scholarly journals Does gender matter for household livelihood diversification in Ethiopia rural areas?

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 221-232
Author(s):  
Kiros Tsegay ◽  
Hongzhong Fan ◽  
AM Priyangani Adikari ◽  
Hailay Shifare
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Livelihood Diversification ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Farm Sector ◽  
Credit Access ◽  
The Government ◽  
Household Heads

Nowadays, the non-farm sector gives more attention and high expectations in reducing poverty in sub-Saharan African. Because participation of farm households in the none-farm sector out of their farm activities will play a great role to reduce poverty. Cross-sectional data were used to collect data in 2020 from farm household heads of 371 respondents with the mixed methodology to investigate the effect of demographic factors in none/off-farm economic activities on gender perspective in Ethiopia. In this study, we employ a Logistic regression model to explore the probabilities of household heads' participation in none/off-farm economic activities out of their farm. The result indicated, age and education level have a positive effect and statistically significant effect on increasing non-farm activities with the coefficients of 3.406, 1.956 respectively, confirmed that these variables should take into account in policy development to increase their impact on livelihood diversification. And Gender has a negatively significant on livelihood diversification. FHH is more participants in non-farm economic activities than MHH. Credit access does not contribute to increasing livelihood diversification instead; it contributes to agricultural specialization, not diversification. Surprisingly, family size has insignificant results in non-farm economic activities The outcome indicated it has its implications for the Ethiopian policy and strategy. The government should give more attention to the progressive aspects of non-farm economic activities to eradicate poverty. Whereas, decreasing its negative impact on poorer households by controlling obstacles of non-farm activities.

scholarly journals Having a latrine facility is not a guarantee for eliminating open defecation owing to socio-demographic and environmental factors: The case of Machakel district in Ethiopia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257813
Author(s):  
Abathun Temesgen ◽  
Mesafint Molla Adane ◽  
Amsalu Birara ◽  
Tebkew Shibabaw
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
P Value ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Determinant Factors ◽  
The Government ◽  
Household Heads

Background Open defecation practice problem is rampant in most rural areas of developing countries, including Ethiopia. To combat this problem, the Ethiopian government implemented different sanitation interventions including Community-Led Total Sanitation and Hygiene (CLTSH). The CLTSH approach is mainly aimed to eradicate open defecation practice through mobilizing the community to construct a latrine facility and utilize it. Although this intervention has significantly improved households’ access to a latrine facility, its impact on bringing behavioral change such as avoiding open defecation is not well studied. Objective Our study aimed to assess the prevalence of open defecation among households having their latrine and its determinant factors in rural settings in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Machakal district from September 1 to 30, 2019. A total of 472 household heads who had a latrine facility and systematically selected from six rural Kebeles of the district, were involved in the study. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire and observational checklist tools through face-to-face interviews and observation methods. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were run to identify the factors that influence open defecation practice. During the multivariable analysis, statistical significance was declared at the p-value of <0.05 with 95% CI. Results The prevalence of open defecation practice among household heads who had latrine facility was 27.8% (95% CI, [23.1–32.8]). Female gender (AOR = 2.94, 95% CI [1.13–7.68]), not attending of formal education (AOR = 3.10, CI 95% [1.34–7.13]), having >5 family members (AOR = 1.72, CI 95% [1.05–2.80]), presence of under-five child (AOR = 3.64 CI 95% [2.14–6.21]), preferring leaf as anal cleaning material (AOR = 3.18, CI 95% [1.67–6.08]), having unclean latrine (AOR = 2.15, CI 95% [1.34–3.44]), and having latrine that needs maintenance (AOR = 2.50 CI 95% [1.52–4.11]) variables were associated with open defecation practice. Conclusions Among the total respondents, finding more than a quarter of open defecators is concerning for a district that achieved greatly in terms of latrine coverage. This indicates the above-mentioned factors contributed to influence household heads to defecate openly despite having latrines. Therefore, the government and partners need to focus on designing strategies that effectively address determinant factors of open defecation.

