scholarly journals Does credit access matter for household livelihood diversification in Ethiopia?

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-61
Author(s):  
Kiros Tsegay ◽  
Hongzhong Fan ◽  
Hailay Shifare ◽  
Priyangani Adikari
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Livelihood Diversification ◽  
Integration Policy ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
Credit Access ◽  
Policy And Strategy ◽  
Ethiopian Government ◽  
Development Goals

This study examines the effect of credit access on both agricultural and off-farm activities based on a household survey of 371 rural farmer respondents in Ethiopia.it was analyzed using a logistic regression model and statistical description. Findings demonstrated that the demographic factors; gender, age, level of education, and family size have a positive and significant effect on credit access. Agricultural credit access is impacted by each of the demographic variables as independent variables. On the other hand, the result indicated that the relationship between credit access and non-farm economic activities has a negative relationship. Credit access has a significant effect on agricultural intensification and specialization rather than diversification. Therefore, a comprehensive policy and strategy needs for credit access in both the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. The Ethiopian government should follow the integration policy between both sectors and participate in livelihood diversification strategies and achieve sustainable development goals by 2030 at large.

scholarly journals Does gender matter for household livelihood diversification in Ethiopia rural areas?

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 221-232
Author(s):  
Kiros Tsegay ◽  
Hongzhong Fan ◽  
AM Priyangani Adikari ◽  
Hailay Shifare
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Livelihood Diversification ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Farm Sector ◽  
Credit Access ◽  
The Government ◽  
Household Heads

Nowadays, the non-farm sector gives more attention and high expectations in reducing poverty in sub-Saharan African. Because participation of farm households in the none-farm sector out of their farm activities will play a great role to reduce poverty. Cross-sectional data were used to collect data in 2020 from farm household heads of 371 respondents with the mixed methodology to investigate the effect of demographic factors in none/off-farm economic activities on gender perspective in Ethiopia. In this study, we employ a Logistic regression model to explore the probabilities of household heads' participation in none/off-farm economic activities out of their farm. The result indicated, age and education level have a positive effect and statistically significant effect on increasing non-farm activities with the coefficients of 3.406, 1.956 respectively, confirmed that these variables should take into account in policy development to increase their impact on livelihood diversification. And Gender has a negatively significant on livelihood diversification. FHH is more participants in non-farm economic activities than MHH. Credit access does not contribute to increasing livelihood diversification instead; it contributes to agricultural specialization, not diversification. Surprisingly, family size has insignificant results in non-farm economic activities The outcome indicated it has its implications for the Ethiopian policy and strategy. The government should give more attention to the progressive aspects of non-farm economic activities to eradicate poverty. Whereas, decreasing its negative impact on poorer households by controlling obstacles of non-farm activities.

scholarly journals Greenhouse gas emissions profiles of neighbourhoods in Durban, South Africa – an initial investigation

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meryl Jagarnath ◽  
Tirusha Thambiran
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Emissions Inventory ◽  
High Emission ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
The City

Because current emissions accounting approaches focus on an entire city, cities are often considered to be large emitters of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with no attention to the variation within them. This makes it more difficult to identify climate change mitigation strategies that can simultaneously reduce emissions and address place-specific development challenges. In response to this gap, a bottom-up emissions inventory study was undertaken to identify high emission zones and development goals for the Durban metropolitan area (eThekwini Municipality). The study is the first attempt at creating a spatially disaggregated emissions inventory for key sectors in Durban. The results indicate that particular groups and economic activities are responsible for more emissions, and socio-spatial development and emission inequalities are found both within the city and within the high emission zone. This is valuable information for the municipality in tailoring mitigation efforts to reduce emissions and address development gaps for low-carbon spatial planning whilst contributing to objectives for social justice.

scholarly journals Characterization of smallholder farmers and agricultural credit institutions in Rwanda

2021 ◽  
Vol 21` (01) ◽  
pp. 17343-17364
Author(s):  
Nathan K Taremwa ◽  
◽  
I Macharia ◽  
E Bett ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Asymmetry ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Credit Access ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Information Gap ◽  
Lending Institutions ◽  
Credit Institutions

The significance of access to agricultural credit in perpetuating agricultural productivity is unquestionable, because it is a means to achieving optimal productivity. The minimization of any barriers to agricultural credit access should,thus,be a global priority. One of the most significant and current barriers to agricultural credit access is information asymmetry which results into mutual distrust between lending institutions and borrowers in this case the smallholder farmers. To address information asymmetry, both the lending institutions and borrowers need to have definitive descriptive information about either party. Without the profiling of institutions and potential borrowers, an information gap persists, thereby increasing mutual distrust. This study addresses that gap, in the context of Rwanda by characterizing smallholder farmers and agricultural credit institutions. Across-sectional survey design was used in this study with smallholder farmers and staff in agricultural credit institutions in the Eastern, Western, and Central provinces of Rwanda as the units of analysis. A multistage sampling procedure was used,with stratified sampling of administrative levels spanning from province(stage 1) to districts (stage 2) and sectors(stage 3),followed by a simple random sampling of cells per sector, and the convenience sample of households. Staff in the financial institutions were purposively sampled. The data collected was analyzed using principal component analysis and cluster analysis with the K-means statistic(SPSS version 25). The largest cluster of smallholder farmers has the following characteristics: household size of1to 5 people, farmers with education, owning arable land not exceeding a hectare, with more than five years of farming experience,earning from other off-farm activities, with no dependents under five years of age, and renting less than an acre of land. As for agricultural credit institutions, the largest cluster has following compositions:have mechanisms or measures established for managing loan defaults with the majority using refinancing, rescheduling, and collateral release, with variable loan payback options, and provide targeted agricultural credit to farmers such as agricultural input premium.The research findings are particularly pertinent for maize-and rice-growing farmers,and how to reduce the information gap and the implications of broadening access to credit to smallholder farmers were discussed. This study emphasizes the need for characterization for both parties to be better informed about the characteristics and dynamics of each other, all in a bid to lessen asymmetric information and thus improve access to credit.

