Early Detection of Autism (ASD) by a Non-invasive Quick Measurement of Markedly Reduced Acetylcholine & DHEA and Increased β-Amyloid (1-42), Asbestos (Chrysotile), Titanium Dioxide, Al, Hg & often Coexisting Virus Infections (CMV, HPV 16 and 18), Bacterial Infections etc. in the Brain and Corresponding Safe Individualized Effective Treatment

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Omura ◽  
Dominic Lu ◽  
Marilyn K. Jones ◽  
Abdallah Nihrane ◽  
Harsha Duvvi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Hpv 16 ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Quick Measurement ◽  
The Brain

Early Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis Based on Optical and Electrochemical Biosensors: Comprehensive Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 557-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Kharati ◽  
Sanam Foroutanparsa ◽  
Mohammad Rabiee ◽  
Reza Salarian ◽  
Navid Rabiee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensors ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Biosensor System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) involves an immune-mediated response in which body’s immune system destructs the protective sheath (myelin). Part of the known MS biomarkers are discovered in cerebrospinal fluid like oligoclonal lgG (OCGB), and also in blood like myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG). The conventional MS diagnostic methods often fail to detect the disease in early stages such as Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS), which considered as a concerning issue since CIS highlighted as a prognostic factor of MS development in most cases. Methods: MS diagnostic techniques include Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain and spinal cord, lumbar puncture (or spinal tap) that evaluate cerebrospinal fluid, evoked potential testing revealing abnormalities in the brain and spinal cord. These conventional diagnostic methods have some negative points such as extensive processing time as well as restriction in the quantity of samples that can be analyzed concurrently. Scientists have focused on developing the detection methods especially early detection which belongs to ultra-sensitive, non-invasive and needed for the Point of Care (POC) diagnosis because the situation was complicated by false positive or negative results. Results: As a result, biosensors are utilized and investigated since they could be ultra-sensitive to specific compounds, cost effective devices, body-friendly and easy to implement. In addition, it has been proved that the biosensors on physiological fluids (blood, serum, urine, saliva, milk etc.) have quick response in a non-invasive rout. In general form, a biosensor system for diagnosis and early detection process usually involves; biomarker (target molecule), bio receptor (recognition element) and compatible bio transducer. Conclusion: Studies underlined that early treatment of patients with high possibility of MS can be advantageous by postponing further abnormalities on MRI and subsequent attacks. : This Review highlights variable disease diagnosis approaches such as Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), electrochemical biosensors, Microarrays and microbeads based Microarrays, which are considered as promising methods for detection and early detection of MS.

scholarly journals The Synthesis of Carbohydrate Probes for the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kristiana Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Invasive Test ◽  
System A ◽  
The Brain

<p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurologically debilitating disease which typically affects people in the age bracket of 27-40 years old. Currently, little is known about the mechanism of the disease, which is partly due to the lack of a reliable diagnostic test. There are two common ways of diagnosing MS, neither of which are specific to MS. One is the detection of IgG antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a painful and invasive test, and the other involves obtaining MRIs of the brain to locate and monitor plaques in brain, which can be expensive and harmful. Early detection of the disease could not only lead to better symptom management, but would also allow for better monitoring of disease progress and, accordingly, lead to a better understanding of MS pathology. To this end, a reliable and non-invasive diagnostic test for the early detection of MS is required.  In 2006, it was reported that antibodies against α-Glc and α-Glc(α-1,4)Glc were found at elevated levels in the sera of MS patients when compared to healthy patients’ sera, and it has been proposed that the presence of these two carbohydrates in patient serum might serve as a way to detect the onset and prognosis of MS. Accordingly, this Masters project sought to explore this hypothesis via the synthesis of α-Glc and α-Glc(α-1,4)Glc, both glycosides and glycodendrons, which could then be used to potentially detect MS-specific antibodies in sera. To this end, both glycans were prepared and coupled to biotin, ready to be used to bind streptavidin-coated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plates. An ELISA protocol is to be established by the optimisation of the negative control in order to test such glycans against plasma samples. In the hope to achieve a multivalent system, a dendrimeric scaffold was also prepared that can be used to prepare larger glycan structures for the immunodiffusion assay. Ultimately, this could lead to a new diagnostic test for MS.</p>

