scholarly journals Beta Convergence Analysis on Transition Economies: 1991-2011

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ş. Mustafa Ersungur ◽  
Aslı Cansın Doker ◽  
Adem Türkmen
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Convergence Analysis ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Conditional Convergence ◽  
Convergence Hypothesis ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Per Capita

Owing to Solow’s neo-classical the convergence hypothesis, which explains underdeveloped and developing countries grew faster than any of these developed countries have acknowledged that captures the level of per capita income, was added to the economic growth and development literature. Despite, theoretically there are two different approaches in convergence analysis; real and conditional, it cannot be said generalizing empirical results for both. Accordingly, 29 transition economies which tried to cross from the planned economic system into liberal economic system, is subjected to this study. Convergence have been analysed on transition economies between 1991 and 2011 using the growth rate of per capita income as variables by cross-sectional data analysis. In this study, additionally to real convergence, obtaining from the KOF index of economics, political and social integration and openness data were included the model as dummy variables for examining conditional convergence. Depending on empirical results on real and conditional convergence analysis, the convergence hypothesis is accepted. It is identified that Cambodia, Vietnam and China especially have caught up with faster growth comparing with other transition economies; however, those countries have shown weaker convergence than others. On the other hand, Kirghizstan and Tajikistan, which are known as mostly having the effects of transition recessions, have negative growth rates, and those countries have been diverging from other countries’ growth performance. From findings obtained within conditional convergence, it is examined while political liberalisation and openness variables have been accepted significantly; the economic and social liberalization variables have no significant effect on convergence.

scholarly journals STAGE OF HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF PRIVATE VEHICLE OWNERSHIP IN THE CITY OF BARCELONA

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Perez Diez ◽  
José Magin Campos Cacheda ◽  
Julià Cabrerizo Sinca
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Vehicle Ownership ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The City

Transport demand and private motor vehicle ownership (cars and motorcycles) are generally related to the socio-economic development, increasing urbanization, public policies and rising per capita income. Private motor vehicle ownership varies between countries and geographical regions. However, it tends to have some common patterns in its historical evolution. So that during the early stages of development, the rate of motorization increased mainly by acquisitions of PTWs (mopeds and motorcycles). As the economy grows, the increase in per capita income stimulates a shift from PTWs to cars, which are preferred for their safety, versatility, comfort and social status. The increasing use of cars contributes to raising travel costs (congestion, parking constraints, accidents, pollution), that coupled with public policies to discourage car use, tends to favour modal shifts from cars to public transport and in some regions also to PTWs. This study analyze the historical evolution of private motor vehicle ownership in Spain (cars and motorcycles), and identify the stage in which is the city of Barcelona, characterized by the high use of PTWs.  The increase use of PTWs is a common phenomenon in some major European cities and suggests a continuous future growth in developed countries and congested urban areas, that is not in line with the assumptions of some models, which predict that in the long-run there will be a decrease in use of PTWs with high income per capita levels.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3497

scholarly journals EVIDÊNCIAS EMPÍRICAS SOBRE CONVERGÊNCIA DA DESIGUALDADE DE RENDA ENTRE OS MUNICÍPIOS CEARENSES

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 557
Author(s):  
Airton Lopes Amorim ◽  
Ricardo Bruno Nascimento dos Santos ◽  
Eliane Pinheiro de Sousa ◽  
Daniel Arruda Coronel
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Threshold Effect ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Conditional Convergence ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Convergence Clubs ◽  
Per Capita

