“Clean label” – Starches and their functional diversity

2016 ◽  
pp. 209-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Radeloff ◽  
Roland H.F. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Rice Starch ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Native Starch ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Moisture Treatment ◽  
Extended Range ◽  
The Common ◽  
Water Swelling ◽  
High Amylose

Modern starch milling technologies not only produce the common native starches from corn, wheat, potato and cassava but also can extend the range of commercially available starches by native starch specialities such as waxy and high amylose varieties of corn, potato, pea and rice starch. The functionality of these native starches in form of swelling and gelling characteristics is defined by botanical characteristics such as granule size, amylose-, phosphate and lipid content. The diversity of these native starch functionalities can be extended by physical and enzymatic starch modification techniques. Pregelatinized starches are obtained by drum and roll drying, extrusion or spray cooking often complemented by agglomeration. Heat moisture treatment and annealing result in cold water swelling granular starches and resistant starch, respectively. This extended range of clean label functional native starches is successively replacing E-number coded chemically modified food starch additives from the ingredient list of modern convenience and processed foods.

scholarly journals Chemical, morphological, rheological and thermal properties of Solanum lycocarpum phosphorylated starches

Revista CERES ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Palmiro Ramirez Ascheri ◽  
Luciane Dias Pereira ◽  
Suely Miranda Cavalcante Bastos
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Sodium Tripolyphosphate ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Native Starch ◽  
Modified Starches ◽  
Pasting Temperature ◽  
Water Swelling

The increasing need for starches with specific characteristics makes it important to study unconventional starches and their modifications in order to meet consumer demands. The aim of this work was to study physicochemical characteristics of native starch and phosphate starch of S. lycocarpum. Native starch was phosphated with sodium tripolyphosphate (5-11%) added with stirring. Chemical composition, morphology, density, binding ability to cold water, swelling power and solubility index, turbidity and syneresis, rheological and calorimetric properties were determined. Phosphorus was not detected in the native sample, but the phosphating process produced modified starches with phosphorus contents of 0.015, 0.092 and 0.397%, with the capacity of absorbing more water, either cold or hot. Rheological data showed the strong influence of phosphorus content on viscosity of phosphate starch, with lower pasting temperature and peak viscosity higher than those of native starch. Enthalpy was negatively correlated with the phosphorus content, requiring 9.7; 8.5; 8.1 and 6.4 kJ g-1 of energy for the transition from the amorphous to the crystalline state for the starch granules with phosphorus contents of 0; 0.015; 0.092 and 0.397%, respectively. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis showed that starches with 0.015 and 0.092% phosphorus have similar characteristics and are different from the others. Our results show that the characteristics of phosphate modified S. lycocarpum starch have optimal conditions to meet the demands of raw materials, which require greater consistency in stickiness, combined with low rates of retrogradation and syneresis.

Polishing conditions in rice milling differentially affect the physicochemical properties of waxy, low- and high-amylose rice starch

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 103183
Author(s):  
Zekun Xu ◽  
Yijuan Xu ◽  
Xiaojing Chen ◽  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Haitao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Rice Starch ◽  
Rice Milling ◽  
High Amylose

Bora Rice: Natural Polymer for Drug Delivery

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Kalyani Pathak ◽  
Ratna Jyoti Das ◽  
Riya Saikia ◽  
Aparoop Das ◽  
Mohammad Zaki Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Colloidal Dispersion ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Rice Starch ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Natural polymers play a vital part in the formulation of pharmaceutical dosage forms due to their use as excipients. Synthetic polymers have been introduced into drug delivery recently; the usage of natural polymers in drug delivery research continues to rise. It is not surprising that applications other than its caloric value have been found for starch. Various natural sources of the polymer have been investigated for delivery systems; among them, Assam Bora rice starch seems to be a promising candidate due to its interesting properties such as being non-toxic, biocompatible, biodegradable, mucoadhesive, and non-immunogenic. Assam Bora rice, locally known as Bora Chaul, was first introduced in Assam, India, from Thailand or Myanmar by Thai-Ahom, now widely cultivated throughout the Assam. The starch obtained from Assam Bora rice is characterized by its high amylopectin content (i.e., >95%) with a branched, waxy polymer which shows physical stability and resistance towards enzymatic action. Assam Bora rice starch hydrates and swells in cold water, forming viscous colloidal dispersion or sols responsible for its bioadhesive nature. Moreover, it is degraded by colonic bacteria but remains undigested in the upper GIT. Due to the excellent adhesion and gelling capability, it is often selected as a mucoadhesive matrix in a controlled release drug delivery system. Carboxymethyl Assam Bora rice starch has also been applied for SPIONs stabilization and, further, it can effectively bind and load cationic anti-cancer drug molecule, Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX), via electrostatic interaction. This article provides a critical assessment of Assam Bora rice literature and shows how the rice can be used in many ways, from food additives to drug delivery systems.

