriateness of proposed model to predict the extraction efficiency in terms of independent variables, and the predicted values were found in close agreement with that of experimental results. Further, R2(Pred) = 0.806 is in reasonable agreement with the R2(Adj) = 0.972. The optimum conditions for extraction of acrylic acid using aliquat 336 as an extractant in rice bran oil are [CAA]aq = 0.0.5 (mol/kg); [CR4N+Cl] = 1.98 (mol/kg); temperature = 323 K and the model predicted extraction efficiency 77.5 % was found to be an excellent fit with the experimental value 75 %. Further, number of theoretical stages was found to be 3 and S/F ratio 0.247.

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High-yield production of levulinic acid from cellulose and its upgrading to γ-valerolactone

Green Chemistry ◽

10.1039/c4gc00737a ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. 3846 ◽

Cited By ~ 102

Author(s):

Daqian Ding ◽

Jianjian Wang ◽

Jinxu Xi ◽

Xiaohui Liu ◽

Guanzhong Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Levulinic Acid ◽

High Yield ◽

Yield Production ◽

High Yield Production

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Reactive Extraction of Short-Chain Fatty Acids from Synthetic Acidic Fermentation Broth of Organic Solid Wastes and Their Stripping

Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data ◽

10.1021/je2006456 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 46-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Yue-Ping Ren ◽

Jian-Jun Wang ◽

Xiu-Fen Li ◽

Xin-Hua Wang

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fermentation Broth ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Solid Wastes ◽

Reactive Extraction ◽

Short Chain ◽

Organic Solid ◽

Organic Solid Wastes ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

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Optimization and experimental design by response surface method for reactive extraction of glutaric acid

International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering ◽

10.1515/ijcre-2021-0185 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Anuj Kumar ◽

Pranay Mohadikar ◽

Fiona Mary Anthony ◽

Diwakar Z. Shende ◽

Kailas L. Wasewar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Design ◽

Response Surface ◽

Glutaric Acid ◽

Extraction Efficiency ◽

Fermentation Broth ◽

Maximum Efficiency ◽

Surface Model ◽

Environment Friendly ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Reactive Separation

Abstract Glutaric acid is an attractive chemical compound which can be used for the manufacturing of polyesters, polyamides, and polyols. It can be produced by the synthesis (chemical method) and fermentation (biological method) process. Glutaric acid is presented with the lowest quantity in the fermentation broth and industrial waste streams. The separation methods of glutaric acid are difficult, costly, and non-environment friendly from fermentation broth. Reactive separation is a simple, cheapest, and environment-friendly process for the recovery of carboxylic acid. Which can be employed for the separation of glutaric acid with lower cost and environment-friendly process. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used as a mathematical technique to optimize and experimental design for investigation of the reactive separation of glutaric acid from the aqueous phase. As per RSM study, 20 experiments with different independent variables such as concentration of glutaric acid, % v/v of trioctylamine, and pH for recovery of glutaric acid were performed. The optimum condition with maximum efficiency (η) 92.03% for 20% trioctylamine and pH = 3 at 0.08 mol/L of glutaric acid initial concentration were observed. The lower concentration of trioctylamine provides sufficient extraction efficiency of glutaric acid. This method can also be used for the separation from fermentation broth because a lower concentration of trioctylamine which makes this process environment-friendly. The optimization condition-defined quadratic response surface model is significant with R 2 of 0.9873. The independent variables defined the effect on the extraction efficiency of glutaric acid. This data can be used for the separation of glutaric acid from industries waste and fermentation broth.

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