scholarly journals Design and Development of an Indoor Testing Facility for Downwash and Spray Distribution Evaluations of Agricultural UAV

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Amni Ismail ◽  
Azmi Yahya ◽  
Ahmad Suhaizi Mat Su ◽  
Norhayu Asib ◽  
Anas Mohd Mustafah
Keyword(s):  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Testing Facility ◽  
Agricultural Applications ◽  
Spray Distribution ◽  
Actual Field ◽  
Standardised Testing ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
3D Profile

The usage of UAV as a pesticide application technology is becoming a common practice in South East Asia with a very significant proportion of agricultural areas have now being treated using such method. Up to date, about more than 169 of various designs and configurations of UAV have been produced to cater the demand, however it is in doubt whether all these available models were optimally integrated with the spray systems to give the required spraying qualities. Despite of each UAV configuration has their own unique aerodynamic effects, it is crucial to determine their downwash airflow patterns, the spray distributions and the effective application parameters that could give high spraying quality. This research outlines the development of an indoor testing facility and its standardised testing procedure for evaluating the spraying performances of any model UAVs that are used in agricultural applications. The testing facility was developed to imitate the UAV in the actual field spraying operation. With 23 m travel length, the developed testing facility was designed to carry the test UAV up to 100 kg, adjust the test UAV at three levels of spraying heights (1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 m), and moves the test UAV up to a maximum travelling speed of 10 m/s.  The 6x6 m sampling platform structure for the pressure sensors and water sensitive papers was built underneath the rail support structure to measure and collect data for spraying distributions and downwash 3D profile spectrum. With the availability of this indoor UAV Testing Facility, it is expected that any efforts to increase the spraying efficiency using UAV could be tested repeatedly with same standard protocols, so that proper recommendations could be made on the flying requirements of the UAV in order to achieve an efficient agricultural chemical spraying operation.

scholarly journals A new efficient free-rolling tyre-testing procedure for the parameterisation of vehicle dynamics tyre models

2016 ◽  
Vol 231 (10) ◽  
pp. 1435-1448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Smith ◽  
Mike Blundell
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Dynamics ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Measurement Procedure ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Tyre Model ◽  
Testing Facility ◽  
Measurement Protocol ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Logic Approach

This paper describes an efficient tyre test procedure that can be used to collect the data required to parameterise empirical tyre models used in the computer simulations of vehicle dynamics. The new GS2MF FreeRolling test procedure develops established methodologies, such as the time measurement procedure from the TIME project and the MICH2MF measurement protocol developed as alternatives to traditional square matrix testing. The new process is designed to reduce the number of expensive tyre tests without compromising the accuracy of the generated tyre model parameters. The process is demonstrated by a programme of tyre testing carried out using the Calspan TIRF tyre testing facility in the USA, and it is shown here how the GS2MF Flat-Trac® tyre test procedure can be used more efficiently to parameterise the pure lateral and self-aligning moment components for the well-known ‘magic formula’ tyre model. This is achieved using a ‘cruise’-type procedure which is more representative of conditions existing when driving a real vehicle. During the tests, a novel automated logic approach is also proposed to manage the temperature of the tyres. Finally, graph sweeps are introduced at the start and the end of the tests, allowing a judgement to be made as to the influence of the tyre wear on the data obtained throughout the tests. The development of accurate and representative tyre models remains a significant challenge as vehicle manufacturers target increased use of virtual prototypes and simulations. This work contributes to this challenge by improving the efficiency of the expensive testing process needed to parameterise the models.

scholarly journals Design of a Pesticide Spraying Quadcopter

2020 ◽  
Vol vm01 (is01) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
Beytullah Unal ◽  
Tamer Savas ◽  
Isil Yazar
Keyword(s):  
Remote Control ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Agricultural Applications ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Design Production ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Test Operations ◽  
Rotary Wing

Today, coupled with technological development, UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) systems show an important improvement in civil area applications. UAV systems have active tasks with cost-effective solutions in several areas like defense, logistics, engineering and agriculture. Especially in agricultural applications, UAV system usage contributes to improvement of the critical parameters of this sector as efficiency and sustainability. Thus, in agricultural areas, improvement and usage of unmanned systems are of importance. In this study, a remote-control rotary wing UAV system that has the ability to perform irrigation and spraying and its design, production and application processes are discussed. The designed, verified and all test operations completed UAV system is planned to be used in remote control liquid rejection in the agricultural area.