scholarly journals PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CATARACT AMONG RURAL COMMUNITY ADULTS IN NEGERI SEMBILAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-314
Author(s):  
Azlina Mokhtar ◽  
Maimunah Abdul Muna'aim ◽  
Tengku Amatullah Madeehah T Mohd ◽  
Hafiz Jaafar
Keyword(s):  
Rural Community ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Mobile Clinic ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Government

‘Klinik Pakar Mata Bergerak’ (KLiP Mobile), translated to specialised ophthalmology mobile clinic is a programme that provides ophthalmology care in the rural community of Negeri Sembilan. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of cataracts and its associated factors among rural adults in Malaysia through an outreach programme of specialised ophthalmology services by KLiP Mobile. This is a cross-sectional study carried out from January 2016 until March 2018 and was conducted in rural areas of all seven districts in the state of Negeri Sembilanvisited by the KLiP Mobile. Universal sampling was applied to all adults attending the mobile clinic. The participants are those who were referred by the government community clinics and walk-in patients. The total number of participants in this study was 1480. The mean (SD) age for the study population was 56 (16.9), by which majority were Malay (n = 1220, 82.4%) and female (n = 809, 54.7%). Most of them received either primary (n = 604, 42.4%) or secondary education (n = 577, 40.5%). The majority of participants were categorized into the low-income group, with a monthly income of less than RM 3,000 (n = 1118, 92.4%). The prevalence of cataracts in the study population was 28.6%. In the multivariate analysis, factors significantly associated with cataracts were being male, having no formal education, race and suffering from hypertension. The prevalence of cataracts in rural areas is considerably high. This study highlights the need for baseline information for future study or as the main reference by the policymakers for policy development related to improving vision and eye care among the populations in Malaysia.  

scholarly journals The role of small town in household livelihood diversification in Ethiopia rural areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 230-241
Author(s):  
Kiros Tsegay ◽  
Hongzhong Fan ◽  
Hailay Shifare ◽  
PriyanganiAdikari AM.
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Town ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Livelihood Diversification ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Household Heads

There is a high expectation that urban-rural linkage in general and the function of small towns, in particular, has a great role in livelihood diversification and poverty reduction in rural areas than sectoral development. However, the previous empirical studies give little attention to the function of small towns and the livelihood diversification of rural communities. We analyze the function of a small town and participating in non-farm economic activities from a rural farm household survey of 371 farmer household heads in Ethiopia. The data was analyzed using a logistic regression model and statistical description. The study found that rural households who have road access have likely participated in none-farm activities and it has positive and significant effects. Education and FHH has also a significant relationship with the function of a small town. Distance from the small town has a significant and positive impact on the non-farm economic activities of rural communities. Overall, benefits from the function of small towns such as the provision of road access, agricultural extension, financial credit services, administrative services, educational and health services are some of the provisions of a small town. Therefore, a comprehensive integrated urban-rural linkage strategy could empower rural farm smallholders to diversify their livelihoods through strengthening small town functions is mandatory. The role of small towns needs to be integrated into rural communities. Participate in livelihood diversification strategies and achieve sustainable development goals by 2030 at large. 

Violence Against Women and Girls

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 153-176
Author(s):  
Josephine Muthami ◽  
Haniel Nyaga Gatumu ◽  
Sahaya G. Selvam ◽  
Wambui J.
Keyword(s):  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Coping Mechanism ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Problem Solving Skills ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
The Government

