HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GHAZAL GENRE

Lyrical works hare not lost their importance since the earliest times to the present day as they are tuned in a certain tone, short in size compared to other literary geners, can be stored quickly and easily in people's memory, have a wide range of aesthetic effects, are suitable for different age and literary training of readers and possess a variety of genres. A significant part of Uzbek classical literature is lyrical works. The ghazal genre is one of the most important of these lyrical works. The lyrics of the classical period are diverse in terms of a genre and include a variety of genres, such as fard, rubai, tuyuk, qit’a, ghazal, muhammas, musaddas, masnavi and qasida. Each has its own genesis and history of development. Especially, ghazal is a popular genre in oriental poetry. Originally it emerged as a genre of poetry created exclusively on the theme of love, and over time, the range of possibilities in terms of both theme and form expanded. Poems of this genre have long occupied a prominent place in the poetry. In this article, the lexical and terminological meanings of the ghazal, a brief genesis, the stages of its development as a genre, changes in form and content, internal and external factors that led to its expansion, the main Arabic and Persian works of the ghazal genre and representatives of Uzbek literature, their contributions to the content and form of the genre are analyzed. In carrying out these analyses, the author of the article refers to the works of classical theorists such as Kudama ibn Jafar, Shamsuddin Muhammad ibn Kays Razi, Kabul Muhammad, Rashididdin Watwat, Sheikh Ahmad Tarazi, Husayn Waz Kashifi and the history of Arabic, Persian, Uzbek literature, in particular, the orientalists as Kanani, Y.E.Bertels, I.M.Filshtinsky, M.L.Reysner, A.Mirzoev, A.Atesh, A.Hayitmetov, O.Nosirov, R.Orzibekov and others who studied the ghazal genre. The researcher compares their scientific works, opinions, similarities, differences, explaines, and comments on the history and characteristics of the ghazal genre.

The Oxford Handbook of Assessment Policy and Practice in Music Education, Volume 2 ◽

Technical Issues Related to Computerized Music Performance Assessment

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190248130.013.73 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 854-876

Author(s):

Daniel Massoth

Keyword(s):

Research And Development ◽

Performance Assessment ◽

Music Performance ◽

External Factors ◽

Assessment Process ◽

Future Directions ◽

Music Assessment ◽

History Of ◽

Technical Issues ◽

When technology is used for assessment in music, certain considerations can affect the validity, reliability, and depth of analysis. This chapter explores factors that are present in the three phases of the assessment process: recognition, analysis, and display of assessment of a musical performance. Each phase has inherent challenges embedded within internal and external factors. The goal here is not to provide an exhaustive analysis of any or all aspects of assessment but, rather, to present the rationale for and history of using technology in music assessment and to examine the philosophical and practical considerations. A discussion of possible future directions of product research and development concludes the chapter.

ExpanDrogram: Dynamic Visualization of Big Data Segmentation over Time

Journal of Data and Information Quality ◽

10.1145/3434778 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 1-27

Author(s):

A. Khalemsky ◽

R. Gelbard

Keyword(s):

Big Data ◽

Visual Presentation ◽

Trend Detection ◽

Dynamic Visualization ◽

Segmentation Process ◽

Key Points ◽

Wide Range ◽

History Of ◽

The Individual ◽

In dynamic and big data environments the visualization of a segmentation process over time often does not enable the user to simultaneously track entire pieces. The key points are sometimes incomparable, and the user is limited to a static visual presentation of a certain point. The proposed visualization concept, called ExpanDrogram, is designed to support dynamic classifiers that run in a big data environment subject to changes in data characteristics. It offers a wide range of features that seek to maximize the customization of a segmentation problem. The main goal of the ExpanDrogram visualization is to improve comprehensiveness by combining both the individual and segment levels, illustrating the dynamics of the segmentation process over time, providing “version control” that enables the user to observe the history of changes, and more. The method is illustrated using different datasets, with which we demonstrate multiple segmentation parameters, as well as multiple display layers, to highlight points such as new trend detection, outlier detection, tracking changes in original segments, and zoom in/out for more/less detail. The datasets vary in size from a small one to one of more than 12 million records.

