scholarly journals The influence of authorizing sequences on the development of the strategic importance of Maysan oil :Political Geography Study.

2018 ◽  
Vol 225 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-170
Author(s):  
Dr. Qassem Abd Ali Atheeb
Keyword(s):  
Arabian Gulf ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Oil Fields ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Oil Reserves ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Lower Production

Misan province has large oil reserves, spread over all departments to maintain, some producing fields and other non-productive and a third is under development, and geographical factors contribution to the development of important geo-strategic Misan Oil Fields, Where there is oil in the layers it is complex and close to the surface of the earth.  In addition to the quality of its quality and lower production costs, not to mention the geographical location as Misan oil fields not far from the ports of export  in the Arabian Gulf, As well as its proximity to the largest oil reserves and production  area in the world, giving it dimension Geopolitical, In other words, the production of  the province of Misan oil remained modest due to political factors (Iraqi - Iranian war), economic factors (the economic embargo on Iraq). But oil production is increasing after entering the Misan oil fields within the licensing rounds, Which production has tripled for the period (2011-2016), it is hoped that production exceeds one million barrel threshold in 2020 Which will reflect the benefit of Iraq in general and especially to maintain that Iraq is an international rentier.

scholarly journals Simulation of Holstein and Jersey profitability by varying milk price payment system

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 913-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel de Noronha Figueiredo Vieira da Cunha ◽  
José Carlos Pereira ◽  
Oriel Fajardo de Campos ◽  
Sebastião Teixeira Gomes ◽  
José Luis Braga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Payment System ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
Bonus Payment ◽  
Holstein Breed ◽  
Percentage Unit ◽  
Economic Indexes ◽  
Lower Production

The objective of the study was to compare through simulation Holstein and Jersey breed herds, considering the farm size, zootechnical and economic indexes and profitability of the activity, by using different systems of bonus payment for milk price based in percentage of fat and protein in the milk. The comparisons were made, initially, disregarding the bonus payment for milk price based on the increase in the fat and protein percentage in milk. After that, the profitability of the activity was compared considering bonus payment for milk price of the Jersey breed herd, for each unit increment in fat and protein percentage in milk above those obtained with the Holstein breed herd. Finally, the profitability of the activity was compared by using the bonus payment for milk price based on quality of that used by company A systems. When there was no bonus payment for milk price based in the percentage of fat and protein in the milk, the profit obtained with the Holstein breed was higher because of the lower production costs. In order to make the activity more profitable with the Jersey breed, a bonus payment of 5% for milk price would be needed for each percentage unit of fat above the percentage of that obtained with the Holstein breed, or a bonus payment of 10% in the milk price for each percentage unit of protein above the percentage obtained with the Holstein breed. By using the bonus payment system proposed by Gimenes and Ponchio, the annual profit with the Jersey breed was higher than the profit obtained with the Holstein breed. However, with the application of the bonus payment system used by company A, the Holstein breed became more profitable than the Jersey breed.

scholarly journals ANALISIS CIYCLE COSTING DAN WASTE MANAGEMENT SCENARIOS PADA KOLAM IKAN 4G DAN AZOLLA

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-360
Author(s):  
Listya Sugiyarti ◽  
Nur Asmilia
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Fish Pond ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Fish Ponds ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
The Media ◽  
Data Collection Technique ◽  
Lower Production

One of Mina Kahuripan fish cultivators in Jampang village located in Bogor Regency has innovation and achievements in managing fish and its fish feed, and is the largest fish producer in Bogor Regency. One of the innovations of fish cultivators is the use of a 4G (Four G) fish pond. Besides the fish pond innovation, there is another innovation, namely the use of the Azolla plant. This research aims to analyze the collaboration between Azolla and the 4G pond in waste management scenarios and cycle costing. This research is a qualitative research phenomenon. The data collection technique is done by using observation, interview, documentation, and experiment techniques. Respondents of this study were fish cultivators Mina Kahuripan in Jampang Bogor Village. The results showed that the cycle costing analysis between conventional and 4G fish ponds, it was seen that the production costs in conventional ponds were higher because the media used were all purchased by new categories, while the production costs for 4G fish ponds were lower even though there was a budget for Azolla plant ponds, the quality of the fish produced was guaranteed. Lower production costs are due to the fish cultivators doing waste management from the waste in making 4G fish ponds, resulting in cost efficiency. Another advantage of Waste management scenarios utilizes waste from vegetable and fruit plants that are above the 4G fish pond