Psychiatric Neuroethics II

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Glannon
Keyword(s):  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Genetic Screening ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Intracranial Surgery ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Invasive Techniques ◽  
The Brain

I discuss ethical issues relating to interventions other than intracranial surgery and psychopharmacology for psychiatric disorders. I question the distinction between “invasive” and “non-invasive” techniques applying electrical stimulation to the brain, arguing that this should be replaced by a distinction between more and less invasive techniques. I discuss electroconvulsive therapy (ECT); it can be a relatively safe and effective treatment for some patients with depression. I consider transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial current stimulation (tCS); the classification of these techniques as non-invasive may lead to underestimation of their risks. I discuss how placebos can justifiably be prescribed non-deceptively and even deceptively in clinical settings. An analysis of neurofeedback as the neuromodulating technique most likely to promote autonomy/control for some conditions follows. Finally, I examine biomarkers identified through genetic screening and neuroimaging; they might contribute to more accurate prediction and diagnosis, more effective treatment, and possibly prevention of psychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals The Synthesis of Carbohydrate Probes for the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kristiana Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Invasive Test ◽  
System A ◽  
The Brain

<p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurologically debilitating disease which typically affects people in the age bracket of 27-40 years old. Currently, little is known about the mechanism of the disease, which is partly due to the lack of a reliable diagnostic test. There are two common ways of diagnosing MS, neither of which are specific to MS. One is the detection of IgG antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a painful and invasive test, and the other involves obtaining MRIs of the brain to locate and monitor plaques in brain, which can be expensive and harmful. Early detection of the disease could not only lead to better symptom management, but would also allow for better monitoring of disease progress and, accordingly, lead to a better understanding of MS pathology. To this end, a reliable and non-invasive diagnostic test for the early detection of MS is required.  In 2006, it was reported that antibodies against α-Glc and α-Glc(α-1,4)Glc were found at elevated levels in the sera of MS patients when compared to healthy patients’ sera, and it has been proposed that the presence of these two carbohydrates in patient serum might serve as a way to detect the onset and prognosis of MS. Accordingly, this Masters project sought to explore this hypothesis via the synthesis of α-Glc and α-Glc(α-1,4)Glc, both glycosides and glycodendrons, which could then be used to potentially detect MS-specific antibodies in sera. To this end, both glycans were prepared and coupled to biotin, ready to be used to bind streptavidin-coated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plates. An ELISA protocol is to be established by the optimisation of the negative control in order to test such glycans against plasma samples. In the hope to achieve a multivalent system, a dendrimeric scaffold was also prepared that can be used to prepare larger glycan structures for the immunodiffusion assay. Ultimately, this could lead to a new diagnostic test for MS.</p>

scholarly journals PRENATAL PROTON MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF THE BRAIN

2019 ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
T. N. Trofimova ◽  
A. D. Khalikov ◽  
M. D. Semenova ◽  
A. A. Bogdan
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Proton Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
The Brain

The article demonstrates the first Russian experience of prenatal proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1Н MRS) of the brain. The results of the study are analyzed, the metabolic changes during the gestation period is evaluated. Neuroimaging methods of assessing brain metabolism may play a role in the diagnosis and prognosis of some perinatal neurological disorders, that is why the information about normal cerebral metabolic processes is extremely important. Prenatal 1Н MRS of the brain is an informative, non invasive diagnostic method that is performed complementary to MRI and provides unique information about the cerebral biochemical composition. Brain metabolic changes may precede structural, e.g. the appearance of changes in the spectrograms may outgo the changes in traditional MRI, therefore, the method may be useful in the early detection of a pathology. Early detection of abnormal metabolic brain processes may be helpful in identifying future potential therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals New approaches for Alzheimer early detection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordy Silva de Carvalho ◽  
Marina Galdino da Rocha Pitta ◽  
César Augusto Souza de Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
The Brain

