Rabies Ecology in Bauchi State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
Bolajoko Muhammad-Bashir ◽  
Yakubu Joel Atuman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The State ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
P Value ◽  
Public Health Implication ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Canine Rabies ◽  
Dog Ownership ◽  
Dog Owners

Despite availability of safer and cost-effective treatments and vaccines, rabies is still considered among the most fatal viral zoonotic disease worldwide. The epidemiology of rabies is directly associated with the ecology of the reservoirs which needs better understanding to underpin appropriate control measures. There are only few reported attempts made towards understanding the ecology of dog and rabies cases in Nigeria. Although dogs are tolerated and kept in Bauchi State, the risk factors associated with dog ownership in the state, remain to be studied. This study is aimed at determining the risk factors associated with dog ownership in Bauchi state and to evaluate the degree with which the presence or absence of the identified factors can increase or decrease risk of rabies cases in the state. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted amongst dog owners across the state. Basic descriptive analyses were carried out in Microsoft Excel 2016 and IBM SPSS 21 was used to determine the relative risk (RR) of rabies occurrence in households across the state when exposed to each of the identified risk factors where P-value was set at 0.05. A total of 80 questionnaires were completed and received from the respondents. The calculated RR, revealed that the practice of extensive system of management increases the risk of canine rabies amongst dogs of the state by 80% and knowledge of dog owners about canine rabies reduces the risk of canine rabies by 27%. This study confirmed that dogs are owned and tolerated but poorly managed under extensive management system in Bauchi state with increasing risks of rabies spread due to low vaccination coverage and lack of practical application of knowledge on the dangers of rabies amongst the populace. The public health implication of this situation and the need for concerted efforts for sustainable control of rabies in the state is discussed

scholarly journals Epidemiological characterization and risk factors associated with Leptospira infection in dogs from rural settlements in the semi-arid region of Northeast Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4Supl1) ◽  
pp. 2531
Author(s):  
José Dêvede Da Silva ◽  
Demmya Haryssam Menezes Melo ◽  
Érico Luiz de Barros Correia ◽  
José Romero Alexandre Alves ◽  
Diego Figueiredo Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
The State ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Sanitary Conditions ◽  
Epidemiological Characterization

Rural settlements are defined as family-run agrarian spaces. Their purpose, based on public policies, is to strengthen family agriculture. They are peculiar environments that can predispose to the risk of diseases, especially zoonotic diseases, due to close natural contact with animals that can be sources of infection. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of anti-Leptospira antibodies in dogs from rural settlements in the state of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil, and to identify the risk factors associated with infection. A total of 306 dogs were sampled and Leptospira screening was performed using the microscopic agglutination test. In all, 27 of 306 (8.82%; 95% CI = 6.13-12.5%) dogs were seropositive for Leptospira spp. The most frequent serotype was Pomona. Street access (odds ratio = 3.53, p = 0.012) was indicated as a risk factor for infection. The results indicate that leptospirosis is present in dogs from rural settlements in the state of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil. This reinforces the need to limit contact between dogs and wild reservoirs and perform serological monitoring of swine. It also reinforces the need for implementation of control measures such as improvements in hygienic-sanitary conditions in the settlements, including the construction of pigsties away from homes, and the introduction of vaccination to reduce the occurrence of this disease, which will prevent transmission to humans and animals.

scholarly journals Neospora caninum infection in cattle in the state of Amazonas, Brazil: seroprevalence, spatial distribution and risk factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Cesar Gonçalves de Azevedo Filho ◽  
Müller Ribeiro-Andrade ◽  
Jomel Francisco dos Santos ◽  
Arthêmio Coelho dos Reis ◽  
José Wilton Pinheiro Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
The State ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
Caninum Infection ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Madeira River

Abstract Livestock in the Amazon has grown significantly and, although neosporosis in cattle has been reported worldwide, there is no information about N. caninum in production systems in the state of Amazonas. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle, their spatial distribution and the risk factors associated with N. caninum infection in the state of Amazonas. Questionnaires were applied to farmers to assess risk factors associated with N. caninum infection. Blood samples were collected from 1,073 animals on 47 farms in 33 municipalities in the four Amazonian subpopulations. IgG anti-N.caninum antibodies were detected by the indirect fluorescence test, with a general prevalence of 30.2%, being seropositive in 43 farms (91.5%), with prevalence ranging from 2.2% to 69.2%. The highest number of high density points was found in subpopulation 3 (municipality of Apuí and other municipalities on the Madeira River and affluent). It was concluded that N. caninum is present with high seroprevalence values, when compared to other cattle producing states in the Amazon region of Brazil. The identified factors can be used as risk indicators so that control measures can be implemented to prevent infection by N. caninum in these herds.