scholarly journals Technologies of residual oil extraction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Г.Дж. Етирмишли ◽  
Г.О. Валиев ◽  
С.Э. Казымова ◽  
С.С. Исмаилова ◽  
И.Э. Казымов
Keyword(s):  
Oil Fields ◽  
Residual Oil ◽  
Mobile System ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Strong Earthquakes ◽  
Oil Reserves ◽  
Earthquake Effect ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Oil Fraction ◽  
First Time

В мире к настоящему времени открыты более 40 тысяч нефтяных месторождений с суммарными балансовыми запасами более 500 млрд т. И только около 30% этих запасов было извлечено или может быть еще извлечено из недр с помощью современных промышленно освоенных методов добычи, включая вторичные и третичные методы. Остальные 70% разведанных запасов нефти остались неизвлеченными и составляют так называемые остаточные запасы, которые могли бы стать резервом увеличения нефтедобычи без огромных затрат на поиски, разведку и обустройство новых нефтяных месторождений. В данной статье рассматриваются два метода извлечения остаточной нефти: на суше и на море. Для месторождений на суше целесообразно применение сейсмовибраторов, для морских месторождений – использование воздействия естественных источников колебаний, в нашем случае землетрясений. Вопрос о влиянии землетрясений на открытие газовых и нефтяных месторождений ставится впервые, и при серьезных исследованиях может дать практические результаты. Изучение сейсмологами влияния землетрясений на дебиты нефтяных скважин на расстояниях 70–200 км от эпицентра показало, что рой землетрясений может увеличить процент нефти в дебитах обводненных скважин, если изначально он был весьма мал, или уменьшать это значение, если нефтяная доля была преобладающей. Наблюдения показывают, что за последние годы сейсмичность подвижной системы повышается. Глубины произошедших землетрясений с магнитудой ≥ 3 менялись в пределах 25–35 и 40–60 км. В 2016 г. наблюдалась активизация в северной части Абшероно-Прибалханской складчатой системы (было зарегистрировано 22 землетрясения с Ml≥3,0), к востоку от Абшерона. Глубины их изменяются в пределах 40–60 км. Землетрясение со старшей магнитудой 4,3 произошло 30 ноября 2016 г. За последние годы в Центральном Каспии произошло ряд сильных землетрясений с М>5: в 2014 г. произошло землетрясение с М=5,6 (40,14°N, 51,65°E, Н=60 км), а в 2015 г. – с М=5,4 (40,03°N, 51,89°E, Н=42 км). More than 40 thousand oil fields with total balance reserves of more than 500 billion tons have been discovered in the world by now. And only about 30% of these reserves have been extracted or can be extracted from the bowels of the earth with the help of modern industrial methods of mining, including secondary and tertiary methods. The remaining 70% of the explored oil reserves were left undiscovered and constitute the so-called residual reserves, which could serve as a reserve for increasing oil production without the huge costs of prospecting, exploration and development of new oil fields. This article discusses two methods for extracting residual oil: on land and at sea. It is advisable to use for deposits on land seismic vibrators and for the offshore fields, the use of the effect of natural sources of vibrations (in our case, earthquakes) is considered as advisable. The question of the influence of earthquakes on the discovery of gas and oil fields is being raised for the first time, and with serious research, it can give practical results. Carried out by seismologists the studies of earthquake effect on the flow rates of oil wells at distances of 70–200 km from the epicenter showed that a swarm of earthquakes can increase the percentage of oil in the flow rates of watered wells, if initially it was very small, or reduce this value if the oil fraction was dominant. Observations show that in recent years, the seismicity of the mobile system has increased. The depths of the earthquakes with a magnitude ≥ 3 varied between 25–35 and 40–60 km. In 2016, activization was observed in the northern part of the Absheron-Pribalkhan folded system (22 earthquakes with Ml≥3.0 were registered), east of Absheron. Their depths vary within 40–60 km. An earthquake with the highest magnitude 4.3 occurred on November 30, 2016. In recent years, a number of strong earthquakes with M>5 occurred in the Central Caspian: in 2014 there was an earthquake with M = 5.6 (40,14°N, 51,65°E, H = 60 km), and in 2015 – with M = 5.4 (40,03°N, 51,89°E, Н = 42 km).

