scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF CONSTITUTION IN 1945 AMENDMENTS AS A CONSTITUTIONAL IN INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Asri Agustiwi
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
State Constitution ◽  
Basic Law ◽  
Government Power ◽  
Constitutional System ◽  
Unwritten Rule ◽  
And Function ◽  
Rules Set

<p>The constitution is often equated with the Constitution as the basic law is written. However, the Constitution of having understanding wider. The Constitution does not only include a written rule that constitution, but the unwritten rule, the basic rules are raised and maintained in the practice of statecraft or called by convention. The Constitution is the constitutional system in the form of written and unwritten rules set out together to govern a country. Where the nature and function of the constitution is there limitation of government power so that the implementation of power is not arbitrary. Thus, the rights of citizens are expected to be protected. 1945 was passed by the state constitution PPKI as Indonesia on August 18, 1945. In practice, the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia has been transformed into constitutional RIS (December 27th 1945- August 17, 1950), later transformed into a Provisional Constitution of 1950 (August 17th 1950s July 5th, 1959), until it became 1945 again but with amendments in 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002. An amendment to the 1945 Constitution because their demands strong 1945 changes of society. People feel that the charge 1945 times many are not appropriate.</p>

scholarly journals Questioning the Existence of The Indonesian Commision State : An Idea of Reconstruction

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Putu Eva Ditayani Antari
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Current State ◽  
Government Power ◽  
State Commission ◽  
State Administration ◽  
Constitutional System

This research focuses on the phenomenon of the large number of state commissions in Indonesia, especially in the post-reform era. The purpose of this study is to describe the classification of state commissions in Indonesia. Furthermore, through the idea of simplifying the state commission, it will be able to overcome the problems that often occur due to the large number of state commissions. Through doctrinal legal research using a conceptual and comparative approach, it is known that state commissions are formed as a form of democracy, where there are independent institutions with the main task of supervising the three axes of state power (trias politica), especially in the sphere of government power. This state commission has a legal basis for the formation of various institutions through laws, government regulations, or presidential regulations so that not all state commissions have an equal position in the state administration. Furthermore, the incidental and responsive nature of the formation of state commissions often results in overlapping powers of state commissions. In order to resolve this, the idea is to make simplifications for the current State commission. The act of simplification is carried out by only maintaining a few State commissions that are capable of supporting the spirit of democracy in the State. Meanwhile, other commissions were merged into institutions of other countries. Furthermore, it is given legitimacy based on law to the State commission, so that it is not difficult to determine its position in the Indonesian constitutional system  

scholarly journals Legal Symbolism and Constitutional Policy in Contemporary Reality of Changes

2021 ◽  
pp. 152-185
Author(s):  
Anahit Manasyan ◽  
Taron Simonyan
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The State ◽  
Basic Law ◽  
The People ◽  
Legal Perspective ◽  
Contemporary Reality ◽  
Constitutional System ◽  
The One

The article tries to bring to the light the role of symbolism in the organized human life, in general, and the contemporary societies with the accelerating changes almost in all social structures, in particular. The rational of symbolism in changing socio-political and legal environment creates complexity of the issue, which has been studied in the article, taking into account the methodology of complex system theory. The interconnectivity and interdependency of law, morality and politics create the picture of synergy of different social norms with each other in changing environment. Their positive synergy is able to create a perception of the ‘ethical state’ – the focal point of equilibrium expressed in the attractor of future admired development. In the legal perspective, the symbol of that attractor appears to be the constitution as the society’s and the nation’s symbol of coexistence based on the values of mutual past, necessary present and admired future. It is substantiated that the Constitution is the phenomenon, representing a concrete constitutional idea and constitutional identity, and should be the one to be considered as such in a lot of people’s minds if we intend to have a proper constitutional system and values. Hence, the Constitution is not just a document with a highest legal force, but also a symbol of a concrete constitutional system, and from this viewpoint the Basic Law has a symbolic significance. The authors substantiate that the mentioned significance of the Constitution makes it clear that constitutional policy in any state should be established and implemented in a manner, obviously demonstrating an attitude towards the Constitution, in the frames of which it is considered as a symbol of a concrete constitutional system. The most important circumstance in this context is to never transform the Constitution (directly or indirectly) from a symbol to an instrument in the hands of both the people and the state power and the whole constitutional policy of the state should be based on the discussed essential idea. Moreover, according to the authors the Constitution should not be subject to amendment parallel to every change of political situation of the state or formation of a new political majority merely conditioned by the mentioned changes. The Constitution has a fundamental role from the aspect of regulating social relations, has symbolic significance and can’t be used just as a tool for solving ongoing political problems.