scholarly journals Ocurrence and risk factors associated with Mycoplasma agalactiae infection in dairy goat herds of Paraíba State, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
Rodrigo A.T. Matos ◽  
Sandra B. Santos ◽  
Renato V. Alves ◽  
Ednaldo J. Silva ◽  
Melânia L. Marinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
The State ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Mycoplasma Agalactiae ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
State Identification

ABSTRACT: Mycoplasmosis is a disease that may cause severe economical losses in goat and sheep herds, and it is associated with mastitis, polyarthritis, agalactia, conjunctivitis, pneumonia and reproductive failure. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of Mycoplasma agalactiae in milk samples and investigate the main risk factors associated with infection in goats from farms of the state of Paraíba, Brazil. For Mycoplasma agalactiae diagnosis, 251 milk samples were submitted to DNA extraction using a commercially available kit, following the manufacturer’s instructions and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed. In addition, questionnaires were applied to identify the main risk factors associated with contagious agalactia. Out of the two hundred fifty-one samples analyzed, 50 (19.9%, I.C. 15.1-25.4%) were PCR positive for M. agalactiae. In the risk factors analysis, some associations were observed for the following variables: size of the herd (P<0.001, OR=7.1, I.C. 2.4-20.6), replacement of farm animals (P<0.001, OR=4.7, I.C. 1.8-12.2) and participation of animals in fairs and exhibitions (P=0.029, OR=2.0, I.C.1.0-3.9). The results allowed confirming the occurrence of Mycoplasma agalactiae in milk samples of goats from Paraíba. Therefore, it is strictly necessary to monitor dairy goat flocks and to raise the awareness of farmers about the economic importance of the disease, since it causes severe economic losses for producers of the state. Identification of risk factors is essential for adoption of control measures and for the correction of the management factors in farms where there are animals with positive diagnosis, avoiding, so, pathogen dissemination.

scholarly journals Prevalência e fatores de risco da Leucose Enzoótica Bovina em rebanhos bovinos da microrregião de Teresina, estado do Piauí, Brasil

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
Pedro Henrique Viana Rebêlo ◽  
◽  
Flávio de Sousa Oliveira ◽  
Rafael Gabino Cavalcante ◽  
Francisco das Chagas Cardoso Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
The State ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Agar Gel ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

The present work aims to estimate the seroprevalence of Bovine Enzootic Leukosis - LEB and to identify the risk factors associated with seroreactivity for infection by the LEB virus, in cattle from herds raised in the Teresina Microregion, in the State of Piaui, Brazil. 420 blood samples were examined in 14 municipalities belonging to the microregion, the technique used for the research was Immunodiffusion in Agar Gel (IDGA). There was a prevalence rate of 19.52% (82/420) of seroreagent animals, with the occurrence of at least one animal positive for LEB in each herd evaluated. The results show that prevention and control measures are necessary for better surveillance of herds.

scholarly journals Epidemiological characterization and risk factors associated with Leptospira infection in dogs from rural settlements in the semi-arid region of Northeast Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4Supl1) ◽  
pp. 2531
Author(s):  
José Dêvede Da Silva ◽  
Demmya Haryssam Menezes Melo ◽  
Érico Luiz de Barros Correia ◽  
José Romero Alexandre Alves ◽  
Diego Figueiredo Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
The State ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Sanitary Conditions ◽  
Epidemiological Characterization

Rural settlements are defined as family-run agrarian spaces. Their purpose, based on public policies, is to strengthen family agriculture. They are peculiar environments that can predispose to the risk of diseases, especially zoonotic diseases, due to close natural contact with animals that can be sources of infection. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of anti-Leptospira antibodies in dogs from rural settlements in the state of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil, and to identify the risk factors associated with infection. A total of 306 dogs were sampled and Leptospira screening was performed using the microscopic agglutination test. In all, 27 of 306 (8.82%; 95% CI = 6.13-12.5%) dogs were seropositive for Leptospira spp. The most frequent serotype was Pomona. Street access (odds ratio = 3.53, p = 0.012) was indicated as a risk factor for infection. The results indicate that leptospirosis is present in dogs from rural settlements in the state of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil. This reinforces the need to limit contact between dogs and wild reservoirs and perform serological monitoring of swine. It also reinforces the need for implementation of control measures such as improvements in hygienic-sanitary conditions in the settlements, including the construction of pigsties away from homes, and the introduction of vaccination to reduce the occurrence of this disease, which will prevent transmission to humans and animals.