The Spillover Effect of the Syrian Crisis on the Peace Process in Turkey

Journal of Asian and African Studies ◽

10.1177/0021909618781647 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (8) ◽

pp. 1251-1270 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rahman Dag

Keyword(s):

Spillover Effect ◽

Peace Process ◽

Spillover Effects ◽

External Factors ◽

The Political ◽

Party Government ◽

Syrian Crisis ◽

History Of ◽

Kurdish Question ◽

The Kurdish question has been one of the most protracted issues in the political history of Turkey. Given such a long securitization of the Kurdish question, it almost came to an end due to the peace process initiated by the AK Party government and the imprisoned leader of the PKK, Abdullah Öcalan in 2013. Apparently it was not a solid process because it failed immediately after the June 2015 general election. There may have been many internal and external factors explaining the reason why it failed but this paper looks specifically at one of them: the influence of the Syrian crisis on the peace process in Turkey in light of spillover effects and spreading insurgency theories.

Constructing the “Greener, Greater” City

City of Forests, City of Farms ◽

10.7591/cornell/9781501707506.003.0008 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Lindsay K. Campbell

Keyword(s):

Social Networks ◽

Planning Process ◽

Urban Forestry ◽

External Factors ◽

Central Question ◽

Urban Nature ◽

Sustainability Planning ◽

Actor Networks ◽

Chapter seven synthesizes these two cases, making comparisons across the three thematic areas explored in the book—politics, discourse, and materiality. It begins by returning to the central question of why urban forestry was so appealing that it merited its own signature mayoral initiative in PlaNYC, whereas urban agriculture was overlooked. It analyzes the networks, public-private partnerships, elite ties, and bureaucratic structures that were involved in PlaNYC, revealing whose voice was heard and whose voice was ignored in the sustainability planning process. Then, bearing in mind that the politics of urban nature is both framed by storylines and influenced by non-human actants, the chapter widens this analysis from a focus on politics and social networks to a focus on actor-networks and key narratives. Finally, the chapter observes how the cases shift over time in response to both internal and external factors, even within a four year window.

Work and Community Among West African Migrant Workers since the Nineteenth Century ◽

Community and Social Organisation

10.5949/liverpool/9780853235231.003.0011 ◽

1999 ◽

pp. 157-184

Author(s):

Diane Frost

Keyword(s):

Social Control ◽

Economic History ◽

External Factors ◽

Social Organisation ◽

Community Organisation ◽

The Social ◽

History Of ◽

‘Community and Social Organisation’ is the last chapter in ‘The Kru Community in Freetown’, and provides an understanding of the social and economic history of the Kru in Freetown, and the respective internal and external factors that shaped it. The chapter focuses on community organisation amongst the Kru, rather than political organisation, which was shaped largely by forces outside the Kru’s social control.

Through the Drinking Glass

Alcohol and Humans ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198842460.003.0012 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 178-195

Author(s):

Angela McShane

Keyword(s):

Political Change ◽

First Century ◽

Central Importance ◽

Object A ◽

Wide Range ◽

Cultural Processes ◽

History Of ◽

Twenty First Century ◽

This chapter argues that drinking things are of central importance to our understanding of the long relationship between humans and alcohol. It explores the history of the English man (and woman’s) pint of beer, as an object, a drink, and a measure, from the late-sixteenth to the twenty-first century, to show how the relationships between objects, drinks, and measures have been socially and culturally constructed over time. Drawing upon a wide range of objects, images, and textual sources, and benefiting from the theoretical lenses of material performativity and praxeology, it argues that material insights not only help us to understand the deeper cultural processes at play in the routines and rituals of convivial drinking, but also help us to understand their wider role in social and political change.

