scholarly journals Impact of pretreatment on defluoridation of drinking water by bone char adsorption

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Teusner ◽  
Rhett Butler ◽  
Pierre Le Clech
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Hollow Fibre ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Bone Char ◽  
Subsequent Removal ◽  
Filter Performance ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Gravity Driven

Fluoride concentrations in drinking water in excess of 1.5 mg L-1 are unsafe for human consumption. To reduce excess fluoride intake, developing countries must use low-cost, point-of-use defluoridation techniques. Although previous work has extensively assessed defluoridation using bone char (BC), most of the advanced studies have been based on the use of fluoridated distilled water as a feed solution. In the present study, BC columns were challenged with a range of model solutions, mimicking various pretreatment options. As a result, the relative impact of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and suspended solids (SS) on the performance of BC filters was assessed. In addition, the performance of a gravity-driven, hollow fibre ultrafiltration (UF) module was examined with regards to the potential for use as a pretreatment option. SS were observed to severely clog the columns and cause the complete cessation of flow. The subsequent removal of SS by UF improved the general filter performance as well as increasing the BC lifetime by 50 %. The UF module achieved a reduction in DOC of 34 ± 6 %, resulting in an additional 30 % increase in the lifetime of the BC column.

scholarly journals Development of a low cost household bone-char defluoridation filter

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1921-1927
Author(s):  
Boris Merlain Djousse Kanouo ◽  
Mathias Fru Fonteh ◽  
Steve Pindjou Ngambo
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Bone Char ◽  
Water Filter ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Dental And Skeletal Fluorosis ◽  
Northern Cameroon ◽  
Low Income Families

Regular intake of drinking water containing fluoride above permissible levels (>1.5 mgl-1) is responsible for dental and skeletal fluorosis. The objective of this study was to develop a low cost and efficient water defluoridation filter using local materials. The filter frame was made from Polyvinyl chloride pipe of 125 mm diameter and 1 m height, with a useful filtration volume of 9.55 l. The filtration layer consisted of a sequence of three strata: gravel, bone-char and sand, giving a total weight of 15 kg. Based on the concentration of fluoride in drinking water in parts of northern Cameroon, three different fluoride ion concentrations (10 mgl-1, 20 mgl-1 and 30 mgl-1) were prepared in the laboratory using distilled water and allowed to flow through the filter at the rate of 3.33 lh-1. High fluoride uptake capacity was observed (94.8% to 99.1%), depicting the suitability of the filter in defluoridation. The constructed filter costed about 17 US$. Based on these results, the filter can be recommended as an appropriate technology to mitigate fluoride health hazards problems in low income families. Although the estimated replacement frequency of biochar was three months, further research is required to optimize the point of use system performances.Keywords: Bone-char, water filter, fluoride.

scholarly journals A Non-electric and Affordable Surface Engineered Particle (SEP) based Point-of-Use (POU) Water Disinfection System

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepa Dixit ◽  
Virupakshi Soppina ◽  
Chinmay Ghoroi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Surface Hydrophobicity ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Binding Property ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Gravity Driven

AbstractAccess to safe drinking water is still a distant dream to millions of people around the world. Especially, people from the low-income group in the developing countries remain deprived of this fundamental right and causes millions of death. There is an urgent need to develop affordable and easy to handle water filter which can provide desired drinking water quality without any electricity. In the present work, a simple and low-cost surface engineered particle (SEP) based filter is developed via alkali treatment of soda-lime-silica particle. The SEP based filter can be used as a portable, non-electric, gravity-driven Point-of-Use (POU) water disinfection system. The developed SEP-based filter is capable to arrest the 99.48% (~2 to 2.5 log10 reduction) of gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli OP50) on its surface from the water containing 3 × 108 cells/ml. No bacterial regrowth is observed in the purified water for 12 h. The performance of SEP bed filter is implicated to the nano-scale surface roughness, its distribution along with the surface charge and surface hydrophobicity which are favorable to attract and adhere the bacteria in the flowing water. The observation is consistent over multiple filtration cycles indicating the suitability of SEP based bed filter for POU water disinfection. The SEP surface with 0.05 mM Ag+ loading (SEP+) completely inactivated (>99.99999%) bacteria and protects any bacteria recontamination in the purified water for its long term usage. The strong and effective silver binding property of SEP surface enables very minimal silver loading and eliminates any health hazard due to low silver leaching (~50 ppb) which is well below the drinking water equivalent level (DWEL ≤ 100 ppb). In rural and urban slum areas of developing countries where no water purification system exists prior to consumption, the easy-to-implement and affordable SEP-based gravity-driven non-electric point-of-use water purifier (materials cost ~ 0.25 USD) can be used to protect millions of lives from water borne diseases.

