scholarly journals SERUM CORTISOLAS A PROGNOSTIC FACTOR OF EARLY STROKE

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
R. Murugaraj ◽  
V. Padma ◽  
Rameez Raja
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Brain Infarction ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Neurological Injury ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Hemorrhage Risk ◽  
Dexamethasone Suppression ◽  
Early Stroke

Stroke is a common neurological disorder in clinical practice causing death in the developing countries as well as developed countries. Stroke is defined as an acute neurological injury occurring due to vascular pathological processes which manifest either as brain infarction or hemorrhage. Risk factors can never explain the timing and activity of the occurrence of stroke. But we can prevent the onset of stroke by reducing the risk factors. A stress response occurs after stroke which causes increased levels of cortisol and catecholamines1 .This has been known since the 1950s. There is also a dysregulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system which is shown by a failure of the dexamethasone suppression of cortisol levels in stroke. This cortisol response to stroke has been identified in both cerebral infarction as well as in intracerebral hemorrhage2 of any cause.

scholarly journals Current and Emerging Pharmacotherapeutic Options for Smoking Cessation

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. SART.S8108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin V. Carson ◽  
Malcolm P. Brinn ◽  
Thomas A. Robertson ◽  
Rachada To-A-Nan ◽  
Adrian J. Esterman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Current Clinical Practice ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
First Line ◽  
Marginalized Groups

Tobacco smoking remains the single most preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries and poses a significant threat across developing countries where tobacco use prevalence is increasing. Nicotine dependence is a chronic disease often requiring multiple attempts to quit; repeated interventions with pharmacotherapeutic aids have become more popular as part of cessation therapies. First-line medications of known efficacy in the general population include varenicline tartrate, bupropion hydrochloride, nicotine replacement therapy products, or a combination thereof. However, less is known about the use of these products in marginalized groups such as the indigenous, those with mental illnesses, youth, and pregnant or breastfeeding women. Despite the efficacy and safety of these first line pharmacotherapies, many smokers continue to relapse and alternative pharmacotherapies and cessation options are required. Thus, the aim of this review is to summarize the existing and developing pharmacotherapeutic and other options for smoking cessation, to identify gaps in current clinical practice, and to provide recommendations for future evaluations and research.

scholarly journals Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease in Developing Countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 69-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farah Rehan ◽  
Alina Qadeer ◽  
Irfan Bashir ◽  
Mohammed Jamshaid
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Pharmaceutical Journal ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Strategic Implementation ◽  
As Stress

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have increased the mortality rate both in developing as well as developed countries, however a lower trend in death rates have been seen in developed and high income countries like USA, UK, Australia, Japan and other European countries due to improved life style, better strategic implementation, control of disease both in young and adults and especially reduced smoking habits. In developing countries CVD become an alarming situation due to prevalence of disease in early age that later on become chronic and difficult to control. Various risk factors that can contribute toward CVD in developing countries include smoking, high alcohol and salt intake, dietary factors, diabetes, high blood pressure and psychosocial aspects such as stress, anxiety and depression. Various other factors such as family history and the gender difference also contributing towards the high risk of developing CVD.Rehan et al., International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, July 2016, 5(8): 69-72http://www.icpjonline.com/documents/Vol5Issue8/02.pdf

scholarly journals Challenges of childhood obesity in a developing economy: A review

1970 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-179
Author(s):  
CB Eke ◽  
AC Ubesie ◽  
BC Ibe
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
English Language ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Double Burden Of Malnutrition

Background: Obesity once considered a high income country’s malady is now on the rise in most developing countries particularly in urban settings. Most of these emerging economies have been reported to have different shades of under – nutrition coexisting side by side with over-nutrition. It is pertinent therefore that we determine the factors driving the increase in obesity rates in developing countries as they generally lack the infrastructure to adequately handle the associated complications.Objectives: This communication is aimed at reviewing the burden and risk factors for obesity in children in developing countries, double burden of malnutrition, challenges including medical as well as economic costs and sustainable preventive programmes of obesity in our environment with the hope of sensitizing both the health community and policy makers of this emerging epidemic.Methods: We searched relevant literature on the subject published only in English language or translated into English language manually and electronically. The Index Medicus, AJOL, Medline, PUBMED, and HINARI were specifically searched for the period between 1980 and 2014 and reviewed. The following key words were applied in the search: Obesity in childhood, its burden and associated risk factors, complications of obesity in childhood, double burden of malnutrition in developing countries, assessment of obesity, childhood challenges of obesity including its direct and indirect costs in developing countries as well as practical preventive models in developing economies.Results: Several relevant studies were identified. The health as well as economic costs of obesity is diverse. Obesity is the major risk factor for a variety of non – communicable diseases including cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and malignancies in later life. Also obese children have higher risk of orthopaedic problems and psychological disturbances like low -self esteem and bullying. This can also lead to poor social adjustments among our teeming youths who are the bedrock of our future economy. Most of these diseases cause premature deaths in addition to long term morbidities. Many of these obesity associated complications impose substantial burden on the health care system in developing countries with weak health systems, and if allowed unmitigated the implications are that the cost of its care may overwhelm not only the health budget but also affect the provisions of basic social amenities.Conclusions: Preventive programmes have been shown to reduce the burden of obesity in developed countries. Dearth of data on burden of obesity and its associated complications in children and adolescents still a challenge in most developing economies. Efforts should be made to prevent childhood obesity using multi- pronged approach at population level through targeted education, sustainable interventions related to healthy nutritional practices as well as physical activity promotion.Key words: Challenges; Obesity; Children; Developing Economies

