Determinants of the epidemic process of malaria

2020 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 40-42
Author(s):  
Esmira Musa Guliyeva ◽  
◽  
Nargiz Mehman Zeynalova ◽  
Lala Islah Rustamova ◽  
Fatma Idayat Mamedova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
Sick People ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Malaria Epidemic ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Key Words Malaria ◽  
Artificial Reservoirs

Malaria was found in the regions of the republic and in Baku. Natural and artificial reservoirs are a favorable breeding ground for mosquitoes. Environmental factors influence the activity and the increase and decrease in the number of mosquitoes. The mosquito activity is affected by the smells of sick people. The epidemic process of malaria is influenced by natural, social and biological factors. The epidemiological control of malaria in the country has led to the elimination of the disease. Key words: malaria, epidemic process, source of infection, mosquitoes, determinants: biological, natural and social factors, epidemiological surveillance, elimination

scholarly journals Measles Epidemic Process in Various Vaccinal Periods

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. V. Tsvirkun ◽  
N. T. Tihonova ◽  
G. V. Yushchenko ◽  
A. G. Gerasimova
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
Seasonal Factors ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
First Time ◽  
Factual Data ◽  
External Migration ◽  
Measles Vaccination Coverage

The considerable factual data enabled us for the first time to reveal the peculiarities of measles epidemic process manifestations in different stages of the prophylaxis. It was shown that some determinants of measles epidemic process changed during the period of high measles vaccination coverage of children and adult population: measles mortality was eliminated, the seasonal factors do not influence on the dynamics of epidemic process within a year, fluctuations of measles incidences became stochastic over many last years, the measles ceased to be a children infection. Increasing impact on the epidemic process of measles by social factors and less biological factors, which manifests itself in an increase in the proportion of cases among socially deviant groups, individuals decreed professions. Significant role in the epidemic process play internal and external migration.

scholarly journals BINARY METHOD OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF INFECTIOUS INCIDENCE

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 212-219
Author(s):  
Sergey L. Kolpakov
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Ecological Systems ◽  
Binary Analysis ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Immunological Mechanism ◽  
Epidemiological Analysis ◽  
Binary Method ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
Natural Factors

Article purpose. To present the binary method of the epidemiological analysis of infectious incidence recommended for the characteristic of factors of social-and-ecological systems her defining. Materials and methods. The method of the binary analysis is developed on the basis of the methods of complex studying of epidemic process used in domestic epidemiology which have received the name “retrospective epidemiological analysis of incidence”. For demonstration long-term and annual dynamics of incidence of chicken pox in Vladivostok from 1997 to 2009 is used. The received results. In the binary analysis consecutive division of cumulative incidence into components is carried out, in the beginning, on the leading approaches characterizing biological, social and natural essence of epidemic process and then, by additional criteria, allows to create the statistical model of the studied object suitable for a research of the global phenomena. From biological factors - participation and a role of the infectious and immunological mechanism. Among natural factors - seasonal and year-round elements; social factors - casual and natural manifestations. In Vladivostok from 1997 to 2009 the share of periodic incidence has made 16,7%, basic incidence - 83,3%. Basic incidence was formed due to year-round incidence (17,8%) and seasonal, the main share. In general 82,2% are the share of seasonal incidence and, it forms both the most part of basic incidence, and all periodic incidence. Share of random factors in incidence not of a bike (7,3%). Incidence is formed by mainly natural factors - 92,7%. Conclusion. Use of a binary method has allowed to create logical model of development of epidemic process at chicken pox in Vladivostok. The accounting of a role of the leading factors will be useful to optimization of epidemiological surveillance. The technique of studying of structural elements of the social-and-ecological systems defining formation of incidence of the population is presented in article. Biological factors are the participation and the role of the infectious and immunological mechanism. Natural factors are seasonal and year-round elements; social factors are casual and natural manifestations.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Situation of Schigеllosis in the Republic of Dagestan and Directions for Improving Epidemiological Surveillance