Public Sector Employment, Quality of Government, and Well-Being: A Global Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 223386592110117
Author(s):  
Robert Davidson ◽  
Alexander Pacek ◽  
Benjamin Radcliff
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Employment Quality ◽  
The Impact

While a growing literature within the study of subjective well-being demonstrates the impact of socio-political factors on subjective well-being, scholars have conspicuously failed to consider the role of the size and scope of government as determinants of well-being. Where such studies exist, the focus is largely on the advanced industrial democracies of the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development. In this study, we examine the size of the public sector as a determinant of cross-national variation in life satisfaction across a worldwide sample. Our findings strongly suggest that as the public sector grows, subjective well-being increases as well, conditional on the extent of quality of government. Using cross-sectional data on 84 countries, we show this relationship has an independent and separable impact from other economic and political factors.

Basic communication sciences

1969 ◽  
Vol 308 (1493) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Keyword(s):  
Long Distance ◽  
Earth Station ◽  
Early Communication ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
Radiated Power ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Distance Communication ◽  
Quality Of Transmission ◽  
Communication Equipment

The feasibility and utility of long-distance communication via Earth-orbiting satellites has been demonstrated during recent years and it is appropriate therefore to focus attention on the more important scientific studies and technical developments that will be needed if full use is to be made of this valuable mode of communication in the future. The early communication satellites (the Telstar and Relay series) were pioneers in a relatively unknown propagation environment. The satellites themselves were conceptually simple and the communication equipment consisted essentially of a frequency-changing transponder with an r. f. power output of a few watts and a bandwidth some tens of megahertz. Carrier frequencies in the range 2 to 6 GHz were employed; typically either 2 or 6 GHz was used for transmission and 4 GHz for reception at the Earth station. To obtain an adequate signal/noise ratio at the output of the Earth station receiver, frequency modulation was employed, the frequency deviations being greater than those used on terrestrial microwave links. Launcher limitations and other factors meant that the satellites had to be placed in inclined elliptical orbits (see figure 1) with maximum heights of only a few thousand miles. Nevertheless, these satellites demonstrated that some hundreds of frequency-division multiplex telephony circuits, or a television channel, could be achieved with generally satisfactory quality of transmission. It is to be noted, however, that the satellite transponders accommodated only one, or at the most two, r. f. carriers at any time, and that the transmission performance was at times marginal due to limitations of the satellite effective radiated power. Furthermore, these relatively low orbit satellites provided communication in periods of generally less than an hour at a time and required continuous tracking by the Earth station aerials, due to movement of the satellites relative to the Earth.