The purpose of the study was to highlight the factors associated with violence against women and girls and how they can benefit from therapy. The study was guided by the following objectives: to establish the factors associated with the occurrence of violence, determining the effectiveness of therapy in dealing with survivors of violence, exploring factors influencing or blocking effectiveness of therapy. A cross sectional research design was used in which questionnaires, an interviewing guide, focus group discussion and psychological assessment scale were used to collect study data. A sample of 75 women and girls was purposively selected from health facilities, counselling centres, chief camps, police station, NGOs and CBOs within Kibra Constituency. All respondents were females aged 18 years and above. The findings showed that all the respondents (100%) had been exposed to violence. The respondents who reported physical abuse were 30%, sexual abuse was reported by 10%, psychological and emotional abuse was reported by 16%, financial coercion was reported by 15%, neglect of children and duty by 13%, and verbal assault was reported by 16%.  Further, the results showed that the most common victims of violence are expectant mothers and children who are under the care of irresponsible persons. The most reported people to perpetrate violence were cited to be men. The responses given by the respondents as factors that trigger violence are: Previous assaults (61%), cultural expectations (61%), alcohol abuse and other drugs (49%), poor communication skills (49%), poor problem solving skills (49%), perpetrator outstretched demands on resources (49%), infidelity(37%), unemployment (37%), peer pressure (37%), frustration emanating from blocked goals (24%), childlessness (24%) and  personality traits (12%). Violence against women and girls impact negatively on their lives. The most common negative impact mentioned are depression by 75 respondents, children suffering cited by 65 respondents, family disintegration cited by 56 respondents, non-productivity, physical injury, and anxiety respectively cited  by 46 respondents. The survivors of violence have knowledge of where they can access help in order to cope with the consequences of violence. Of the 75 respondents, 75 of them said that counselling is very helpful. Perseverance is another coping mechanism mentioned by 75 respondents. Separation and keeping quite are strategies mentioned by 65 respondents. Going to hospital is another support and help available mentioned by 56 respondents. The respondents who opted for spiritual intervention were 47 while those who opted to start a business for sustainability were 38. Those who preferred sharing with significant others as a coping mechanism were 28. Last but not least, 18 women indicated that support groups are helpful in dealing with violence. The study recommended that women and girls should be empowered financially and policies put into place to curb violence. The government and other stakeholders should partner to support women and girls to overcome violence in the society.

scholarly journals Koperasi Pesantren Bir Aly Sebagai Sarana Pemberdayaan Ekonomi (Studi Kasus Pondok Pesantren Robithotul Ulum Jatirejo Mojokerto)

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Salim Ashar
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Boarding Schools ◽  
Practical Skills ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
School Students ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Entrepreneurial Spirit ◽  
Empowerment Schools ◽  
The Government

Koperasi Pesantren Or abbreviated to Kopontren BIR ALY is one means learning for Robithotul Ulum boarding school students in order to foster an entrepreneurial spirit that is reliable in order to face the future life after they graduate from the school. As well as to foster independent spirit of entrepreneurship. In addition to being a place for moral development of students piety and learning Islamic sciences, pesantren should need also diversified specialty and featured scientific or practical expertise specific to diversify. That is, each boarding schools need to make the benefits (plus) certain that distinguish schools with each other pesantren, for example by increasing excellence in science expertise such as excellence expertise in the study of hadith, or discipline specific religion, or it could be in the form of practical skills other for example language skills, agricultural skills and other practical skills. The purpose of this study was to describe the role and functions of the Cooperative Pesantren Bir Aly As a Means Economic Empowerment in Robithotul Ulum Islamic Boarding Jatirejo Mojokerto. This study took place in the village of Jatirejo kec Jatirejo mojokerto kab. Jatirejo area known as agricultural areas, as well as many emerging companies and rock miners, many pesantren stand, a region still dominated rural areas. Economic development practices in boarding schools in order to sharpen practical skills for students, still need support from other parties to support, either from the government, private sector and society in general. Comparison between Turus and Pesantren Pesantren Baitul Hamdi in this case study is not intended as an effort to show which one is better, but rather as an attempt to describe variations in economic enterprise started piloted in boarding schools. Each has advantages and disadvantages that can be used as an ingredient to learn from each other. From this research, we can conclude several steps that can be done in the development of the economy in order to empower schools. Among the local authorities and the schools need to do (1) joint identification of potential schools and regional problems. Identification is required so that it develops economic activities in accordance with the carrying capacity of the environment; (2) establishing economic commodity that fits in a religious boarding school in accordance with the needs of the market that can be used to improve the common welfare; (3) develop a joint program that is based on empowerment schools, may be useful.