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 60-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. G. Tagirovа ◽  
N. M-G. Zulpukarova ◽  
Z. M. Daniyalbekova
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
Intestinal Infections ◽  
Water Pipelines ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Vaccine Prophylaxis

Relevance. Acute intestinal infections still retain their social and medical significance in the world, with a reduction in the incidence of well-studied bacterial infections, such as salmonellosis and, especially, shigellosis.Discussion. Since 2006, the incidence of bacterial dysentery in Russia has continued to decrease, in the Republic of Dagestan it is at a high level, exceeding more than 10 times the national average. Mostly children are sick (up to 75%). Cases of shigellosis are recorded throughout the year, the seasonal increase in the incidence in the summer and autumn is associated with the activity of the main transmission pathogens – water and food. The main causes of epidemiological well-being for schigеllosis in Dagestan are determined by: poor state of the water supply system and sanitary and communal improvement of populated areas; the use of food products stored, transported and sold in the distribution network in violation of sanitary and hygienic requirements. So, in 2017 and 2018 – 67.1% and 32.69% of drinking water samples of water pipelines did not meet hygienic standards, respectively, in terms of sanitary and chemical indicators, 53.1% and 65.6% of water pipelines did not meet the requirements of sanitary legislation. The flare incidence, which is recorded annually, indicates the activity of the epidemic process of acute intestinal infections and shigellosis in the republic. The experience of various territories of the country, including those affected by adverse environmental and climatic phenomena (floods, floods, flooding), shows high efficiency along with traditional measures aimed at breaking the transmission mechanism of the pathogen, Shigellosis vaccine prophylaxis. In Dagestan, vaccination is limited, mainly in foci, where bacteriophage polyvalent dysentery S. sonnei and S. flexneri 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 serotypes are used more widely for prevention and treatment. In this situation, the optimization of the system of epidemiological surveillance of shigellosis, which consists in improving the pre-epidemic diagnosis and epidemiological monitoring of measures aimed at each link in the epidemic process, including the creation of immunity to pathogens in individual population groups due to specific prevention, is of particular relevance to the Republic.Conclusion. The constant flare incidence of dysentery dictates the need, along with traditional measures to interrupt the transmission of the pathogen, to carry out vaccine prophylaxis more widely in risk groups. Potential sources of shigella have formed in the republic; there is a potentially high risk of the mechanism of transmission of the pathogen, as well as the population potentially susceptible to the pathogen, indicating the presence of such a danger and the need for its comprehensive study as an object of risk-oriented surveillance. Thus, the key directions in improving the surveillance of shigеllosis in the Dagestan Republic should be pre-epidemic diagnosis in a risk-based epidemiological surveillance system. The introduction of modern sensitive, specific, standardized methods of laboratory diagnostics will make it possible to effectively carry out risk-oriented epidemiological surveillance, which makes it possible to identify the transition of risk factors from potential to real, activating the epidemic process.

scholarly journals BINARY METHOD OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF INFECTIOUS INCIDENCE

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 212-219
Author(s):  
Sergey L. Kolpakov
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Ecological Systems ◽  
Binary Analysis ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Immunological Mechanism ◽  
Epidemiological Analysis ◽  
Binary Method ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
Natural Factors