Use of Virtual Reality Tasks to Assess Prospective Memory: Applicability and Evidence

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Knight ◽  
Nickolai Titov
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ability To Act ◽  
Prospective Remembering ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Standardised Testing ◽  
Research Avenue

AbstractVirtual reality (VR) is a term used to describe computer-generated virtual environments that the patient can explore and interact with in real time. In this review, the use of VR to construct ecologically valid tasks for use in neuropsychological assessment and rehabilitation is discussed with particular reference to the measurement of prospective memory (PM) abilities. PM, the ability to act upon delayed intentions, is an example of an everyday ability requiring the coordination of a different cognitive processes that is ideally suited to research and rehabilitation using VR. Studies investigating PM and related abilities in patients with brain impairments are surveyed, and it is established that there is evidence for the utility of applying VR procedures to measure prospective remembering. Future research could usefully focus on the construction of a standardised testing procedure with credible psychometric characteristics. In particular, there needs to be evidence for the criterion validity of such tests. Another potential research avenue is the evaluation of VR platforms as tools to teach memory skills and awareness of impairments. It is concluded that difficulties in adapting programs to specific clinical needs, technical issues, and the reluctance of many clinicians to use computer-based technology need to be overcome before VR is likely to be widely used to measure PM.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Bare Soil Occurrence in Arable Croplands for Remote Sensing Topsoil Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 474
Author(s):  
Nada Mzid ◽  
Stefano Pignatti ◽  
Wenjiang Huang ◽  
Raffaele Casa
Keyword(s):  
Bare Soil ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
Soil Variables ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Agricultural Applications ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Sentinel 2

A better comprehension of soil properties and processes permits a progress in agricultural management effectiveness, together with a diminution of environmental damage and more beneficial use of resources. This research investigated the usage of multispectral (Sentinel-2 MSI) satellite data at the farm/regional level, for the identification of agronomic bare soil presence, utilizing bands of the spectral range from visible to shortwave infrared. The research purpose was to assess the frequency of cloud-free bare soil time-series images available during the year in typical agricultural areas, needed for the development of digital soil mapping (DSM) approaches for agricultural applications, using hyperspectral satellite missions such as current PRISMA and the planned EnMAP or CHIME. The research exploited the Google Earth Engine platform, by processing all available cloud-free Sentinel-2 images throughout a time span of four years. Two main results were obtained: (i) bare soil frequency, indicating where and when a pixel (or an agricultural field) was detected as bare surface in three representative agricultural areas of Italy, and (ii) a temporal sensitivity analysis, providing the acquisition frequency of useful bare soil images applicable for the retrieval of soil variables of interest. It was shown that, in order to provide for an effective agricultural soil monitoring capability, a revisit frequency in the range of five to seven days is required, which is less than the planned specifications e.g., of PRISMA or CHIME hyperspectral missions, but could be addressed by combining data from the two sensors.

scholarly journals Assessment of community nutrition program performance through data validation in the state of Chhattisgarh

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 5276
Author(s):  
Ashish Sinha ◽  
Srishti Dixit ◽  
G. P. Soni ◽  
Somen Kumar Pradhan ◽  
Sarwat Naqwi
Keyword(s):  
Significant Proportion ◽  
The State ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Systematic Random Sampling ◽  
Field Level ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Actual Field ◽  
Specific Community ◽  
Development Department