Creating Effective Rural Policies: Rural Lenses and Their Effectiveness

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Helps
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Relative Lack ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Canadian Provinces ◽  
The Government

As part of an international trend in regional policy development towards “mainstreaming” rural issues, multiple national and regional governments have created policy lenses designed to ensure that legislation is formed with the needs of rural areas taken into account. Despite a relative lack of academic research on the effectiveness of rural lenses, the idea has been imported to multiple jurisdictions, including several Canadian provinces. This presentation will offer a comparative overview of rural lenses in jurisdictions in Europe and North America in order to achieve a better understanding of their commonalities and divergences in methods, circumstances, and effectiveness. The presentation will make use of a review of the government and academic literature conducted for an upcoming working paper by Louis Helps and Dr. Ryan Gibson. This research is the foundation of a larger project that will seek to understand the feasibility of implementing rural lenses at the provincial level in Canada.

An Evaluation of ICT Policy Developments in Botswana

2011 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Segomotso Masegonyana Keakopa ◽  
Kelvin Joseph Bwalya
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
The Public ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
The Government ◽  
Ict Policy

This chapter provides an evaluation of ICT policy developments in Botswana. In particular, it highlights major advancements in areas of national ICT policy development and its implementation in the country. The country’s National ICT policy, Maitlamo, has been a significant factor in driving ICTs in the country. The chapter asserts that opportunities in ICT development in the country are evidenced by not only implementation of the policy but further by greater investment of financial resources by the government and the role of the private sector. Further, the chapter argues that while implementation of the national ICT policy has brought achievements in liberalisation and expansion of public services in rural areas, there are still a number of challenges to address if universal access has to be achieved. Among these are unavailability of ICT services in rural areas, high costs of the technology and the lack of public awareness on the use of technology. Proposals made at the end of the chapter call for the government to speed implementation of ICT policy, form stronger partnerships with the public sector and further balance the role of BTC vis a vis other players so that the playing field is leveled.

scholarly journals Medico-legal Study of Suspected Homicide Cases in a Teaching Hospital in Eastern Nepal

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Karn ◽  
S Jha ◽  
BK Yadav ◽  
D Thakur
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Firearm Injury ◽  
Firearm Injuries ◽  
Crime Detection ◽  
The Government

Introduction: Homicide means killing of one human being as a result of conduct of another human being. This study of medico-legal and epidemiological details of homicidal cases would help in enhancement of various stakeholders in law enforcing agencies with the view to benefit the process of scientific crime detection and proper administration of justice at large. Objective: To identify the various medico-legal and epidemiological factors involved in homicide. Materials and method: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in fatal homicide victims brought for medico-legal autopsy in BPKIHS, during the period of 15th April 2009 to 14th July 2010.Data were collected using pre tested questionnaire by direct interview to the visitors of victim, information from the police record along with postmortem examination of the victim. Results: Out of the total 50 cases, the ratio of male to female victim was 4:1. More than half of the victims were of age 21-40 years (52%). More of the homicide victims were of rural areas (56%) and illiterate (32%). Injuries by sharp weapon were most common cause of death (36%) very closely followed by firearm injuries (34%). Most of the victim remained totally deprived of any medical help (60%). Conclusion: The homicide victims in eastern Nepal constituted illiterate adult male from rural area a dominant group. Sharp weapons were commonly employed in this region for homicide. Fatality of the victim can be highly minimized if medical and surgical interventions are be promptly prearranged. Proper counselling for developing positive attitude and controlling the aggression in youth have to be Promoted at large by the government. Keywords: Homicide; Medico-legal; sharp weapon injury; firearm injury DOI: 10.3126/hren.v9i1.4356Health Renaissance, 2011: Vol.9 No.1:15-19

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF MODERN FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTI-CORRUPTION ACTIVITIES OF THE STATE