scholarly journals RotavirusDiarrhea among Children in Taiz, Yemen: Prevalence—Risk Factors and Detection of Genotypes

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulmalik Al-Badani ◽  
Leena Al-Areqi ◽  
Abdulatif Majily ◽  
Saleh AL-Sallami ◽  
Anwar AL-Madhagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Severe Gastroenteritis ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Diarrheal diseases are a great public health problem; they are among the most causes leading to morbidity and mortality of infants and children particularly in developing countries and even in developed countries.Rotavirusis the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children in both developed and developing countries. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence rate ofRotavirusinfection, its genotypes, and risk factors among children with diarrhea in Taiz, Yemen. 795 fecal samples were collected from children (less than 5 years old), suffering from diarrhea and attending the Yemeni-Swedish Hospital (YSH) in Taiz , Yemen, from November 2006 to February 2008.Rotaviruswas detected by enzyme linkage immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on stool specimens of children. Genotypes ofRotaviruswere characterized by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The results showed that 358 (45.2%) wereRotavirus-positive and the most prevalent genotypes were G2P[4] (55%), followed by G1P[8] (15%). In addition,Rotaviruswas found through the whole year; however, higher frequency during the summer season (53.4%) and lower frequency during the winter season (37.1%).

Suicide in Developing Countries (2)

Crisis ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Vijayakumar ◽  
Sujit John ◽  
Jane Pirkis ◽  
Harvey Whiteford
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

Abstract. The majority of studies on risk factors for suicide have been conducted in developed countries, and less work has been done to systematically profile risk factors in developing countries. The current paper presents a selective review of sociodemographic, clinical, and environmental/situational risk factors in developing countries. Taken together, the evidence suggests that the profiles of risk factors in developing countries demonstrate some differences from those in developed countries. In some developing countries, at least, being female, living in a rural area, and holding religious beliefs that sanction suicide may be of more relevance to suicide risk than these factors are in developed countries. Conversely, being single or having a history of mental illness may be of less relevance. Risk factors that appear to be universal include youth or old age, low socioeconomic standing, substance use, and previous suicide attempts. Recent stressful life events play a role in both developing and developed countries, although their nature may differ (e.g., social change may have more of an influence in the former). Likewise, access to means heightens risk in both, but the specific means may vary (e.g., access to pesticides is of more relevance in developing countries). These findings have clear implications for suicide prevention, suggesting that preventive efforts that have shown promise in developed countries may need to be tailored differently to address the risk factor profile of developing countries.

scholarly journals Risk Factors of Low Birth Weight Baby: A Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Poly Begum ◽  
Md Kamrul Hassan ◽  
Aloke Kumar Saha ◽  
Tahmina Akter ◽  
Mahmuda Afrin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Socio Economic Factors ◽  
Medical Risks

Low birth weight (LBW) is one of the main predictors of infant mortality. The global incidence of LBW is around 17%, although estimates vary from 19% in the developing countries like Bangladesh to 5-7% in the developed countries. About one third of delivery is low birth weight. LBW is generally associated with situations in which uterine malnutrition is produced due to alterations in placental circulation. There are many known risk factors, the most important of which are socio-economic factors, medical risks before or during gestation and maternal lifestyles. However, although interventions exist to prevent many of these factors before and during pregnancy, the incidence of LBW has not decreased.Faridpur Med. Coll. J. Jan 2017;12(1): 40-46

scholarly journals IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FACTORS AMONG MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION PATIENTS ATTENDING DARBHANGA MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL.