Background: In India data shows that every 3rd child is underweight. There is a similar situation in Chhattisgarh with 37% children underweight. Women and Child Development Department initiated Nawa Jatan (“new care”), a state specific community based intervention by targeting undernourished children for Six month. Strategy of validation by ‘External technical support group’ can be an eye opener for strategic tactical and operational intervention to validate the data of ICDS scheme at field level.Methods: By systematic random sampling methodology, Out of all targeted 2462 Gram Panchayats (GPs) 246 (i.e. 10%) was included in the survey. One day hands-on demonstration cum training for survey teams mixed with interns, postgraduate and volunteers were organized. Data collection done in pretested proforma.Results: A total of 7155 children distributed in surveyed Gram Panchayats across 27 districts were covered. About 9.1% (651 out of 7155) children showed gap in reporting as they were reported normal grade of nutrition. Out of all children covered for actual field validation. There was 9.84% disagreement in weight recording in the state. Our analysis reveals 9 districts fall in poor performing districts, followed by below average performing 8 districts and average performing 10 districts.Conclusions: There is wide gap in recorded result as normal children against the observation which was actually in the field level. In addition, there is significant proportion of disagreement of weight records when compared with actual weighing. Above observations might be possibly due to poor monitoring and supervision of weighing activity at the field level. 

scholarly journals Optimal Timing Assessment for Crop Separation Using Multispectral Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Data and Textural Features

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 1780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas E. Böhler ◽  
Michael E. Schaepman ◽  
Mathias Kneubühler
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Textural Features ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Average Accuracy ◽  
Very High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Agricultural Applications ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Winter Crops ◽  
Agricultural Areas

The separation of crop types is essential for many agricultural applications, particularly when within-season information is required. Generally, remote sensing may provide timely information with varying accuracy over the growing season, but in small structured agricultural areas, a very high spatial resolution may be needed that exceeds current satellite capabilities. This paper presents an experiment using spectral and textural features of NIR-red-green-blue (NIR-RGB) bands data sets acquired with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The study area is located in the Swiss Plateau, which has highly fragmented and small structured agricultural fields. The observations took place between May 5 and September 29, 2015 over 11 days. The analyses are based on a random forest (RF) approach, predicting crop separation metrics of all analyzed crops. Three temporal windows of observations based on accumulated growing degree days (AGDD) were identified: an early temporal window (515–1232 AGDD, 5 May–17 June 2015) with an average accuracy (AA) of 70–75%; a mid-season window (1362–2016 AGDD, 25 June–22 July 2015) with an AA of around 80%; and a late window (2626–3238 AGDD, 21 August–29 September 2015) with an AA of <65%. Therefore, crop separation is most promising in the mid-season window, and an additional NIR band increases the accuracy significantly. However, discrimination of winter crops is most effective in the early window, adding further observational requirements to the first window.

Commentary on Richardson et al. detecting delirium superimposed on dementia: diagnostic accuracy of a simple combined arousal and attention testing procedure

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1583-1584
Author(s):  
Ravi Bhat ◽  
Nicola T. Lautenschlager ◽  
Rosie Watson
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
American Psychiatric Association ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Incandescent Bulb ◽  
Arousal Assessment ◽  
Delirium Superimposed On Dementia

Consciousness consists of two components: arousal and awareness of the environment and self. Arousal refers to the behavioral continuum that occurs between sleep and wakefulness, while awareness to the content of consciousness (Laureys, 2014). In normal physiological states, with the exception of REM sleep, the level of arousal is positively correlated with awareness (Laureys, 2014) such that arousal is graded and measured by the degree to which it is diminished. This conceptualization appears to have led experts, including the DSM-5, to consider delirium as a condition to not associated with impairments in arousal (Schiff and Plum, 2000, American Psychiatric Association, 2013). However, arousal can be both diminished and heightened, not unlike the performance of an old-fashioned incandescent bulb at different voltages, giving barely sufficient light at low voltages and brightening up unbearably at high voltages (MacIsaac et al., 1999). Delirium is associated with both hypo-arousal and hyper-arousal (Han et al., 2017). A small but significant proportion of delirious older patients (10%; n = 155) in the emergency department in this study had normal arousal at the time of the short arousal assessment (Han et al., 2014).