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 116-122
Author(s):  
Naumchuk Kateryna Naumchuk Kateryna
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Government

For several years in a row, Ukraine has been on the path of active democratic transformations due to a significant number of complex political, economic, environmental, and regulatory changes. Most of the transformations are due to the unwillingness of civil society to put up with situations that hinder the gradual development of all spheres of activity. Unfortunately, the leading positions are occupied by problems related to corruption in the public sector, which is one of the inhibiting factors in the implementation of state programs, reforms, and innovations. Their influence reduces the level of public confidence in the government, as well as contributes to the deterioration of the country's position at the level of international cooperation. Such actions lead to the development of crisis phenomena in sociopolitical and economic activities, reduces the level of national security and social protection of citizens. The presence of crisis phenomena leads to the need to make changes in the functioning of the most necessary industries such as health care facilities, educational services, state-owned enterprises, and industry. The phenomenon of corruption has a negative impact on the country's competitiveness, on its ability to fully meet the needs of its own citizens, which creates distrust not only of ordinary citizens but also of entrepreneurs. Based on this, identifying and preventing the influence of the main factors influencing the development of the anti-corruption policy of the state is quite relevant and important for solving the problems that have covered the activities of our country. In the course of the research, the approaches to understanding the essence of anti-corruption policy were generalized, measures were identified and priority areas for combating corruption were identified. It was found that the functioning of the process of democratic transformation in combating corruption contributes to the creation of a non-corrupt environment that promotes the progressive development of the country. Keywords: Corruption, corrupt activities, state anti-corruption policy, anti-corruption activities, public administration, public administration, public authorities.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Determinants in the Middle-aged and Elderly Population in A Southern Coastal Region, Iran (the PERSIAN Cohort Study): A Cross-sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghazal Zoghi ◽  
Azim Nejatizadeh ◽  
Mehdi Shahmoradi ◽  
Zahra Ghaemmaghami ◽  
Masoumeh Kheirandish
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Central Obesity ◽  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
The Government

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) criteria are different but interconnected cardiovascular risk factors, including dysglycemia, hypertension, abdominal obesity, and dyslipidemia. Objectives: We aimed to determine the prevalence of MetS, its components, and related factors in the south coastal area of Iran, Bandare-Kong non-communicable diseases (BKNCD). Methods: This population-based study was performed on the baseline data from participants of BKNCD, which has recruited participants from Bandare Kong city, one of the 18 distinct geographical areas included in the prospective epidemiological research studies in Iran (Persian). MetS was diagnosed based on the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) criteria and the Iranian-specific cut-off for waist circumference (≥ 95 cm). The socioeconomic status (SES) was estimated by multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) based on participants’ different properties. Results: Of 3,927 participants included in this study, 2,230 (56.8%) were female. Age-standardized prevalence of MetS was 34.5%. The most common MetS component was central obesity (45.1%), followed by decreased high-density lipoprotein (42.6%), elevated fasting plasma glucose (39.9%), elevated triglyceride (37.7%), and increased blood pressure (37.5%). Besides, 84.7% of the subjects displayed at least one component of MetS. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that women aged 65 - 70 years were at higher risk of having MetS compared to those aged 35 - 39 years (aOR = 12.37, 95% CI 7.54 - 20.30, P < 0.001). Also, living in rural areas was a risk for MetS in women (aOR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.18 - 2.03, P = 0.002). Employment and education were protective against MetS in women. Being overweight significantly increased the risk of MetS in both men and women. Obesity was more problematic for men (aOR = 16.66, 95% CI 11.65 - 23.81, P < 0.001) compared to women (aOR = 10.43, 95% CI 7.82 - 13.90, P < 0.001). Marital status, education, smoking status, and SES did not significantly predict MetS in men. Conclusions: A high prevalence of MetS was observed in this study, emphasizing central obesity, high TG, and low HDL. This calls on the government authorities to establish screening programs to identify individuals with a lower number of abnormal MetS components to prevent them from developing MetS and the resultant cardiovascular complications.

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