scholarly journals “Business Ecosystems” and Social Entrepreneurship as ways to Solve Environmental Problems

2021 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 01004
Author(s):  
Мaria Mukhlynina
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Environmental Development

Based on the analysis of the norms of strategic documents and other normative legal acts, the author considers environmental entrepreneurship in the light of sustainable socio-economic development of the Russian state, determines the significance of the concept of sustainable development for ensuring environmental safety, as well as environmental development of Russia. Social entrepreneurship, which has a high methodological potential, is designed to help solve a large number of accumulated environmental problems, especially in the field of waste management of production and consumption. The article analyzes individual UN sustainable development goals and national legislation designed to ensure the implementation of social entrepreneurship, which has a high methodological potential. The author concludes that the legislation is becoming more and more environmentally friendly, and these norms also penetrate into acts regulating economic activities, the profit from which should be reinvested in solving socio-environmental problems.

Major Components of Green Urbanization and Their Relative Importance

2019 ◽  
pp. 315-339
Author(s):  
Subikash Mookherjee ◽  
Debasish Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Significant Phenomenon ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
Town Area

Aspirations for being urban in character are considered as a significant phenomenon of socio-economic development in developing countries. Urbanization, in economic sense only, means intensive economic activities by a large number of people in a relatively small plot of land, where secondary and tertiary sectors play a dominant role and where certain amenities are bound to be available for general citizens, though it doesn't seem complete without addressing the issue of nature. Though urbanization of an area is tried to be measured by some academicians through applying the method of indexing with available indicators and their data-driven weights, environmental issues are not incorporated there for any kind of factor analysis to identify their individual relative importance. This chapter intervenes at this juncture and focuses on construction of an urbanization index for some selected “town area units” belonging to some selected districts of West Bengal and run a factor analysis of it on some identified environmental factors. It observes negative relationship between QVSE and IGU, positive association between IGU and PR, and positive relation between IWDS and IGU.

scholarly journals Gender Disparity Among Cooperative Farmers in Accessing Agricultural Credits in Anambra State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Helen O. Nduka ◽  
Uche R. Ezeokafor ◽  
Gabriel E. Ekwere ◽  
Ikechukwu E. Ngoka
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
Credit Access ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Set Up

Women have been the focus of gender disparity and this has been widely referred to the disparity faced by women in the field of agriculture. Agricultural credit is imperative for sustainable agricultural development in any country of the world. In order to substantiate the assertion, this study evaluated the issues of gender disparity in farmers’ access to agricultural credit among cooperative societies in Anambra north zone of Anambra State. Specific objectives were to ascertain the quantum of credit obtained and repaid by female and male members; determine the effect of gender on the quantum of credit obtained and repaid; ascertain critical factors influencing access to credit by cooperative members; determine how gender contributed to credit repayment behaviour of cooperative members and examine perception of members on gender-related issues in credit operations. ANOVA and regression models were used to test hypotheses 1-5. Findings revealed that male members obtained more credit than female members, and female members repay more than their male counterparts. Gender was not a significant determinant of credit obtained and repaid by cooperative members and gender issues in credit operation were handled among cooperative members. However, the researcher recommended that the issues of gender inequality should not be encouraged. Both males and females should have equal access to credit and repayment of credit operation; despite the membership strength, more members should be encouraged to join cooperative societies in order to access credit and repay accordingly and cooperative officers should set up friendly credit scheme to ensure a functional and effective credit access.

scholarly journals Disability and Household Welfare in Ghana: Costs and Correlates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Asuman ◽  
Charles Godfred Ackah ◽  
Frank Agyire-Tettey
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Extra Cost ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Vulnerability To Poverty ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Using Data

AbstractPersons with disabilities face substantial barriers that impede their integration and participation in social and economic activities. Households with disabled members may be vulnerable to poverty due to the extra cost of living with a disability. However, there exists a knowledge gap in the magnitude of the extra cost of disabilities in sub Saharan Africa. Using data from a nationally representative household survey, this paper estimates the extra cost of disabilities in Ghana. The paper further examines the welfare effects of households with persons with disabilities. Based on the standard of living approach, we estimate the extra cost to households with a person with disability to be 26% of annual household consumption expenditures. Adjusting for the extra cost of poverty, the incidence of poverty increases from 38.5 to 52.9% amongst households with a disabled member. Our findings suggest the need to improve the efficiency of support programs to persons with disabilities to mitigate the extra costs of disabilities and reduce their vulnerability to poverty. In addition, enhancing access to economic opportunities and social services for persons with disabilities will be imperative to improve their quality of life and dignity.

scholarly journals Ethnic Diversity, Social Trust and the Moderating Role of Subnational Integration Policy

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birte Gundelach ◽  
Anita Manatschal
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
The United States ◽  
Integration Policy ◽  
Integration Policies ◽  
Mere Existence ◽  
The Impact

Increasing ethnic diversity and whether or not it impacts on social trust are highly debated topics. Numerous studies report a negative relationship between diversity and trust, particularly in the United States. A growing body of follow-up studies has examined the extent to which these findings can be transferred to Europe, but the results remain inconclusive. Moving beyond the discussion of the mere existence or absence of diversity effects on trust, this study is concerned with the moderation of this relationship. It addresses the neglected role of subnational integration policies influencing the impact of diversity on trust. Empirical tests not only indicate that integration policies moderate the relationship but also suggest that the influence of policies varies substantively according to the specific policy aspect under consideration.

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