Article purpose. To present the binary method of the epidemiological analysis of infectious incidence recommended for the characteristic of factors of social-and-ecological systems her defining. Materials and methods. The method of the binary analysis is developed on the basis of the methods of complex studying of epidemic process used in domestic epidemiology which have received the name “retrospective epidemiological analysis of incidence”. For demonstration long-term and annual dynamics of incidence of chicken pox in Vladivostok from 1997 to 2009 is used. The received results. In the binary analysis consecutive division of cumulative incidence into components is carried out, in the beginning, on the leading approaches characterizing biological, social and natural essence of epidemic process and then, by additional criteria, allows to create the statistical model of the studied object suitable for a research of the global phenomena. From biological factors - participation and a role of the infectious and immunological mechanism. Among natural factors - seasonal and year-round elements; social factors - casual and natural manifestations. In Vladivostok from 1997 to 2009 the share of periodic incidence has made 16,7%, basic incidence - 83,3%. Basic incidence was formed due to year-round incidence (17,8%) and seasonal, the main share. In general 82,2% are the share of seasonal incidence and, it forms both the most part of basic incidence, and all periodic incidence. Share of random factors in incidence not of a bike (7,3%). Incidence is formed by mainly natural factors - 92,7%. Conclusion. Use of a binary method has allowed to create logical model of development of epidemic process at chicken pox in Vladivostok. The accounting of a role of the leading factors will be useful to optimization of epidemiological surveillance. The technique of studying of structural elements of the social-and-ecological systems defining formation of incidence of the population is presented in article. Biological factors are the participation and the role of the infectious and immunological mechanism. Natural factors are seasonal and year-round elements; social factors are casual and natural manifestations.

scholarly journals Experience in the implementation of epidemiological surveillance of West Nile fever in the Volgograd region

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
M. V Monastyrskiy ◽  
N. V Shestopalov ◽  
V. G Akimkin ◽  
Yu. V Demina
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
Volgograd Region ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

West Nilefever (WNF) is the most important arbovirus infectionfor the Volgograd region. The observed decrease in the WNF incidence from 2001 to 2006, in 2008 and2009, the reducing the number ofsevere forms ofdiseases only give evidence ofa temporary regression of the epidemic process in the territory of the Volgograd region. In the territory of the Volgograd region there are prerequisites and harbingers of the complication of epidemiological situation on West Nile fever. The aim of the performed in the Volgograd region epidemiological surveillance for WNF is to provide the information necessary and sufficient for the analysis of the epidemiological situation, as well as to determine the direction of policy and activities in public health and in making management decisions.

scholarly journals Evaluation of WGS-subtyping methods for epidemiological surveillance of foodborne salmonellosis.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manal Mohammed ◽  
Salina Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Outbreak Investigation ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Salmonella Dublin ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Investigation Methods

Abstract Background: Salmonellosis is one of the most common foodborne diseases worldwide. Although human infection by non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) enterica subspecies enterica is associated primarily with a self-limiting diarrhoeal illness, invasive bacterial infections (such as septicaemia, bacteraemia and meningitis) were also reported. Human outbreaks of NTS were reported in several countries all over the world including developing as well as high-income countries. Conventional laboratory methods such as pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) do not display adequate discrimination and have their limitations in epidemiological surveillance. It is therefore very crucial to use accurate, reliable and highly discriminative subtyping methods for epidemiological characterisation and outbreak investigation. Methods: Here, we used different whole genome sequence (WGS)-based subtyping methods for retrospective investigation of two different outbreaks of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Dublin that occurred in 2013 in UK and Ireland respectively. Results: Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based cluster analysis of Salmonella Typhimurium genomes revealed well supported clades, that were concordant with epidemiologically defined outbreak and confirmed the source of outbreak is due to consumption of contaminated mayonnaise. SNP-analyses of Salmonella Dublin genomes confirmed the outbreak however the source of infection could not be determined. The core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) was discriminatory and separated the outbreak strains of Salmonella Dublin from the non-outbreak strains that were concordant with the epidemiological data however cgMLST could neither discriminate between the outbreak and non-outbreak strains of Salmonella Typhimurium nor confirm that contaminated mayonnaise is the source of infection, On the other hand, other WGS-based subtyping methods including multilocus sequence typing (MLST), ribosomal MLST (rMLST), whole genome MLST (wgMLST), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs), prophage sequence profiling, antibiotic resistance profile and plasmid typing methods were less discriminatory and could not confirm the source of the outbreak. Conclusions: Foodborne salmonellosis is an important concern for public health therefore, it is crucial to use accurate, reliable and highly discriminative subtyping methods for epidemiological surveillance and outbreak investigation. In this study, we showed that SNP-based analyses do not only have the ability to confirm the occurrence of the outbreak but also to provide definitive evidence of the source of the outbreak in real-time.