Risk Factors Associated With Dengue Fever Outbreak in Taiz Governorate, Yemen, 2018: Case-control Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulkareem Ali Hussein Nassar ◽  
Amr Abdulaziz Torbosh ◽  
Yassin Abdulmalik Mahyoub ◽  
Mohammed Abdullah Al Amad
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
P Value ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: Dengue Fever (DF) is a significant health problem in Yemen especially in the coastal areas. On November 6, 2018, Taiz governorates surveillance officer notified the Ministry of Public Health and Population on an increase in the number of suspected DF in Al Qahirah and Al Mudhaffar districts, Taiz governorate. On November 7, 2018, Field Epidemiology Training Program sent a team to perform an investigation. The aims were to confirm and describe the outbreak by person, place and time in Taiz governorate, and identify its risk factors.Methodology: Descriptive and case-control study (1:2 ratio) were conducted. WHO case definition was used to identify cases in Al Qahirah or Al Mudhaffar districts during August-November 2018. Control was selected from the same districts who did not suffer from DF. Predesigned questionnaire was used to collect data related to sociodemographic, behavioral and environmental characteristics. Bivariate and multivariate backward stepwise analyses were used. The adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. A P value < 0.05 was considered as the cut point for statistically significant. Epi info version 7.2 was used.Results: A total of 50 DF cases were found. Almost 52% were males and 76% were <30 years of age. The overall attack rate was 1/10,000 of the population. Case fatality rate was 4%. In multivariate analysis, not working (aOR = 26.6, 95% CI: 6.8–104.7), not using mosquito repellent (aOR = 13.9, 95% CI:1.4–136.8), wearing short sleeves/pants (aOR = 27.3, 95% CI: 4.8–156.8), poor sanitation (aOR = 5.4, 95% CI: 1.4–20.3), presence of outdoor trees (aOR = 13.2, 95% CI: 2.8–63.0) and houses without window nets (aOR = 15.7, 95% CI: 3.9–63.4) were statistically significant risk factors associated with DF outbreak. Eleven 11 (58%) of blood samples were positive for DF IgM.Conclusions: DF outbreak in Al Qahirah and Al Mudhaffar districts, Taiz governorate was confirmed. This study provides evidence-based information regarding the identified risk factors that contributed to the occurrence of this outbreak. Raising community awareness on the importance of personal protection measures and improving the sanitation services are strongly recommended.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with infection by Neospora caninum of dairy cattle in the state of Alagoas, Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1009-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria E. Sousa ◽  
J.N. Porto Wagnner ◽  
Pedro P.F. Albuquerque ◽  
Orestes L. Souza Neto ◽  
Eduardo B. Faria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Indirect Immunofluorescence ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Serological Investigation

The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle from milk producing farms of the microregion of Batalha, state of Alagoas, Brazil, as well as to identify the risk factors associated with the infection. Blood samples were collected from 1,004 cattle of 17 farms for the serological investigation regarding the presence of anti-N. caninum antibodies by the Indirect Immunofluorescence Reaction Technique (IMRT). From the total amount of samples analyzed, 77/1,004 (7.67%) were positive and 927/1,004 (92.33%) were negative. The logistical regression identified that cattle from farms without consortium breeding have an infection risk 6.33 (p<0.001; C.I. 2.89-13.10) times higher than cattle from farms with that type of breeding. Cattle from farms where the aborted fetuses are not adequately buried have an infection risk 3.04 (p<0.001; C.I. 1.64-5.63) times higher than cattle from farms with adequate destination of these fetuses. Infection by N. caninum occurs in cattle of the investigated region. The factors identified in our study can be used as risk indicators, so that control measures could be implemented to avoid infection by N. caninum in the herds of this region.

Major construction risk factors considered by general contractors in Qatar

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulaziz M. Jarkas ◽  
Theodore C. Haupt
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The State ◽  
Risk Allocation ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Construction Risk ◽  
General Contractors