DESIGN OF A SPRAYING QUADCOPTER

2019 ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Beytullah ÜNAL ◽  
Tamer SAVAŞ ◽  
Işıl YAZAR
Keyword(s):  
Remote Control ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Vehicle Systems ◽  
Agricultural Applications ◽  
Design Production ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Test Operations ◽  
Rotary Wing

Today, coupled with technological development, UAV (Unmanned Aero Vehicle) systems show an important improvement in civil area applications. UAV systems have active tasks with cost-effectively solutions in several areas like defense, logistics, engineering and agriculture. Especially, in agricultural applications, UAV system usage contributes to development of the critical parameters of this sector as efficiency and sustainability. Thus, in agricultural areas, improvement and usage of unmanned systems are of importance. In this study, a remote control rotary wing UAV system that has ability to perform irrigation and spraying and its design, production and application processes are discussed. The designed, verified and all test operations completed UAV system will be planned to use in remote control liquid rejection from different altitudes in agricultural area. Keywords: Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle (UAV), Rotary Wing UAV, Spraying, Remote Control UAV, Sustainability.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF AN OPTICAL TECHNIQUE FOR SCAN THE SOIL AFTER THE CONTACT WITH WHEELS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Eduardo Costa Coelho ◽  
Elisângela Ribeiro ◽  
Roberto Alves Braga Junior
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Living Matter ◽  
Interferometric Technique ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
Full Knowledge ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
3D Profile ◽  
Global Population

Soil is a collection of natural bodies, that are made of solid parts, liquid and gas, three-dimensionally and formed by mineral sand organic materials, containing living matter one of the mantle surface of the planet, providing the development of agriculture that is essential and irreplaceable to human life. In agriculture, the use of mechanization arms to increase productivity, once the global population grows everyday, increasing the demand for food and avoiding deforestation for opening new agricultural frontiers. The use of machinery in agriculture requires full knowledge of its operation, adjustments and maintenance, as well as the compatibility of soil-working machine, otherwise it may cause impacts to the soil and therefore to the environment. So it is critical to understand the effects that the tires of the tractor can cause during the transit of tractors through agricultural areas, giving preference to monitoring techniques that avoid contact with the soil and demands great consumption of time and labor. This study evaluated the interferometric technique as a potential alternative to traditional manual processes or high cost equipment and proposed a protocol to be used in the field besides testing the methodology of a laser scanner. The results showed the feasibility of the proposed technique in the laboratory and in the field in addition to copy the soil 3D profile and identify the deformations caused by the tread.

Information-Seeking on the Internet

Crisis ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinod Singaravelu ◽  
Anne Stewart ◽  
Joanna Adams ◽  
Sue Simkin ◽  
Keith Hawton
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Young People ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Specific Advice ◽  
Restriction Sites ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Negative Tone

Abstract. Background: The Internet is used by young people at risk of self-harm to communicate, find information, and obtain support. Aims: We aimed to identify and analyze websites potentially accessed by these young people. Method: Six search terms, relating to self-harm/suicide and depression, were input into four search engines. Websites were analyzed for access, content/purpose, and tone. Results: In all, 314 websites were included in the analysis. Most could be accessed without restriction. Sites accessed by self-harm/suicide search terms were mostly positive or preventive in tone, whereas sites accessed by the term ways to kill yourself tended to have a negative tone. Information about self-harm methods was common with specific advice on how to self-harm in 15.8% of sites, encouragement of self-harm in 7.0%, and evocative images of self-harm/suicide in 20.7%. Advice on how to get help was given in 56.1% of sites. Conclusion: Websites relating to suicide or self-harm are easily accessed. Many sites are potentially helpful. However, a significant proportion of sites are potentially harmful through normalizing or encouraging self-harm. Enquiry regarding Internet use should be routinely included while assessing young people at risk.

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