Gender Inequality in the Arab World

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-50
Author(s):  
Nahla Yassine-Hamdan ◽  
John Strate
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross National

According to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), gender inequality is the loss in potential human development that occurs due to differences between the genders in achievements with respect to health, empowerment, and labor market participation. These differences in achievements typically favor men. Gender inequality is especially visible in the Arab world. We compare gender inequality in Arab countries with that in non-Arab countries, especially developed countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). We argue that cross-national differences in gender inequality reflect cross-national differences in patriarchy, in particular differences in how men use their power over women to limit their agency or ability to make decisions for themselves. We set out a causal model to account for cross-national variations in gender inequality. Direct causes include fertility rate, per capita income, polygamy, OECD country, and corruption. Gender inequality in Arab countries is highly variable due to large differences in per capita income and is elevated because of polygamy and corruption. Arab countries can enact policies that would reduce gender inequality, especially improvements to women’s secondary and higher education. We analyze gender inequality in the Arab world and address the following questions: Is gender inequality greater in Arab countries? Among countries in the world generally, what differences in patriarchal practices contribute to differences in gender inequality? Where are Arab countries found with respect to such practices? What policies in Arab countries would reduce gender inequality? Our focus is upon cross-national differences in gender inequality, not upon differences in gender inequality within societies.

scholarly journals Beta Convergence Analysis on Transition Economies: 1991-2011

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ş. Mustafa Ersungur ◽  
Aslı Cansın Doker ◽  
Adem Türkmen
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Convergence Analysis ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Conditional Convergence ◽  
Convergence Hypothesis ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Per Capita

Owing to Solow’s neo-classical the convergence hypothesis, which explains underdeveloped and developing countries grew faster than any of these developed countries have acknowledged that captures the level of per capita income, was added to the economic growth and development literature. Despite, theoretically there are two different approaches in convergence analysis; real and conditional, it cannot be said generalizing empirical results for both. Accordingly, 29 transition economies which tried to cross from the planned economic system into liberal economic system, is subjected to this study. Convergence have been analysed on transition economies between 1991 and 2011 using the growth rate of per capita income as variables by cross-sectional data analysis. In this study, additionally to real convergence, obtaining from the KOF index of economics, political and social integration and openness data were included the model as dummy variables for examining conditional convergence. Depending on empirical results on real and conditional convergence analysis, the convergence hypothesis is accepted. It is identified that Cambodia, Vietnam and China especially have caught up with faster growth comparing with other transition economies; however, those countries have shown weaker convergence than others. On the other hand, Kirghizstan and Tajikistan, which are known as mostly having the effects of transition recessions, have negative growth rates, and those countries have been diverging from other countries’ growth performance. From findings obtained within conditional convergence, it is examined while political liberalisation and openness variables have been accepted significantly; the economic and social liberalization variables have no significant effect on convergence.

scholarly journals STAGE OF HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF PRIVATE VEHICLE OWNERSHIP IN THE CITY OF BARCELONA

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Perez Diez ◽  
José Magin Campos Cacheda ◽  
Julià Cabrerizo Sinca
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Vehicle Ownership ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The City

Transport demand and private motor vehicle ownership (cars and motorcycles) are generally related to the socio-economic development, increasing urbanization, public policies and rising per capita income. Private motor vehicle ownership varies between countries and geographical regions. However, it tends to have some common patterns in its historical evolution. So that during the early stages of development, the rate of motorization increased mainly by acquisitions of PTWs (mopeds and motorcycles). As the economy grows, the increase in per capita income stimulates a shift from PTWs to cars, which are preferred for their safety, versatility, comfort and social status. The increasing use of cars contributes to raising travel costs (congestion, parking constraints, accidents, pollution), that coupled with public policies to discourage car use, tends to favour modal shifts from cars to public transport and in some regions also to PTWs. This study analyze the historical evolution of private motor vehicle ownership in Spain (cars and motorcycles), and identify the stage in which is the city of Barcelona, characterized by the high use of PTWs.  The increase use of PTWs is a common phenomenon in some major European cities and suggests a continuous future growth in developed countries and congested urban areas, that is not in line with the assumptions of some models, which predict that in the long-run there will be a decrease in use of PTWs with high income per capita levels.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3497

scholarly journals Gender Inequality And Its Impact On Economy – A Case Study Muslim Countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-248
Author(s):  
Rummana Zaheer ◽  
Bilal Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Section Data ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Per Capita