The Study of How to Extrude the Special Shaft Parts into Form

2013 ◽  
Vol 401-403 ◽  
pp. 908-911
Author(s):  
Xi Ping Bai
Keyword(s):  
Processing Method ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Cold Extrusion ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Mechanical Processing ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Full Analysis ◽  
Extrusion Forming

In this article, it mainly describes the use of extrusion production process as an example of the special shaft. It gives us a full analysis from the structure of the product, the material problems, the key technical problems needed to be solved, blank preparation processing and the process of extrusion forming. It also introduces the blank dimensions and the calculation method of the extrusion pressure. The method of blank lubrication processing and the process of designing extrusion mould.We are not unfamiliar with the center shaft of the bike. It is one of the important parts in bicycle bottom bracket. It is also a key part to determine the quality of the bicycle. Generally speaking, materials are used is 20 steel. The roughness of the surface is moderate. But the requirement of the product precision is high. We can get it by using mechanical processing method. But it is processing and the efficiency is low. While the utilization rate of mental material is low. So the production costs high. Because the parts production patch is large and the annual production is hundreds of thousands of pieces. In my opinion, it is more reasonable for us to adopt the technology of producing the parts with the cold extrusion precision molding process. Then we can save the materials, improve the efficiency of producing parts, lower the production parts and then meet the requirement of mass production.

Tool workspace consideration for assembly plan generation

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 612-625
Author(s):  
Akram Bedeoui ◽  
Riadh Ben Hadj ◽  
Moncef Hammadi ◽  
Nizar Aifaoui
Keyword(s):  
Collision Detection ◽  
New Product ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Assembly Sequence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Plan Generation ◽  
Assembly Sequences ◽  
Dynamic Interference ◽  
Time Decrease

Purpose During the design of a new product, the generation of assembly sequences plans (ASPs) has become one of the most important problems taken into account by researchers. In fact, a good mounting order allows the time decrease of the assembly process which leads to the reduction of production costs. In this context, researchers developed several methods to generate and optimize ASP based on various criteria. Although this paper aims to improve the quality of ASP it is necessary to increase the number of criteria which must be taken into account when generating ASPs. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, an ASP generation approach, which is based on three main algorithms, is proposed. The first one generates a set of assembly sequences based on stability criteria. The obtained results are treated by the second algorithm which is based on assembly tools (ATs) workspace criterion. An illustrative example is used to explain the different steps of this proposed approach. Moreover, a comparative study is done to highlight its advantages. Findings The proposed algorithm verifies, for each assembly sequence, the minimal required workspace of used AT and eliminates the ASPs non-respecting this criterion. Finally, the remaining assembly sequences are treated by the third algorithm to reduce the AT change during the mounting operation. Originality/value The proposed approach introduces the concept of AT workspace to simulate and select ASPs that respect this criterion. The dynamic interference process allows the eventual collision detection between tool and component and avoids it. The proposed approach reduces the AT change during the mounting operations.

Synthesis of Low Viscosity Polydimethylsiloxane Using Low Grade of Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane

2021 ◽  
Vol 1028 ◽  
pp. 365-370
Author(s):  
Diba G Auliya ◽  
Soni Setiadji ◽  
Zulfi Mofa Agasa ◽  
Fitrilawati ◽  
Norman Syakir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ring Opening ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Vitreoretinal Surgery ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Polymerization Method

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been widely used as a vitreous humour substitution in vitreoretinal surgery. Due to its limited availability and increasing domestic needs, the price of PDMS in Indonesia became very expensive. Previously, we reported the synthesized of PDMS from a high grade of monomer of 98% of Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and found that all PDMS samples produced high quality samples similar to that of commercial one. However, by considering the ease of obtaining raw materials and also the production costs, the synthesis of PDMS using monomer which easy to be found in Indonesia and low production costs is needed to be developed. Here, we reported the synthesis of PDMS using low grade of 96% of D4 in order to produce high quality of PDMS with low viscosity that can be used for vitreous humous substitution in vitreoretinal surgery. PDMS samples with low viscosity value of 0.94-1.35 Pa.s have been successfully synthesized from low grade of D4 and MM using ring-opening polymerization method. The yields of PDMS resulted in this research were in the range between 67.27% and 76.26%. From FTIR spectroscopy, it is found that all synthesized samples have structure and functional groups similar to PDMS using high grade of monomer of 98% Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4). From refractometer and surfgauge measurements, all samples have refractive index in the range of 1,4034-1,4040 and the value surface tension was 21 m.N/m.

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