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is neurodegenerative and complex, characterized by the progressive loss of neurons, causing cognitive deficits. It’s the leading cause of dementia in the elderly, affecting about 35.6 million people worldwide. The high costs of invasive diagnostic techniques have limited early detection and intervention. Objectives: This review approached some new non-invasive diagnostic techniques involved in AD. Methods: The descriptors used were “Alzheimer’s Disease”, “Biomarkers” and “Early diagnosis”. PubMed database was used during the period of 2016-2021. Articles not related to the proposed theme were excluded, leaving 4 articles. Results: In the last few years, great advances have been made in diagnosing AD, such as brain NMR, CSF biomarkers, Pittsburgh compound B and brain PET scan. Beta-amyloid proteins (βA) and TAU in CSF are the only available markers for AD diagnosis in the clinic. The main limitations are early detection, differential diagnosis and progress disease report. Salivary biomarkers are being studied as a simple non-invasive diagnostic tool, with βA1-42/1-40 and pTAU being the most investigated in AD. Acting as a window on the brain, the retina can reflect the pathogenesis of the brain, with a focus on neurodegeneration and microvascular changes measured using optical coherence tomography technologies. Conclusions: Several criteria have been proposed for the diagnosis of AD, including biomarkers, biological fluids and brain changes detectable by imaging. Early detection of AD is vitally important, as it’ll allow patients to receive adequate and individualized information, care and support.

NON-INVASIVE BCI METHOD: EEG - ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY

2019 ◽  
pp. 139-145
Author(s):  
Selma Büyükgöze
Keyword(s):  
Brain Computer Interface ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Electrode Placement ◽  
Eeg Signals ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Brain Signals ◽  
Brain States ◽  
The Brain

Brain Computer Interface consists of hardware and software that convert brain signals into action. It changes the nerves, muscles, and movements they produce with electro-physiological signs. The BCI cannot read the brain and decipher the thought in general. The BCI can only identify and classify specific patterns of activity in ongoing brain signals associated with specific tasks or events. EEG is the most commonly used non-invasive BCI method as it can be obtained easily compared to other methods. In this study; It will be given how EEG signals are obtained from the scalp, with which waves these frequencies are named and in which brain states these waves occur. 10-20 electrode placement plan for EEG to be placed on the scalp will be shown.

scholarly journals The Use of Micro- and Nanocarriers for Resveratrol Delivery into and across the Skin in Different Skin Diseases—A Literature Review

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 451
Author(s):  
Beata Szulc-Musioł ◽  
Beata Sarecka-Hujar
Keyword(s):  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Skin Abnormalities ◽  
Low Solubility ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
Poor Stability

In recent years, polyphenols have been extensively studied due to their antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been shown that anthocyanins, flavonols, and flavan-3-ols play an important role in the prevention of bacterial infections, as well as vascular or skin diseases. Particularly, resveratrol, as a multi-potent agent, may prevent or mitigate the effects of oxidative stress. As the largest organ of the human body, skin is an extremely desirable target for the possible delivery of active substances. The transdermal route of administration of active compounds shows many advantages, including avoidance of gastrointestinal irritation and the first-pass effect. Moreover, it is non-invasive and can be self-administered. However, this delivery is limited, mainly due to the need to overpassing the stratum corneum, the possible decomposition of the substances in contact with the skin surface or in the deeper layers thereof. In addition, using resveratrol for topical and transdermal delivery faces the problems of its low solubility and poor stability. To overcome this, novel systems of delivery are being developed for the effective transport of resveratrol across the skin. Carriers in the micro and nano size were demonstrated to be more efficient for safe and faster topical and transdermal delivery of active substances. The present review aimed to discuss the role of resveratrol in the treatment of skin abnormalities with a special emphasis on technologies enhancing transdermal delivery of resveratrol.

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