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Kumari Suruchi ◽  
Dr. Kumar Durgeshwar ◽  
Dr. Pradeep Kumar Sharma ◽  
Dr.P. K. Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Family History ◽  
Serum Lipid ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Coronary Heart Diseases ◽  
History Of

INTRODUCTION: Coronary heart diseases (CHD) is the most common serious disease in developed countries and an acute developing health problem in developing countries and have imposed numerous social and economic costs in developed countries. It is known that MI is caused by smoking, which also causes endothelial dysfunction. There are about 80% cases of MI in developing countries but the studies on risk factors are mostly done in countries which are developed.  It seems to be important to emphasize on studies on risk factors of MI. The mortality of these diseases are shown to increase in developing countries due to lack of familiarity with risk factors associated to coronary heart diseases and failure to comply with preventive measures.  MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this prospective case-control study information was collected on demographic characteristics, history of cardiovascular disease, lifestyle (smoking) and risk factors using structured questionnaire. Critically ill patients with HIV/AIDS or other major diseases like liver failure, kidney failure, etc. were excluded from the study. RESULTS: In present study 118 cases and same number of matched controls were included. It was found that in this study, 97(82.2%) cases had smoking habits whereas 61(51.7%) of controls were smokers. Statistically significant smokers were observed in cases. Among all MI patients, 76(64.4%) had family history of CAD while it was present in 32.2% non-MI patient, difference was statistically significant. A significant proportion of cases (72.3%) had high serum lipid levels compared to controls (43.2%). Among all cases 94(79.7%) were hypertensive and 82(69.5%) controls suffered from hypertension, but the difference was not statistically significant. Prevalence of diabetes among cases 72(61.0%) and controls 68(57.6%) was not statistically significant, although prevalence was high in cases. 5(4.2%) of cases had Coronary artery bypass graf(CABG). CONCLUSION: Most common predictors of MI in our study were smoking, high serum lipid levels, family history of CAD, hypertension and diabetes. Early identification and modification of the risk factors is important for preventing MI.

P1681Clinical profile of patients initiating evolocumab in Spanish Cardiology Units: A RETrospective, Observational Study of Real-World Clinical Practice (RETOSS-Cardio)

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
V Barrios ◽  
M I Antorrena Miranda ◽  
C Bonanad Lozano ◽  
J Cosin Sales ◽  
O Diaz De Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Secondary Prevention ◽  
Real World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Voluntary Withdrawal ◽  
Spanish Hospital ◽  
Cv Disease ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Background/Introduction Cardiovascular (CV) disease represents the leading cause of death and disability in developed countries with elevated LDL-C among the main risk factors for CV events. Purpose We conducted a study to describe the clinical profile of patients initiating evolocumab in real-world clinical practice, specifically hospital cardiology units in Spain. Methods Retrospective, observational, serial chart review of consecutive hyperlipidemic patients (≥18 years) who initiated evolocumab in 31 Spanish hospital cardiology units from February-2016 to May-2017. Relevant patients characteristics and clinical data were collected from medical records at 12 weeks pre- and 12±4 weeks post-evolocumab initiation. Baseline values correspond to data collected up to 12 weeks prior to initiation of evolocumab. Results 186 patients were enrolled: 72.0% men, mean (SD) age 60.3 (9.8) years, mean (SD) body mass index 28.5 (4.3) kg/m2. CV history and CV risk factors at evolocumab initiation are summarised below (Figure). Half of all patients were statin intolerant and almost all (94.1%) were secondary prevention. At baseline, half (51.1%) of all patients were receiving ezetimibe and 44.1% were receiving high-intensity statins. At baseline, mean (SD) LDL-C was 144.0 (49.0) mg/dL; 38.7% of patients had LDL-C 100-<130 mg/dL, 28.0% had LDL-C 130-<160 mg/dl, 12.4% had LDL-C ≥160 mg/dL, 12.9% had LDL-C ≥190 mg/dL. Mean (SD) baseline HDL-C was 47.7 (13.0) mg/dL. After 12 weeks of evolocumab treatment, mean (SD) LDL-C was reduced by 57.6% (21.6) to 62.2% (44.1) mg/dL (p<0.0001; LDL-C reductions of 57.5% [23.2]/57.6% [21.6] in patients with/without FH and 46.0% [21.5]/58.5% [22.1] in primary/secondary prevention patients, respectively). At week 12, 64.9% patients reached LDL-C levels <70 mg/dL, and 49.1% <50 mg/dL, while statin use remained stable (data not shown). Only 3.2% (n=6) patients discontinued evolocumab (voluntary withdrawal, mostly). Baseline CV history and CV risk factors Conclusions In Spanish Cardiology Units, evolocumab was typically prescribed in patients with FH and/or atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, aligned with 2016 ESC/EAS guidelines recommendation on PCSK9i usage. Patients tended to have LDL-C levels above the recommended thresholds with LDL- levels markedly reduced after 12 (± 4) weeks of evolocumab treatment. Acknowledgement/Funding This work was supported by Amgen.

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