scholarly journals Biological versus Feminists Perspectives on Girls' Underperformance in STEM Subjects in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
Raza Ullah ◽  
Hazir Ullah ◽  
Muhammad Bilal
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender And Education ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Education Performance

This article outlines the biological essentialists’ versus feminists’ explanations of girls’ underperformance in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Historically, except in the contexts of some developed countries, boys dominated girls in STEM subjects. Biological essentialists associate girls’ underperformance in STEM with the innate differences between men and women, whereas feminists attribute it to social factors. The issue, however, is not so easily solved and there is an ongoing debate between biological essentialists and feminists. This article, thus, engages in a comparative analysis of the two approaches, their underlying principles and the empirical evidences they use to substantiate their stance. The analysis of both approaches enables the authors to better decipher the connection between gender and education performance. This article explains that social rather than biological factors influence girls’ performance in STEM subjects. The article concludes that girls’ underperformance in STEM subjects' results from sociocultural factors.

scholarly journals Golding’s Narrowed Attempts at Defining Human Nature in Lord of the Flies

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Rabia Khan ◽  
Sajjad Ahmad ◽  
Ali Ammar
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Social Problem ◽  
Political System ◽  
Research Work ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Single Character ◽  
William Golding ◽  
Lord Of The Flies

This paper is an attempt to prove the assumption that William Golding is a failure who claims to have written his novel Lord of the Flies on the idea of human nature. He considers that he wrote about human nature in general, but he is a Western and has those ideas of being superior to other people. He takes all his characters from among the English boys. Not a single character who is shown as civilized belongs to a marginalized race. This act of Golding reveals his ethnocentric attitude. He does not bother to include a female character in this novel. All his characters are male. It shows his androcentric nature. Though he tries to put the evil like every man whenever he wants to show the brutality or savagery of a human, in the form of his chosen English boys, he portrays them as the hunters of Africa or paints them with mud. In doing so, he is affiliating savagery with the blacks and Indians. Thus, he propagates the same stereotypical concept of “Orients” as uncivilized and savages. Golding relies solely on the biological factors of human nature. He ignores to consider any social problem for the conflict of the two groups of boys. These social factors may include political system, religion, or Marxism. This research work has proved that Golding’s self-critique of human nature in the novel is a failure on his part.

The COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of the epidemic situation and the restructuring of medical education (according to the Republic оf Mordovia)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Л.А. Балыкова ◽  
Л.Ф. Сабиров ◽  
Е.В. Семелева
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Medical Work ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
New Variant ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