There is an immense need for muslim countries to recognize the importance of women especially in education and their well-being in order to establish a prosperous society from economic perspective. A cross-section data of 1forty-nine muslim countries was analyzed along with theoretical and empirical explanation of few outlier muslim countries who were economically robust but paradoxically showed low gender-equality profile. The results in few cases showed very different results than expected however those cases in general belonged to oil-rich countries, where their strong economy stands only on the export of oil and its derivatives. The extreme case of Qatar, which has a big per-capita income however its gender inequality profile was comparable to Pakistan, whose per-capita income was only three percent as that of Qatar. Moreover, Saudi Arab’s per capita income is ten times more as that of Pakistan but its gender equality profile much less than Pakistan’s. Apart from these few cases, the variable explaining the robustness of an economy, roughly regressed negatively with the gender inequality profile, showing that observing gender equality will have positive effects on the economy of muslim countries.

Impact of educational and gender inequality on income and income inequality in South Asian countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1043-1062
Author(s):  
Kashif Munir ◽  
Ayesha Kanwal
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Inequality In Education ◽  
Per Capita

PurposeThe objectives of this study are threefold: firstly, to measure the impact of educational inequality on income inequality, and per capita income; secondly, to measure the impact of gender inequality in education on income inequality, per capita income and educational inequality; and lastly, to test the Kuznets inverted U-shape hypothesis between inequality in education and average year of schooling.Design/methodology/approachThe study has adopted the Marin and Psacharopoulos (1976) model of human capital in which income earned by an individual can be estimated as a function of number of year spent in schooling or education. Gini coefficient is used as a measure of income inequality, while inequality in education is measured by Gini index of educational inequality. Gender inequality in education is measured by the difference between male and female enrolment ratios as a proportion of male enrolment. The study utilizes the data of six South Asian countries, i.e. Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka from 1980 to 2010 at five-year average and employs fixed effect model (FEM) and random effect model (REM) for estimation.FindingsResult suggests that educational inequality and average year of schooling have positive and significant impact on income inequality. Primary (basic) education and tertiary (higher) education reduce income inequality, while secondary education widens income inequality. Negative relationship exists between educational inequality and per capita income. Unequal distribution of education among boys and girls at primary level increases income inequality, while reduces income inequality at tertiary level. Gender inequality in secondary and tertiary level of education reduces per capita income, while unequal distribution of education among boys and girls further increases the educational inequality. Kuznets inverted U-shape hypothesis does not hold between education expansion and educational inequality, while weak U-shape relationship exists in South Asian countries.Practical implicationsGovernment has to provide free education in poor regions and makes employment programs to reduce the income and educational inequality respectively, while to remove gender inequality in education it is necessary to build more schools especially for girls. Government has to launch different online education programs for expansion in education at all levels.Originality/valueThis study adds to the literature by analyzing whether the inequality in income increases (decreases) due to increase (decrease) in educational and gender inequality in South Asian countries. This study contributes in the existing literature by developing a measure of educational and gender inequality in education in South Asian countries.Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-04-2020-0226.

scholarly journals Gender Inequality: Dampaknya terhadap Pendapatan Per Kapita (Studi Kasus 33 Provinsi di Indonesia 2011-2019)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Cita Puspita Sari
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Women Workers ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
National Level ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Gender Inequality (gender inequality) is a classic problem in various countries, especially in developing countries like Indonesia. Gender inequality in various fields is considered to hinder economic growth. Slowing economic growth is considered to have a negative impact on income, both at the national level and the per capita level. Researchers are interested in examining per capita income as a proxy for economic growth. Per capita income is a measure of community welfare that is most often used by the government. This study aims to examine the description of gender inequality and per capita income in Indonesia, and analyze the impact of gender inequality on per capita income in Indonesia. The results of descriptive analysis show that there are still gender disparities in all provinces throughout Indonesia in 2011-2019. Furthermore, based on the results of the inference analysis using panel data, this study concludes that gender inequality simultaneously has a significant effect on per capita income. Gender inequality variables that have a partial effect include wages for women workers, women's labor force participation, and gender development

scholarly journals Effect of gender gap in education on district level GDP per capital of Nepal