scholarly journals CHEMICAL MODIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF MUCOADHESIVE POTENTIALITY OF ASSAM BORA RICE STARCH

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Baquee Ahmed ◽  
Iman Bhaduri
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Sustained Release ◽  
Chemical Modification ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Rice Starch ◽  
Modified Starch ◽  
Native Starch ◽  
Ft Ir

Objective: The objective of the present study was to chemical modification, characterization and evaluation of mucoadhesive potentiality of Assam bora rice starch as potential excipients in the sustained release drug delivery system. Methods: The starch was isolated from Assam bora rice and esterified using thioglycolic acid and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The 10% w/v gel formulation based on modified bora rice starch loaded with irinotecan (0.6%) was prepared and evaluated for various rheological properties, ex-vivo mucoadhesion using goat intestine and in vitro drug release study in phosphate buffer pH 6.8.Results: The chemical modification was confirmed by FT-IR and NMR studies with the presence of the peak at 2626.74 cm-1 and a singlet at 2.51 respectively due to–SH group. Ex-vivo mucoadhesion studies showed 6.6 fold increases in mucoadhesion of the modified starch with compared to native starch (46.3±6.79g for native starch; 308.7±95.31g for modified starch). In vitro study showed 89.12±0.84 % of drug release after 6 h in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 and the release kinetics followed Non-Fickian diffusion.Conclusion: The modified Assam bora rice starch enhanced a mucoadhesive property of the native starch and thus, can be explored in future as a potential excipient for the sustained release mucoadhesive drug delivery system.

Wood modification with N-methylol and N-methyl compounds: a case study on how non-fixated chemicals in modified wood may affect the classification of their durability

Holzforschung ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Emmerich ◽  
Christian Brischke ◽  
Holger Militz
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Modification ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Fungal Decay ◽  
Water Leaching ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Decay Tests ◽  
Modified Wood

Abstract Chemical modification is increasing the durability of wood against biological deterioration. Usually, the effect of a new treatment on the durability of wood is screened in laboratory decay tests, where durability classes are assigned on the basis of the mass loss (ML) caused by degrading fungi. The aim of this study was to demonstrate how non-fixated chemicals in modified wood may affect fungal ML measurements and corresponding durability classification when wood samples are incubated under humid conditions for long periods. Wood blocks were treated with solutions of 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU), methylated DMDHEU (mDMDHEU) and 1,3-dimethyl-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMeDHEU) and subjected to consecutive cold-water leaching cycles. Significant amounts of non-fixated chemicals were removed from the wood by three leaching cycles and might lead to ML mistaken as response of fungal decay. Consequently, the treated material was assigned erroneously by up to four durability classes (DC) worse than material which did not include leachable, non-fixated chemicals. Thus, for a reliable durability classification of chemically modified wood, prolonged leaching procedures are recommended to assure that the measured ML is entirely attributed to fungal decay.

Production of High Amylose and Resistant Starch Rice Through Targeted Mutagenesis of Starch Branching Enzyme Iib by Crispr/cas9

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsi-Chao Wang ◽  
Yu-Chia Hsu ◽  
Yong-Pei Wu ◽  
Su-Ying Yeh ◽  
Maurice S. B. Ku
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Targeted Mutagenesis ◽  
Rice Starch ◽  
Branching Enzyme ◽  
Starch Branching Enzyme ◽  
Homozygous Mutant ◽  
Mutant Lines ◽  
High Amylose

Abstract Rice is the staple food for half of the world’s population. Starch accounts for 80-90% of the total mass of rice seeds, and rice starch is low in resistant starch (RS) with a high glycemic index (GI). RS has gained important since it is beneficial in preventing various diseases. Starch branching enzyme IIb (SBEIIb) plays a key role in the amylopectin synthesis pathway in the endosperm of cereals. Down-regulation of SBEIIb in several important crops has led to high amylose, high RS and low GI starch. In this study, we mutated OsSBEIIb in the japonica rice cultivar TNG82 through CRISPR/Cas9 and investigated the molecular and physicochemical modifications in OsSBEIIb mutant lines, e.g., gene expression, enzyme activity, apparent amylose content (AAC), RS and GI. As expected, the levels of modification in these starch related traits in heterozygous mutant lines were about half as those of homozygous mutant lines. Gene expression and enzyme activity of OsSBEIIb were down-regulated significantly while AAC and RS contents increased progressively from 17.4% and 0.5% in WT, respectively, to as high as 25.0% and 7.5% in heterozygous mutant lines and 36.0% and 12.0% in homozygous mutant lines. Consequently, with increased RS and decreased rate of reducing sugar production, GI progressively decreased in heterozygous and homozygous mutant rice endosperms by 11% and 28%, respectively. Our results demonstrate that it has huge potential for precise and efficient generation of high RS and low GI rice through CRISPR/Cas9 to provide a more suitable source of starch for type II diabetes.

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