scholarly journals Fouling in gravity driven Point-of-Use drinking water treatment systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 319 ◽  
pp. 89-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Chawla ◽  
A. Zwijnenburg ◽  
A.J.B. Kemperman ◽  
K. Nijmeijer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Gravity Driven

Fluoride removal from drinking water in Senegal: laboratory and pilot experimentation on bone char-based treatment

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Sorlini ◽  
Daniela Palazzini ◽  
Carlo Collivignarelli
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fluoride Removal ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Bone Char

In Senegal there are four regions where fluoride concentration in drinking water exceeds the World Health Organization guide value of 1.5 mg/L. This generates permanent damages to the teeth (dental fluorosis) and to the skeleton (skeletal fluorosis). A safe, efficient, simple and low-cost effective defluoridation technique is not available yet and needs to be developed in order to prevent the occurrence of fluorosis. This experimental research was carried out in order to define an appropriate technology for fluoride removal from groundwater in Senegal. Batch tests and filtration tests at laboratory and pilot scale were carried out using animal bone char as adsorbent material for fluoride removal. Possible influencing parameters, such as specific ions in Senegalese drinking water, were investigated and the best process conditions were defined for the application in Senegal. The results attest to the efficacy of bone char in removing fluoride from Senegalese water: at pilot scale the mean specific adsorption was 2.7 mg F−/g of bone char, corresponding to a total treated volume of 4,000 L and a filter life of nearly three months.

scholarly journals A compact point-of-use water purification cartridge for household use in developing countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajshree A. Patil ◽  
Dilshad Ahmad ◽  
Shankar B. Kausley ◽  
Pradeep L. Balkunde ◽  
Chetan P. Malhotra
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Effective Gravity ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Gravity Driven

Simple, low-cost household interventions are known to be effective in lowering the incidence of waterborne diseases in developing countries. However, high costs along with operational and maintenance issues have prevented the successful adoption of these interventions among the affected communities. To address these limitations, a cost-effective, gravity-driven water purification cartridge has been developed by employing the synergistic disinfection action of low concentrations of silver and chlorine on bacteria and viruses. The silver and chlorine treatment components within the cartridge have been developed using inexpensive materials and integrated with a life indicator and auto-shut-off-mechanism within a compact form factor. The antibacterial as well as antiviral performance of the cartridge was tested by using ground water spiked with Escherichia coli and MS2 bacteriophage. The results show that, although individually, the silver and chlorine treatment systems were unable to inactivate the test strains, the integrated cartridge inactivates both bacteria as well as viruses up to the log reduction requirement of the USEPA guide standard for microbiological water purifiers over its designated life of 2,000 liters.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Escherichia coli and faecal coliforms in drinking water at source and household point-of-use in Rohingya camps, Bangladesh

Gut Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahid Hayat Mahmud ◽  
Md Shafiqul Islam ◽  
Khan Mohammad Imran ◽  
Syed Adnan Ibna Hakim ◽  
Martin Worth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Quality Of Water