A desigualdade de renda tende a diminuir em municípios com elevada desigualdade e a aumentar naqueles com baixa desigualdade? Este trabalho tenta responder a essa questão ao verificar se existiu convergência da desigualdade de renda entreos municípios cearenses, nos anos 1991 e 2000. A principal medida de desigualdade de renda utilizada foi o índice de Gini, sendoos testes de convergência realizados por meio de modelos com efeito threshold, nos quais as variáveis concernentes ao índice deGini, à renda per capita e aos anos de estudo, medidas no período inicial, foram consideradas como possíveis variáveis threshold. Os resultados permitiram rejeitar a hipótese de clubes de convergência da desigualdade de renda entre os municípios cearenses. Noentanto, não se pode rejeitar a hipótese de convergência condicional da desigualdade de renda entre os mesmos, sendo que eles estariam convergindo para um valor médio de equilíbrio de desigualdade de renda maior, ou seja, os municípios cearenses estariam tornando-se mais concentradores de renda per capita. Palavras-chave: Desigualdade de renda, Índice de Gini, efeitos Threshold.EMPIRICAL EVIDENCES ABOUT THE CONVERGENCE OF INCOME INEQUALITY AMONG CITIES FROM CEARAAbstract: The income inequality tends to decrease in municipalities with high inequality and increase in those with low inequality? This paper intends to answer this question by checking if there was convergence of income inequality in the municipalities of the State of Ceará, in the years 1991 and 2000. The main measurement of income inequality used was the Gini index, with the convergencetests conducted through models with threshold effect, in which the variables relating to the Gini index, to the per capita income and to the years of study were considered, measured in the initial period as possible threshold variables. The results allowed rejectingthe hypothesis of convergence clubs of the per capita income inequality among the cities from Ceará. However there is no way to reject the hypothesis of conditional convergence of the income inequality in the municipalities among the same, where these would be converging to an average value of the bigger income inequality, that is, they would be turning themselves into more per capita income-concentrating municipalities.Key words: Income inequality, Gini Index, Threshold effect.

Income convergence in India: evidence from nonparametric panel data

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 400-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arfat Ahmad Sofi ◽  
Raja Sethu Durai S.
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Income Convergence ◽  
Conditional Convergence ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Convergence Hypothesis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Per Capita

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate convergence hypothesis in a balanced panel of 22 Indian states for the time period of 1980-81 to 2010-11 by applying nonparametric model setting in a panel framework. Design/methodology/approach The present study uses nonparametric and semi-parametric panel data methods to test the absolute and conditional convergence, respectively, and examines the income convergence using nonparametric panel data methods with state specific effects taken into consideration. These models are being estimated by the iterative process for a balanced panel of state wise per capita income and other conditioning variables for the time period of 1980-81 to 2010-11. For removing the fixed effects, the authors follow within transformation procedure according to the feasibility of the problem. Since convergence is estimated by regressing dependent variable on initial level of independent variable (as growth rate of income and per capita income in this case). So using usual transformation for removing the fixed effects is not feasible because by doing so the authors may end up with singular matrices on both sides of the regression model. Findings The results reject the null of parametric specification for both absolute as well as conditional convergence model. As to the outcome of the empirical analysis, the findings reveal that the Indian states are diverging in absolute sense and converging on conditional basis. Convergence happens to be consistent and conditional upon public expenditure, power generation share of primary and tertiary sector to Gross State Domestic Product. Originality/value The originality of the study is in its application of advanced methodology to highlight the model misspecifications while testing the convergence hypothesis in earlier literature.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Economic Growth and Income Distribution: The Case of Transition Economies

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilek Özdemir ◽  
Ömer Selçuk Emsen ◽  
Ayşen Hiç Gencer ◽  
Cemil Hakan Kılıç
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

In the literature on economic growth, Kuznets curve shows the relationship between growth and income distribution. According to the Kuznets curve, as per capita income rises, income distribution would first become more unequal, and then less unequal. This means that, in a less developed country poverty is shared; in a developing country the difference between the rich and the poor becomes wider; and in a developed country richness is shared. In economies in transition, from socialism to market economy, however, income distribution should be less unequal because of the socialist system. But during the transition, there occurred recessions that led to falls in income. Therefore, during the transition process, as income decreased, income distribution became more unequal. In this study, the relationship between per capita income and income distribution on the transition economies are investigated by means of panel data analysis. The results obtained are then compared with the Kuznets curve.