KEPEMIMPINAN NON MUSLIM DALAM TAFSIR AL-MISBAH KARYA M. QURAISH SHIHAB

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-115
Author(s):  
Munawir Munawir
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
State Constitution ◽  
The People ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Inferential Method ◽  
Problematic Issue ◽  
Core Issue

Non-Muslim leadership becomes a problematic issue in the context of inter-religious relations in Indonesia, especially for Muslims in conducting religious-social-political relations with non- Muslims. The problematic position of this non-Muslim leadership issue is the state constitution allows but the religious constitution (based on the textuality of the Qur'an) forbids. How does M. Quraish Shihab respond as well as answer the problematic of the people in the case? It is this core issue that will be tested by the answer through this research. Using the descriptive-inferential method and the philosophical-historical approach (philosophical and historical approach), the conclusion that M. Quraish Shihab in interpreting the verses (ban) of non-Muslim leadership (Surat al-Maidah: 51, QS Ali 'Imran: 28, and QS al-Mumtahanah: 1) is contextual, or in other words, the verses are understood to be sociological and not theological. Therefore he allows non-Muslim leadership as long as the non-Muslims are not of a hostile group of Islam, even he does not allow the leadership of a Muslim if a Muslim is actually injurious Islam and harms the interests of Muslims.

scholarly journals Evidence for rapid structural and functional changes of the melanophore microtubule-organizing center upon pigment movements

1979 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 623-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Schliwa ◽  
U Euteneuer ◽  
W Herzog ◽  
K Weber
Keyword(s):  
Complete Removal ◽  
Cell System ◽  
The State ◽  
Microtubule Assembly ◽  
Microtubule Organizing Center ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Organizing Center ◽  
Pigment Distribution ◽  
And Function ◽  
In Cells

Melanophores of the angelfish, pterophyllum scalare, have previously been shown to display approximately 2,400 microtubules in cells wih pigment dispersed; these microtubules radiate from a presumptive organizing center, the central apparatus (CA), and their number is reduced to approximately 1,000 in the state with aggregated pigment (M. Schliwa and U. Euteneuer, 1978, J. Supramol. Struct. 8:177-190). In an attempt to elucidate the factors controlling this rapid reorganization of the microtubule apparatus, structure and function of the CA have been investigated under different physiological conditions. As a function of the state of pigment distribution, melanophores differ markedly with respect to CA organization. A complex of dense amorphous aggregates and associated fuzzy material, several micrometers in diameter, surrounds the centrioles in cells with pigment dispersed, and numerous microtubules emanate from this complex in a radial fashion. In the aggregated state, on the other hand, few microtubules are observed in the pericentiolar region, and the amount of fibrous material is greatly reduced. These changes in CA morphology as a function of the state of pigment distribution are associated with a marked difference in its capacity to initiatiate the assembly of microtubules from exogenous pure porcine brain tubulin in lysed cell preparations. After complete removal of preexisting microtubules, cells lysed in the dispersed state into a solution of 1-2 mg/ml pure tubulin have numerous microtubules associated with the CA in radial fashion, while cells lysed in the aggregated state nucleate the assembly of only a few microtubules. We conclude that it is the activity of the CA that basically regulates the expression of microtubules. This regulation is achieved through a variation in the capacity to initiate microtubule assembly. Increase or decrease in the amount of dense material, as readily observed in the cell system studied here, seems to be a morphologic expression of such a physiologic function.

ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS OF STATE FUNCTIONS AT THE PRESENT STAGE: DYNAMICS OF CHANGES IN THE APPROACH TO THE CONCEPT AND VARIETIES AT THE LEGAL REGULATORY

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 137-141
Author(s):  
ROMAN ZELEPUKIN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Administrative Reform ◽  
The State ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Logical Connection ◽  
Administrative Procedures ◽  
Continuous Activities ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Control ◽  
State Functions

In this article the author analyses the development of administrative regulations in the system of modern public administration. The state of administrative regulations and their institutionalisation as a result of the administrative reform is noted. It has been identified and found that there has now been a change in the approach to the delineation of the administrative regulations of the executive authorities - before 2018, administrative regulations were divided into service regulations and function regulations, where service regulations are related to requests by private persons to the state represented by its bodies and officials - and function regulations are related to the implementation of continuous activities to perform assigned powers and exercise the established competence, after 2018, administrative regulations are divided into service regulations and control (supervision) regulations. According to the author, the established approach has allowed the above varieties of regulations to be merged into such a group of types of administrative regulations as administrative regulations for the implementation of state functions. Also the author concludes that it is necessary to adopt a special legislative act systemising the functions of the executive authorities and the administrative procedures they carry out in a single logical connection.

Serving the state or serving the people? The dilemma of social work graduates in Mainland China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajendra Baikady ◽  
Cheng Shengli ◽  
Gao Jianguo
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
The State ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
The People ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Function ◽  
Work Education ◽  
Schools Of Social Work ◽  
Depth Interviews

This article reports on the result of an exploratory qualitative study with in-depth interviews conducted with postgraduate students in Chinese universities. The data were collected from five schools of social work, covering three provincial-level administrative regions of Beijing, Shanghai and Shandong. The principal aim of this article is to understand the development of social work and student perspectives on the government’s role in social work development and the function of social work in China. The study shows that Chinese social work is still developing, and the expansion and function of social work education and practice is mandated by the state. Despite a robust authoritarian hold by the government, the study finds hope among the graduate students about the mission and future of social work in China.

O potrzebie wprowadzenia ustawy referendalnej do systemu prawnego w Polsce

2021 ◽  
Vol 1(162) ◽  
pp. 127-145
Author(s):  
Piotr Uziębło
Keyword(s):  
Constitutional Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Popular Vote ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Constitutional System

The problems raised in the doctrine of constitutional law related to the implementation of a decision taken in a referendum in matters of particular importance to the state, as well as the generally marginal use of the institution of popular vote in the constitutional prac-tice, give rise to reflection on the introduction of the institution of a referendum law into the Polish constitutional system. In this article the author considers the advantages and disadvantages of such a solution, analyzing at the same time contemporary normative regulations concerning such acts in other countries. The research leads to the conclusion that despite the risks involved, the refer-endum law should appear in the Polish constitutional system in the future, as it would not only give a chance for a more complete reflection of the will of the collective subject of sovereignty without the necessity of its decoding by the parliament, but it could also be an impulse for the development of the referendum practice in the Republic of Poland. However, it is important to introduce proce-dural barriers that will prevent depreciation of this institution.

Ceremonial song in eighteenth-century Dublin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estelle Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Musical Genre ◽  
And Function ◽  
The City

The tradition of composing welcome, birthday, and New Year’s Day odes for the monarch in London is one that dates to as early as 1617. It was not until almost a century later that an equivalent tradition in Dublin is evident. The Dublin ode tradition has often been viewed as an imitation of that established at the London court, and, while it doubtless took the London odes as its model initially, its poets and composers developed a series of works that stand apart as unique in their rationale, style, and even musical genre. This chapter shall demonstrate that the Dublin works were distinctive in their political and social intent and function, their poetry housing the intentions of a loyal polity on the margins of the empire that had a unique and complex identity and relationship with Britain. It will discuss the music and word-setting of the works composed by Masters of the State Music Johann Sigismund Cousser and Matthew Dubourg, showing that this ceremonial music for Dublin constitutes a body of works invaluable to our understanding of the cultural and political climate in the city in the eighteenth century.

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