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify, explore, rank the relative importance and determine the prevalent allocation response trends of the major construction risk factors considered by general contractors operating in the State of Qatar. Design/methodology/approach – A structured questionnaire survey comprising 37 potential risk factors was distributed to a statistically representative sample of contractors. The influence ranks of the factors explored were determined using the “Relative Importance Index (RII)” technique, whereas the prevalent trend of contractors’ attitudes toward risk allocation of each factor investigated was quantified and expressed as a percentage, based on the number of respondents who selected a specific option, in relation to the total number of respondents. Findings – The results obtained indicate that risks related to the “client” group are perceived as most critical, followed by the “consultant”, “contractor” and “exogenous” group-related factors, respectively. The outcomes further show that the “transfer” option is the contractors’ prevalent response to “client” and “consultant”-related risks, while the “retention” decision is the principal pattern linked to “contractor” and “exogenous” group-related risk factors. Research limitations/implications – The dominant respondents’ perception that the crucial construction risks are related to clients and consultants suggests that these two parties have an essential role in controlling the negative ramifications of the associated factors. Practical implications – The findings suggest that increasing designers’ awareness of the significant effect of applying the constructability concept can considerably help reducing the risks concomitant of the construction operation. Policy makers may contribute, moreover, in alleviating the risk of incompetent technical staff and operatives’ employment by controlling the migration of inexperienced and unskilled construction workforce into the State. Originality/value – Given the knowledge gap for the major construction risk factors considered by general contractors in Qatar, the results reported in this study can provide clients, industry practitioners and policy makers with guidance to effectively manage the significant risks determined, which can further assist in achieving a reasonable level of competitiveness and cost-effective operation.

scholarly journals Risk factors associated with the severity of COVID-19 in a region of the Brazilian Amazon

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Melo Sardinha ◽  
Rosane do Socorro Pompeu de Loiola ◽  
Ana Lúcia da Silva Ferreira ◽  
Carmem Aliandra Freire de Sá ◽  
Yan Corrêa Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
The State ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Brazilian Amazon Region

AbstractThe Brazilian Northern region registered a high incidence of COVID-19 cases, particularly in the state of Pará. The present study investigated the risk factors associated with the severity of COVID-19 in a Brazilian Amazon region of 100,819 cases. An epidemiological, cross-sectional, analytical and demographic study, analyzing data on confirmed cases for COVID-19 available at the Brazilian Ministry of Health's surveillance platform, was conducted. Variables such as, municipalities of residence, age, gender, signs and symptoms, comorbidities were included and associated with COVID-19 cases and outcomes. The spatial distribution was performed using the ArcGIS program. A total of 100,819 cases were evaluated. Overall, patients had the mean age of 42.3 years, were female (51.2%) and with lethality reaching 4.79% of cases. Main symptoms included fever (66.5%), cough (61.9%) and sore throat (39.8%). Regarding comorbidities, most of the patients presented cardiovascular disease (5.1%) and diabetes (4.2%). Neurological disease increased risk of death by nearly 15 times, followed by obesity (5.16 times) and immunodeficiency (5.09 time). The municipalities with the highest incidence rate were Parauapebas, Canaã dos Carajás and Jacareacanga. Similarity between the Lower Amazon, Marajó and Southwest mesoregions of Pará state were observed concerning the highest morbidity rates. The obtained data demonstrated that the majority of cases occurred among young adults, females, with the classic influenza symptoms and chronic diseases. Finally, data suggest that the highest incidences were no longer in the metropolitan region of the state. The higher lethality rate than in Brazil may be associated with the greater impacts of the disease in this Amazonian population, or factors associated with fragile epidemiological surveillance in the notification of cases of cure.

scholarly journals Testing pigs of non-technified rearing farms for serum antibodies against Taenia solium in a region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel A.M. Rossi ◽  
Henrique M.S. Almeida ◽  
Rafaella P.M. Guimarães-Peixoto ◽  
Emílio C. Acevedo-Nieto ◽  
Paulo S.A. Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Biological Cycle ◽  
Serum Antibodies ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
And Control

Abstract: Taenia solium is a zoonotic tapeworm of great importance in developing countries, due to the occurrence of human taeniasis and cysticercosis. Pigs have an important role in the biological cycle of the parasite as intermediate hosts. The scientific literature has been describing risk factors associated with the occurrence of this disease that must be avoided in countries with poor sanitation, in order to reduce the exposure of swine to the parasite eggs. This research focused on testing pigs of non-technified rearing farms for serum antibodies against Taenia solium in the region of Jaboticabal municipality, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The found prevalence was 6.82% (CI 95% 4.18 - 9.45) at animal level and 28.87% (CI 95% 16.74 - 40.40) at herd level. These figures are probably associated with low technification adoption during animal rearing in the studied area, which increased the exposure of the animals to risk factors associated with the occurrence of Taenia solium complex. The results found based on serological evidences of swine cysticercosis in the studied region serves as a warning to public sanitary authorities to improve public health and control T. solium.

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