Abstract Background Safe water is essential for life but unsafe for human consumption if it is contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. An acceptable quality of water supply (adequate, safe and accessible) must be ensured to all human beings for a healthy life. Methods We collected and analyzed a total of 12,650 drinking water samples, for the presence of Escherichia coli and faecal coliforms, from a large habitation of the displaced Rohingya population comprising of about 1.16 million people living within 4 km2. Results We found that 28% (n = 893) water samples derived from tubewells were contaminated with faecal coliforms and 10.5% (n = 333) were contaminated with E. coli; also, 73.96% (n = 4644) samples from stored household sources (at point of use—POU) were found contaminated with faecal coliforms while 34.7% (n = 2179) were contaminated with E. coli. It was observed that a higher percentage of POU samples fall in the highest risk category than that of their corresponding sources. Conclusions From our findings, it appears that secondary contamination could be a function of very high population density and could possibly occur during collection, transportation, and storage of water due to lack of knowledge of personal and domestic hygiene. Hence, awareness campaign is necessary, and the contaminated sources should be replaced. Further, the POU water should be treated by a suitable method.

scholarly journals Application of solar disinfection for treatment of contaminated public water supply in a developing country: field observations

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atif Mustafa ◽  
Miklas Scholz ◽  
Sadia Khan ◽  
Abdul Ghaffar
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Batch Reactors ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Solar Disinfection ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Guideline Value

A sustainable and low-cost point-of-use household drinking water solar disinfection (SODIS) technology was successfully applied to treat microbiologically contaminated water. Field experiments were conducted to determine the efficiency of SODIS and evaluate the potential benefits and limitations of SODIS under local climatic conditions in Karachi, Pakistan. In order to enhance the efficiency of SODIS, the application of physical interventions were also investigated. Twenty per cent of the total samples met drinking water guidelines under strong sunlight weather conditions, showing that SODIS is effective for complete disinfection under specific conditions. Physical interventions, including black-backed and reflecting rear surfaces in the batch reactors, enhanced SODIS performance. Microbial regrowth was also investigated and found to be more controlled in reactors with reflective and black-backed surfaces. The transfer of plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) released from the bottle material polyethylene terephthalate (PET) under SODIS conditions was also investigated. The maximum DEHP concentration in SODIS-treated water was 0.38 μg/L less than the value of 0.71 μg/L reported in a previous study and well below the WHO drinking-quality guideline value. Thus SODIS-treated water can successfully be used by the people living in squatter settlements of mega-cities, such as Karachi, with some limitations.

Development of low cost point-of-use (POU) interventions for instant decontamination of drinking water in developing countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 101435
Author(s):  
Rajshree Patil ◽  
Dilshad Ahmad ◽  
Pradeep Balkundae ◽  
Shankar Kausley ◽  
Chetan Malhotra
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Point Of Use

scholarly journals Point-of-Use Water Filtration for Arsenic: A Sustainable and Simple Solution in Resource-Poor Settings

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Passman ◽  
Tyler J. White ◽  
Roger D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Arsenic Removal ◽  
Arsenic Concentration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Bone Char ◽  
Water Filter ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Resource Poor ◽  
Health Organization

Lack of access to potable drinking water due to contamination from harmful metals is one of the most pressing public health issues globally. In areas close to mining and smelting operations, significant contamination from arsenic and other harmful metals can compound contamination from harmful microorganisms in drinking water. In response to this dual hazard, this study tests a prototype design of an improved point-of-use water filter for resource-poor areas and exposed populations. This project builds upon previous research that has demonstrated the effectiveness of clay pot filters impregnated with silver in reducing coliform bacteria. A compatible attachment comprised of activated charcoal in the form of bone char was added to the clay pot filter with the purpose of enabling the combined filter system to remove arsenic. The experiment tested the designed attachment with source water having an arsenic concentration of 500 parts per billion (ppb) to investigate the combined filter’s ability to reduce the arsenic to acceptable World Health Organization drinking water standards of 10 parts per billion or below. The results demonstrate a significant decrease in the arsenic concentration to below the 10 ppb standard with the bone char attachment, as well as a decrease in the arsenic concentration with the clay pot filter alone. These results warrant further investigation into the potential for clay pot filters with a charcoal layer to reduce arsenic concentrations in drinking water and demonstrate a potential additional benefit in arsenic removal by utilizing inexpensive bone char material in conjunction with the clay pot filter.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document