scholarly journals Mini Review on Dermatomycosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
P. M. Ridzuan ◽  
C. M. Nazira ◽  
Manuel Ruth ◽  
C. N. Abdul Rassip ◽  
M. H Nur Raihan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Development Of Resistance

Dermatomycosis is a fungal infection of the skin, hair and nail caused by Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton. These organisms are found in the environment, humans and animals in forms of yeast or mold. There are many factors that contribute to the growth of fungal infections in human body. But still majority of virulent factors and mechanisms of the diseases of fungi are not clear. This review paper describes types of fungal infections, their classification, epidemiology and new insights into pathogenesis with the focus on molecular mechanisms of the diseases. Furthermore, traditional and novel molecular diagnostic methods and the variety of drug treatment and the development of resistance against these drugs are discussed.

scholarly journals An Over View of Ovine and Caprine Dermatophytosis

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Wisal G. Abdalla
Keyword(s):  
Skin Biopsy ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Predisposing Factors ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Fungal Culture ◽  
Direct Examination

Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection of hair and keratinized layers of the epidermis and is caused by keratinophilic and keratinolytic genera such as Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton. The animal age and trauma are important predisposing factors of disease. Show lambs are more susceptible to ringworm. T. verrucosum has been cited as a major agent encountered in cases of ovine and caprine ringworm. Lesions in lambs are most often noticed on the head while in goats lesions can occur beside head in pinnae, neck, and legs. The disease can be diagnosed by direct examination, fungal culture, skin biopsy and molecular diagnostic methods. This review will forecast more light on the different aspects of this disease.

scholarly journals Sinus maxillaris mycetoma of odontogenic origin: case report

2004 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matjaz Rode ◽  
Jernej Podboj ◽  
Mirela Kogoj-Rode
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Facial Pain ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Endodontic Treatment ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Odontogenic Origin ◽  
Upper Jaw ◽  
Root Apices ◽  
Diagnostic Changes

Fungal infections are on the increase and those of the jaw cavities with Aspergillus species may be connected with the root apices of teeth in the upper jaw. Diagnostic changes in the sinus maxillaris and certain types of facial pain may be indicative of fungal infection. The authors report a case of aspergillosis sinusitis and describe the diagnostic methods and treatment of this infection that may be associated with endodontic treatment.

scholarly journals Fungal Infection in Lung Transplantation

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (03) ◽  
pp. 471-482
Author(s):  
Cassie C. Kennedy ◽  
Kelly M. Pennington ◽  
Elena Beam ◽  
Raymund R. Razonable
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Lung Transplant ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Invasive Fungal Infections ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Diagnostic Strategies ◽  
Culture Techniques

AbstractInvasive fungal infections threaten lung transplant outcomes with high associated morbidity and mortality. Pharmacologic prophylaxis may be key to prevent posttransplant invasive fungal infections, but cost, adverse effects, and absorption issues are barriers to effective prophylaxis. Trends in fungal infection diagnostic strategies utilize molecular diagnostic methodologies to complement traditional histopathology and culture techniques. While lung transplant recipients are susceptible to a variety of fungal pathogens, Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. infections remain the most common. With emerging resistant organisms and multiple novel antifungal agents in the research pipeline, it is likely that treatment strategies will continue to evolve.

Fungal Infections

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Buckman ◽  
Luis A. Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Critically Ill Patients ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Antifungal Prophylaxis ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Surgical Patient ◽  
Candida Infections

Fungal infections remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality in surgical settings, with critically ill patients, transplant patients, and sick neonates all being especially vulnerable. Over the past few decades, technological and scientific advancements have improved physicians’ ability to sustain life in critically ill patients, developments in chemotherapeutics and immune-based therapies have yielded increased survival for many cancer patients, organ transplantation has evolved dramatically, and the use of invasive therapies has increased markedly. With these changes has come an increase in the incidence of serious Candida infections, as well as an increase in the less common but potentially fatal noncandidal infections caused by Aspergillus and the Zygomycetes Mucor and Rhizopus. Antifungal prophylaxis has emerged as a potential means of reducing the occurrence of serious fungal infections. This review covers fungal colonization versus infection, types of fungal infection, epidemiology and risk factors, clinical evaluation, investigative studies, management of acute candidemia and acute disseminated candidiasis, management of nonhematogenous candidiasis, peritonitis and intra-abdominal abscess, management of other fungal infections (Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Mucor, Rhizopusi), systemic antifungal agents, and the pathogenesis of Candida infection. Tables describe the clinical presentation and diagnostic methods for common fungal infections, antimicrobial agents of choice for candida infections, antifungal chemotherapy, and characteristics of currently available antifungals. Figures show Candida endophthalmitis; superficial candidiasis; biopsy samples of chronic progressive disseminated histoplasmosis and thick-walled, broad-based budding yeasts typical for Blastomyces dermatitidis; and the various forms of Candida. Algorithms demonstrate the approach to the surgical patient at risk for candidiasis, aspergillosis, and other types of fungal infection. This review contains 5 figures, 4 tables, and 189 references.

Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment: An Overview

2021 ◽  
pp. 2353-2359
Author(s):  
Sonja Jose ◽  
B. R. Balakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Systemic Treatments ◽  
Platinum Based Chemotherapy

Cervical cancer imposes a huge global burden. Cervical carcinoma is one of the most common and feared diseases of women, and in India, it accounts for 16 per cent of total cervical cancer cases occurring globally. The situation is more alarming in the rural areas where the majority of women are illiterate and ignorant about the hazards of cervical cancer. To date, various studies have been conducted on the risk factors associated with cervical cancer. Accumulated evidence has demonstrated the reasons by which HPV infection causes carcinogenesis. Two viral oncoproteins E6 and E7could play a key role in the HPV-infected cervical cancers. It has been documented that not all integrations necessarily depend on the E6 and E7 oncogenes expression. Currently, clinical treatment managements for cervical cancer typically include surgery, radiotherapy, and platinum-based chemotherapy. Treatment for early stage disease often is surgical therapy such as cervical conisation, total simple hysterectomy, or radical hysterectomy based on extent of spread of cervical cancer. In the recent years, a series of systemic treatments, for instance, the platinum-based chemotherapy and the recent FDA approved pembrolizumab, have applied for recurrent and advanced cervical cancer. Although screening and advanced therapeutic strategies have improved the survival rate of cervical cancer, some patients still die due to metastasis and drug resistance. Without a doubt, HPV vaccination could pre-vent the development of cervical cancer; however, many patients’ in underdeveloped countries cannot get HPV vaccination due to economic condition. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, mortality, and geographical distribution of cervical cancer and its risk factors in the world and study the molecular mechanisms of cervical cancer development and progression, to discover the novel molecular diagnostic methods and systemic management for cervical cancer. The findings of this study demonstrated that several factors including sexually transmitted infections, reproductive factors, hormonal influences, genetics and host factors are responsible for the incidence of cervical cancer. The results of this review study suggested that combination of biological, economic and health factors contributes to the incidence of cervical cancer. A large proportion cervical cancer can be prevented by prevention programs, lifestyle enhancement, smoking cessation, and timely and effective treatment of pre-cancerous lesions.

scholarly journals Changing scenario of superficial fungal infection: Emerging resistance, recurrence and remedy in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-111
Author(s):  
Mohammad Kamrul Ahsan ◽  
Mir Nazrul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Antifungal Therapy ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Antifungal Drug ◽  
Fungal Resistance ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Clinical Resistance

Superficial fungal infections (dermatophytes) affecting skin, nail and hair are the most common infective dermatosis seen in dermatology outpatient clinics. There is a rising prevalence of dermatophytosis, especially in tropical countries like Bangladesh, with a concomitant increase in the number of difficult to treat cases. The reason for this phenomenon is not yet clear, but may be related to inadequate treatment regimen or discontinuation of medication, difficulties in eliminating predisposing factors and sources of re-infection. The pathogenesis and severity of fungal infection depend on various immunological and nonimmunological factors. The rampant use of antifungal therapy in immunocompromised individuals marked the onset of antifungal drug resistance. Fungal resistance can be microbiological or clinical. Genetic alterations in the fungi cause microbiological resistance. Clinical resistance is due to host or drug related factors. All these factors may cause fungal resistance individually or in tandem. Appropriate drug dosing along with antifungal drug susceptibility testing, especially for the dermatophytes isolated from chronic, recurrent cases or those with atypical presentation should be encouraged. Other ways to avoid resistance is the use of combination antifungal therapy. Combination therapy offers advantages in increased synergistic action with enhanced spectrum activity. Finally, newer insights into molecular mechanisms of drug resistance will help in the development of appropriate antifungal therapy. Till then experience based treatment of dermatophytosis is more effective than the standard guideline. Bangladesh Crit Care J September 2020; 8(2): 108-111

scholarly journals Fungal Genomics in Respiratory Medicine: What, How and When?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelie P. Brackin ◽  
Sam J. Hemmings ◽  
Matthew C. Fisher ◽  
Johanna Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Immunocompromised Patients ◽  
Fungal Genomics ◽  
Risk Of Mortality

AbstractRespiratory infections caused by fungal pathogens present a growing global health concern and are a major cause of death in immunocompromised patients. Worryingly, coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome has been shown to predispose some patients to airborne fungal co-infections. These include secondary pulmonary aspergillosis and mucormycosis. Aspergillosis is most commonly caused by the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus and primarily treated using the triazole drug group, however in recent years, this fungus has been rapidly gaining resistance against these antifungals. This is of serious clinical concern as multi-azole resistant forms of aspergillosis have a higher risk of mortality when compared against azole-susceptible infections. With the increasing numbers of COVID-19 and other classes of immunocompromised patients, early diagnosis of fungal infections is critical to ensuring patient survival. However, time-limited diagnosis is difficult to achieve with current culture-based methods. Advances within fungal genomics have enabled molecular diagnostic methods to become a fast, reproducible, and cost-effective alternative for diagnosis of respiratory fungal pathogens and detection of antifungal resistance. Here, we describe what techniques are currently available within molecular diagnostics, how they work and when they have been used.