An Examination of Per Capita Income Convergence in Emerging Market Economies

2021 ◽  
pp. 097491012110341
Author(s):  
Prakarti Sharma ◽  
Nidhi Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Unconditional Convergence ◽  
Income Convergence ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Conditional Convergence ◽  
Convergence Process ◽  
Sigma Convergence ◽  
Per Capita

The study intends to examine the convergence of per capita income in emerging market economies (EMEs) toward a steady state for the post reform period (1999–2019). Cross-sectional regression analysis has been performed for unconditional convergence and a panel data regression to find the conditional convergence in EMEs. Sigma convergence has been applied to find the dispersion of income level in EMEs. In addition, to find the impact of global financial crisis on the convergence process of EMEs, unit root test with one structural break has been applied. The findings indicate that there exists unconditional convergence among EMEs toward a common steady state. Further, the results show a significant role of all control variables except education in the growth process but prove the absence of conditional convergence in selected EMEs. The results of sigma convergence find that the dispersion of per capita income is declining in EMEs, showing the sign of sigma convergence in EMEs. However, this study provides further scope to examine per capita income convergence among EMEs by including other variables and their effect on the convergence process of EMEs.

Gender Inequality in the Arab World

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-50
Author(s):  
Nahla Yassine-Hamdan ◽  
John Strate
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross National

According to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), gender inequality is the loss in potential human development that occurs due to differences between the genders in achievements with respect to health, empowerment, and labor market participation. These differences in achievements typically favor men. Gender inequality is especially visible in the Arab world. We compare gender inequality in Arab countries with that in non-Arab countries, especially developed countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). We argue that cross-national differences in gender inequality reflect cross-national differences in patriarchy, in particular differences in how men use their power over women to limit their agency or ability to make decisions for themselves. We set out a causal model to account for cross-national variations in gender inequality. Direct causes include fertility rate, per capita income, polygamy, OECD country, and corruption. Gender inequality in Arab countries is highly variable due to large differences in per capita income and is elevated because of polygamy and corruption. Arab countries can enact policies that would reduce gender inequality, especially improvements to women’s secondary and higher education. We analyze gender inequality in the Arab world and address the following questions: Is gender inequality greater in Arab countries? Among countries in the world generally, what differences in patriarchal practices contribute to differences in gender inequality? Where are Arab countries found with respect to such practices? What policies in Arab countries would reduce gender inequality? Our focus is upon cross-national differences in gender inequality, not upon differences in gender inequality within societies.

Historical Biographies of Entrepreneurs

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. B. Corley
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Capita Income Growth

Basic theory analyses the entrepreneur's role in the economic system. Of the four conventional factors of production, namely: land, labour, capital, and organization (or entrepreneurship), objective demand and supply schedules are possible for the first three. By contrast, a demand curve for entrepreneurship cannot be drawn, as it is for the entrepreneurs themselves to decide whether or not to enter the production process as a freelancer. Harvey Leibenstein, a development economist, however, constructed a supply curve for entrepreneurs, linking their anticipations of per capita income growth with the rate of expansion of entrepreneurship in terms of their contribution to such growth in incomes. Hence many theorists portray the corporate drives of entrepreneurs as forward-looking ones. How, then, can biographies most satisfactorily discuss such drives in a chronological narrative of a life from cradle to the grave? Childhood influences, such as premature responsibilities through a parent's death, and struggles for recognition in early adulthood have to be brought out, as well as the precise explanation of finally winning through.

The Problem of Agricultural Taxation in West Pakistan and an Alternative Solution: A Comment (Notes & Comments)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

In the Summer 1973 issue of the Pakistan Development Review, Mr. Mohammad Ghaffar Chaudhry [1] has dealt with two very important issues relating to the intersectoral tax equity and the intrasectoral tax equity within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Using a simple criterion for vertical tax equity that implies that the tax rate rises with per capita income such that the ratio of revenue to income rises at the same percentage rate as per capita income, Mr. Chaudhry found that the agricultural sector is overtaxed in Pakistan. Mr. Chaudhry further found that the land tax is a regressive levy with respect to the farm size. Both findings, if valid, have important policy implications. In this note we argue that the validity of the findings on intersectoral tax equity depends on the treatment of water rate as tax rather than the price of a service provided by the Government and on the shifting assumptions regard¬ing the indirect taxes on imports and domestic production levied by the Central Government. The relevance of the findings on the intrasectoral tax burden would have been more obvious if the tax liability was related to income from land per capita.

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