2012 ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhav Prasad Dahal
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
District Level ◽  
Inequality In Education ◽  
Per Capita

Growth theories developed in the 1980s and 1990s incorporate education centered human capital to explain the cross-country and country specific variations in the per capita gross domestic product. This article examines the effect of gender inequality in education on the per capita GDP of the districts of Nepal. Gender inequality in education is more pronounced in less developed countries than in developed countries. Utilizing the data pertaining to the year 2001 taken from Nepal Human Development Report 2004 published by United Nations Development Program (UNDP) country office Nepal, we find that gender gap in education has obvious negative impact on district level GDP per capita of Nepal. This bears implication in policy formulation to minimize the gender disparity in education.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ejdi.v13i0.7211 Economic Journal of Development Issues Vol.13 & 14 2011, pp.65-74

Self-Esteem among College Students from Four Arab Countries

2012 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. Abdel-Khalek ◽  
Adel Shokry Korayem ◽  
Mayssah A. El-Nayal
Keyword(s):  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Arabic Version ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Egyptian Women ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Controversial Result

This study had three objectives: (a) to compare undergraduates from four Arab countries on self-esteem, (b) to explore the sex-related differences in self-esteem in these four Arab countries, and (c) to examine the association of self-esteem with both per-capita income and unemployment rate. Four samples of 2,643 students were recruited from Egypt ( n = 576), Kuwait ( n = 674), Lebanon ( n = 826), and Oman ( n = 567). They responded to the Arabic version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Kuwaiti and Omani men had a significantly higher mean score on self-esteem than did Egyptian and Lebanese men. Egyptian women scored significantly lower than the Omani women, but the effect size was small. Regarding the sex-related differences in self-esteem, Kuwaiti men had a significantly higher mean score than did their female peers, but the effect size was small, whereas there were no significant sex differences in the other samples. The sex-related difference in self-esteem is a controversial result and it may not be replicable in different countries. It was suggested that self-esteem is associated with high per-capita income and low unemployment rate.

The Problem of Agricultural Taxation in West Pakistan and an Alternative Solution: A Comment (Notes & Comments)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

In the Summer 1973 issue of the Pakistan Development Review, Mr. Mohammad Ghaffar Chaudhry [1] has dealt with two very important issues relating to the intersectoral tax equity and the intrasectoral tax equity within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Using a simple criterion for vertical tax equity that implies that the tax rate rises with per capita income such that the ratio of revenue to income rises at the same percentage rate as per capita income, Mr. Chaudhry found that the agricultural sector is overtaxed in Pakistan. Mr. Chaudhry further found that the land tax is a regressive levy with respect to the farm size. Both findings, if valid, have important policy implications. In this note we argue that the validity of the findings on intersectoral tax equity depends on the treatment of water rate as tax rather than the price of a service provided by the Government and on the shifting assumptions regard¬ing the indirect taxes on imports and domestic production levied by the Central Government. The relevance of the findings on the intrasectoral tax burden would have been more obvious if the tax liability was related to income from land per capita.

A Successful Population Policy: Potentials and Constraints (Distinguishedl Lecture)

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4I) ◽  
pp. 411-431
Author(s):  
Hans-Rimbert Hemmer
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Per Capita

The current rapid population growth in many developing countries is the result of an historical process in the course of which mortality rates have fallen significantly but birthrates have remained constant or fallen only slightly. Whereas, in industrial countries, the drop in mortality rates, triggered by improvements in nutrition and progress in medicine and hygiene, was a reaction to economic development, which ensured that despite the concomitant growth in population no economic difficulties arose (the gross national product (GNP) grew faster than the population so that per capita income (PCI) continued to rise), the drop in mortality rates to be observed in developing countries over the last 60 years has been the result of exogenous influences: to a large degree the developing countries have imported the advances made in industrial countries in the fields of medicine and hygiene. Thus, the drop in mortality rates has not been the product of economic development; rather, it has occurred in isolation from it, thereby leading to a rise in population unaccompanied by economic growth. Growth in GNP has not kept pace with population growth: as a result, per capita income in many developing countries has stagnated or fallen. Mortality rates in developing countries are still higher than those in industrial countries, but the gap is closing appreciably. Ultimately, this gap is not due to differences in medical or hygienic know-how but to economic bottlenecks (e.g. malnutrition, access to health services)

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