scholarly journals Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida species isolated from HIV infected Patients with candisiasis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sony Paul ◽  
Iyanar Kannan
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Candida Species ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Antifungal Susceptibility ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region

Background and Purpose: Opportunistic fungal infections have been on a growingtrend since the last two decades. Among the opportunistic fungal agents, Candidaspecies, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus account for most of thelife-threatening infections in immunocompromised individuals. Regarding this, thepresent study aimed to investigate the molecular identification and antifungalsusceptibility pattern of Candida species isolated from HIV-infected patients.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 80 clinical samples collectedfrom HIV-infected patients with suspected candidiasis referring to Tagore MedicalCollege and Hospital, Rathinamangalam and Government Hospital of ThoracicMedicine, in Chennai, India, for 18 months (i.e., May 2016-December 2017). Phenotypicand molecular identification was accomplished using internal transcribed spacer region 1(ITS1) and ITS4 primers. The antifungal susceptibility pattern of the isolates against fourantifungal agents was also determined by both disk diffusion and broth dilution methods.Results: In the present study, the prevalence of candidiasis was obtained as 75% (n=60).Candida tropicalis was the predominant identified species. All the emerging species(i.e., Kodamaea ohmeri, Hanseniaspora opuntiae, and C. orthopsilosis) were identifiedthrough molecular identification since the phenotypic identification was inconclusive. Interms of the susceptibility pattern, 63.3% and 18.3% of the isolates were resistant tofluconazole and voriconazole, respectively. Candida albicans was also found to beresistant to amphotericin B.Conclusion: Molecular assay led to the identification of K. ohmeri, H. opuntiae, and C.orthopsilosis, which were multidrug-resistant. This study highlighted the need for theprompt and timely identification of clinical yeast isolates given the emergence of manyrare species and their capability of causing life-threatening infections and outbreaks. Inthe laboratories where molecular diagnostic methods are not available, alternativeservices of reference laboratories can be utilized as cost-effective measures. With regardto the growing prevalence of antifungal drug resistance, antifungal susceptibility testingshould be made mandatory for effective patient management.

Cdr2p contributes to fluconazole resistance in Candida dubliniensis clinical isolates

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 416-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Borecká ◽  
Emmanuelle Pinjon ◽  
Derek J. Sullivan ◽  
Karl Kuchler ◽  
Jaroslav Blaško ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Medical Problem ◽  
Sterol Composition ◽  
Candida Dubliniensis ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Fluconazole Resistance ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Growth Phenomenon ◽  
Fluconazole Resistant

The development of resistance to azole antifungals used in the treatment of fungal infections can be a serious medical problem. Here, we investigate the molecular mechanisms associated with reduced susceptibility to fluconazole in clinical isolates of Candida dubliniensis , showing evidence of the trailing growth phenomenon. The changes in membrane sterol composition were studied in the presence of subinhibitory fluconazole concentrations. Despite lanosterol and eburicol accumulating as the most prevalent sterols after fluconazole treatment, these ergosterol precursors still support growth of Candida isolates. The overexpression of ABC transporters was demonstrated by immunoblotting employing specific antibodies against Cdr1p and Cdr2p. The presence of a full-length 170 kDa protein Cdr1p was detected in two isolates, while a truncated form of Cdr1p with the molecular mass of 85 kDa was observed in isolate 966/3(2). Notably, Cdr2p was detected in this isolate, and the expression of this transporter was modulated by subinhibitory concentrations of fluconazole. These results suggest that C. dubliniensis can display the trailing growth phenomenon, and such isolates express similar molecular mechanisms like that of fluconazole-resistant isolates and can therefore be associated with recurrent infections.

Cutaneous Fungus Infections in Children

1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 152-156
Author(s):  
James E. Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Tinea Capitis ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Tinea Corporis ◽  
Clinical Impression ◽  
Fungus Infection ◽  
Common Term ◽  
Tinea Versicolor ◽  
Deep Fungal Infection

Cutaneous fungus infection in children may be either superficial or deep. The most common superficial infections include tinea versicolor, tinea capitis, tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, and candidiasis. "Ringworm" is a common term used to describe these infections, stemming from the fact that "tinea" is Latin for "worm" or "moth." The only deep fungal infection discussed in this review is sporotrichosis. Diagnostic Methods All forms of superficial fungal infection can be diagnosed easily with a variety of quick, simple, and inexpensive diagnostic methods. Once mastered, the tests need not be used on patients with obvious diagnoses; nevertheless, confirmation of one's clinical impression is personally satisfying and often important. POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE Superficial fungal infections of the skin involve the outer portion of the epidermis, including the hair and nails. Hyphae and spores are visible easily with low-to-moderate microscopic magnification. With the exception of mucous membranes or eroded surfaces (as often found in the case of candidiasis), skin and hair for sampling should be moistened with a drop of water or an alcohol swab. The skin should be abraded gently with the round belly of a 15 blade at the active margin of tinea corporis or, in the case of tinea capitis, any place where alopecia is visible.

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