Возникновение нового варианта вируса и эпидемический потенциал, проявленный возбудителем COVID-19, поставили перед специалистами здравоохранения задачи, связанные с быстрой разработкой диагностики и профилактики новой инфекции, а также тактики оказания медицинской помощи больным. Активное распространение коронавирусной инфекции заставило активно вносить изменения в систему медицинского образования. Целью данной работы был анализ эпидемиологической ситуации по COVID-19 в Республике Мордовия для понимания особенностей развития эпидемического процесса и составления его прогноза, а также рассмотрения перестройки образовательного процесса в условиях пандемии. Проведен ретроспективный анализ эпидемиологической ситуации по заболеваемости COVID-19 в Республике Мордовия, проанализирована эффективность реализации профилактических и противоэпидемических мероприятий, приведены данные по динамике заболеваемости, выздоровлению и летальности пациентов. Изучены элементы перестройки образовательного процесса. Проанализирована эпидемиологическая ситуация в сравнении с некоторыми регионами РФ, изучены данные по проведению вакцинации, по динамике коечного фонда за период пандемии. Вероятность смерти от коронавируса COVID-19 в Республике Мордовия аналогична мировым показателям. Можно предположить, что дистанционное обучение займет одну из лидирующих позиций в высшей школе. Благополучная ситуация в Республике Мордовия с заболеваемостью и летальностью от новой коронавирусной инфекции складывалась благодаря реализации научно обоснованной стратегии опережающего реагирования – на основе постоянной оценки масштабов распространения новой коронавирусной инфекции, анализа тенденций эпидемического процесса, моделирования развития эпидемической ситуации и проводимых превентивных мероприятий. Непосредственное участие преподавателей университета в лечебной работе, использование их опыта и знаний в решении практических задач будут способствовать повышению качества медицинской помощи и развитию системы здравоохранения Республики Мордовия не только в условиях пандемии COVID-19, но и в дальнейшем. The emergence of a new variant of the virus and the epidemic potential manifested by the causative agent of COVID-19 have set health professionals tasks related to the rapid development of diagnostics and prevention of a new infection, as well as tactics for providing medical care to patients. The active spread of coronavirus infection has forced active changes to the system of medical education. The goal is to analyze the epidemiological situation of COVID-19 in the Republic of Mordovia in order to understand the development of the epidemic process and make a forecast, consideration of the restructuring of the educational process in the context of a pandemic. In this article, a retrospective analysis of the epidemiological situation on the incidence of COVID-19 in the Republic of Mordovia is carried out, the effectiveness of the implementation of preventive and anti-epidemic measures is analyzed, data on the dynamics of morbidity, recovery and mortality of patients are presented. The elements of the restructuring of the educational process are studied. The epidemiological situation was analyzed in comparison with some regions of the Russian Federation, data on vaccination, on the dynamics of the bed fund during the pandemic period were studied. The probability of death from the COVID-19 coronavirus in the Republic of Mordovia is similar to the indicators around the world. It can be assumed that distance learning will take one of the leading positions in the process of studying in higher education. A favorable situation in the Republic of Mordovia with morbidity and mortality from a new coronavirus infection was formed positive to the implementation of a scientifically grounded strategy of proactive response – based on a constant assessment of the scale of the spread of a new coronavirus infection, analysis of trends in the epidemic process, modeling the development of the epidemic situation and ongoing preventive measures. The direct participation of university teachers in medical work, the use of their experience and knowledge in solving practical problems will contribute to improving the quality of medical care and the development of the healthcare system of the Republic of Mordovia not only in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, but also in the future.

Features of the Current Epidemic Process of Infectious Mononucleosis in the Nizhny Novgorod Region

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
MI Popkova ◽  
OV Utkin
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Mononucleosis ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Nizhny Novgorod Region

Introduction: Today, we are witnessing the process of forming a fundamentally new epidemiological situation on infectious mononucleosis. Over the past decade, a general increase in the incidence of infectious mononucleosis, its proportion in the structure of respiratory tract infections, and economic importance was noted in Russia. Information about the epidemic process of infectious mononucleosis in different areas is limited. Our objective was to study the features of the epidemic process of infectious mononucleosis in the Nizhny Novgorod Region in 2010–2019. Methods: We conducted a retrospective epidemiological analysis of the incidence of infectious mononucleosis in the Nizhny Novgorod Region for 2010–2019 based on official statistics using standard statistical approaches. Results and discussion: The long-term incidence rate of infectious mononucleosis in the Nizhny Novgorod Region was stable (+0.6 %) with the long-term average rate of 12.6 ± 0.6 ‰оо. An autumn-winter-spring seasonality with two distinct peaks (in November–December and May) was revealed. The majority of cases were children aged 0–14 years (72.8 ± 2.2 %). The highest incidence rates were regis�tered in the age groups of 1–2 and 3-6 years. We established a reverse trend in the disease incidence among children aged 0–6 (decrease) and 7 years and older (increase). Adolescents aged 15–17 demonstrated the most pronounced growth rate (+7.5 %). The typical annual dynamics in adults was distinguished by a clear spring-summer seasonality, the absence of a characteristic growth in the autumn months, and a low rate in December. The identified features of the epidemic process in different age groups require clarification and detailing. Conclusions: We established recent patterns and features of the epidemic process of infectious mononucleosis in the Nizhny Novgorod Region. This work is an important component of epidemiological surveillance of infection and a scientific basis for improving the existing system of preventive and anti-epidemic measures.

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