Once and future purchasing power, the yellow vests and populist economics

foresight ◽

10.1108/fs-01-2020-0004 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Jacques G. Richardson

Keyword(s):

Trade Unions ◽

Design Methodology ◽

Well Being ◽

External Factors ◽

Social Mobilization ◽

Fair Play ◽

Spontaneous Movement ◽

Content Type ◽

History Of ◽

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand a spontaneous movement of social mobilization and protest known as the yellow vests and their unrelenting demand for increased buying power. Design/methodology/approach A capsule history of France and the universal struggle for a living wage lead to a post-Marxian process of intensified civic action to support the universal aims of well-being and fair play. Findings The yellow vests appear to be assuming the proportions of an unorthodox labor fraternity, a novel pressure network transcending the usual time-and-money quests of integrated trade unions. Research limitations/implications Little attention is paid to the changing nature of employment, work itself and labor competitiveness. These require further research. Originality/value Internal and external factors are identified, combining to explain the lack of discipline and orderly evolution by both animators and demonstrators.

Theorie Et Histoire De La Linguistique

Historiographia Linguistica ◽

10.1075/hl.2.3.05sim ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 353-378 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Raffaela Simone

Keyword(s):

Philosophy Of Language ◽

Cognitive Structure ◽

External Factors ◽

Port Royal ◽

History Of Linguistics ◽

History Of ◽

Per Se ◽

Object Of Study ◽

Crucial Part

Summary The history of linguistics is presented as a crucial part of linguistics as a whole, in view of its contribution to the understanding of the logical and cognitive structure and evolution of the linguistic discipline itself. The basis for this view is to be found in Saussure’s distinction between the ‘matter’ and ‘object’ of linguistic science: what changes through time is not merely the object of study, namely, the complex system we call ‘language’, but also its matter, since the evidence we put forward is not simply given per se, but is selected by the investigator in accordance with certain determinants both internal and external to the discipline. Furthermore, this change affects the way in which evidence and theory are linked, i.e., the cognitive procedures leading from the former to the latter, which in turn are influenced by internal and external factors. This thesis is illustrated in a discussion of three crucial chapters in the history of linguistic thinking: Renaissance philosophy of language, Port-Royal linguistic theory, and Saussure.

U.S. Foreign Policy Towards Iranian Nuclear Threat from Bill Clinton to Donald Trump Administration

Insignia Journal of International Relations ◽

10.20884/1.ins.2020.7.1.2224 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 17

Author(s):

Anak Agung Banyu Perwita ◽

Muhammad Ilham Razak

Keyword(s):

Foreign Policy ◽

Bill Clinton ◽

Us Foreign Policy ◽

External Factors ◽

Security Threat ◽

Nuclear Program ◽

Nuclear Threat ◽

History Of ◽

Trump Administration

Iranian nuclear threat remains one of the most pressing issue throughout the history of US foreign policy. Ever since the islamic revolution occured in Iran in 1979, Iran hostile activities in Middle East has been a major threat for US security interest, in particular when Iran started to build its ambition to build its nuclear weapon. Having said that, this article aims to discuss US foreign policy toward the threat of Iranian nuclear program from Bill Clinton administration until Trump Administration. By using thematic analysis from Braun and Clarke, this article would scrutinize the internal and external factors of US foreign policy toward Iran and then seeks to understand the change and continuity of US foreign policy from Bill Clinton until Trump administration. From the analysis, it was found that US foreign policy has been influenced a lot by its internal and external factors, resulting in different responses of US foreign policy in each administration. Moreover, US foreign policy has been consistent to put Iranian nuclear threat as its major security threat despite differ in its foreign policy. However, the withdrawal of US under Trump in Joint Comprehensive Plan Of Action (JCPOA) deal has provided an inconsistency of US foreign policy with its previous administration.

A Brief Survey on User Modelling in Human Computer Interaction

Speech, Image, and Language Processing for Human Computer Interaction ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-0954-9.ch001 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 1-19

Author(s):

Pradipta Biswas

Keyword(s):

Human Computer Interaction ◽

User Model ◽

User Modelling ◽

User Models ◽

History Of Development ◽

Wide Range ◽

History Of ◽

Modelling Techniques ◽

Computer Interaction ◽

Modelling Approaches

This chapter presents a brief survey of different user modelling techniques used in human computer interaction. It investigates history of development of user modelling techniques and classified the existing models into different categories. In the context of existing modelling approaches it presents a new user model and its deployment through a simulator to help designers in developing accessible systems for people with a wide range of abilities. This chapter will help system analysts and developers to select and use appropriate type of user models for their applications.