SEM Analysis of Composites with TCP/HA/Chitosan/Poly (Methylmethacrilate)

Modified cement composites were prepared by dispersing commercially available PMMA powders and chitosan/ tricalcium phosphate (TCP) or chitosan / hydroxyapatite (HA) fillers into a PMMA matrix. SEM and EDX were used to determine the compounds and the morphology of the composite. The characteristics of these materials indicate that the addition of chitosan/TCP and chitosan /HA as a constituent into the PMMA cement significantly decreases the curing peak temperature. Furthermore, the setting time increases from 4 min to 7 min, as compared to the PMMA cement. These changes could be beneficial for the handling of the bone cement paste and causing less damage to the surrounding tissues.

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Enhanced osteointegration of poly(methylmethacrylate) bone cements by incorporating strontium-containing borate bioactive glass

Journal of The Royal Society Interface ◽

10.1098/rsif.2016.1057 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (131) ◽

pp. 20161057 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Xu Cui ◽

Chengcheng Huang ◽

Meng Zhang ◽

Changshun Ruan ◽

Songlin Peng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Glass ◽

Bone Cement ◽

Setting Time ◽

Composite Cement ◽

Collagen Secretion ◽

Pmma Bone Cement ◽

Borate Bioactive Glass ◽

Composite Cements ◽

Pmma Cement

Although poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) cements are widely used in orthopaedics, they have numerous drawbacks. This study aimed to improve their bioactivity and osseointegration by incorporating strontium-containing borate bioactive glass (SrBG) as the reinforcement phase and bioactive filler of PMMA cement. The prepared SrBG/PMMA composite cements showed significantly decreased polymerization temperature when compared with PMMA and retained properties of appropriate setting time and high mechanical strength. The bioactivity of SrBG/PMMA composite cements was confirmed in vitro , evidenced by ion release (Ca, P, B and Sr) from SrBG particles. The cellular responses of MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro demonstrated that SrBG incorporation could promote adhesion, migration, proliferation and collagen secretion of cells. Furthermore, our in vivo investigation revealed that SrBG/PMMA composite cements presented better osseointegration than PMMA bone cement. SrBG in the composite cement could stimulate new-bone formation around the interface between the composite cement and host bone at eight and 12 weeks post-implantation, whereas PMMA bone cement only stimulated development of an intervening connective tissue layer. Consequently, the SrBG/PMMA composite cement may be a better alternative to PMMA cement in clinical applications and has promising orthopaedic applications by minimal invasive surgery.

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Analysis on the Setting of Brushite Bone Cement after Storage in the Humid Environment

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.696.32 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 696 ◽

pp. 32-35

Author(s):

Tai Joo Chung ◽

Kyung Sik Oh

Keyword(s):

Bone Cement ◽

Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Driving Force ◽

Activation Barrier ◽

Setting Time ◽

Dicalcium Phosphate ◽

Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate ◽

Major Phase ◽

Phosphate Dihydrate ◽

Humid Environment

The cause of the degradation was analyzed by applying the highly humid conditions during the storage of cement composed of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM). For the β-TCP and MCPM stored separately under the humid environment, the mild increase in the setting time was observed, and the product after the setting was entirely dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (CaHPO42H2O: DCPD). However, for the β-TCP and MCPM stored mixed under the same condition, the setting time significantly increased with the period of storage, and the product contained dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO4: DCP) as major phase, resulting in the loss of setting ability. The formation of DCP could be because of the weak driving force for setting, caused by a feeble supply of water from moisture. As the formation of DCPD requires stronger driving force to overcome the activation barrier, sufficient amount of water is essential. Humid environment during the storage decreased the driving force by the formation of DCP, and the driving force to produce DCPD was lost during the actual setting.

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Effect of the Composition in β-TCP-MCPM Bone Cement Containing Dense ß-TCP Granules

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.284-286.141 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 284-286 ◽

pp. 141-144 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kyung Sik Oh ◽

Soo Ryong Kim

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Bone Cement ◽

Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Setting Time ◽

Mixing Ratio ◽

Small Departure ◽

Drastic Decrease ◽

Time Density ◽

Effect Of The Composition ◽

Ratio Range

Effect of the starting compostion was studied in bone cement containg coarse b-tricalcium phosphate (b-TCP) granules which was very dense and round. With respect to the mixing ratio between b-tricalcium phosphate and monocalcium monophophate (T:M), the properties such as setting time, density and compressive strength were measured. The properties of bone cement prepared from normal powdery b-TCP was strongly dependent on the initial mixing ratio (T:M). Though the compressive strength as well as density was maximum at T:M = 6:4, small departure of compostions from T:M=6:4 resulted in drastic decrease of compresive strength. On the contrary, in the specimens from granular b-TCP, compressive strength was much less deependent on the initial mixing ratio. Range of optimum compressive strength covered from T:M=6:4 to 8:2. Therefore, granular groups provided more degree of freedom to control other properties such as setting time while maintaing its compressive strength.

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Effect of Calcium Acetate Content on Apatite-Forming Ability and Mechanical Property of PMMA Bone Cement Modified with Quaternary Ammonium

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13214998 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (21) ◽

pp. 4998

Author(s):

Haiyang Wang ◽

Toshinari Maeda ◽

Toshiki Miyazaki

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Bone Cement ◽

Setting Time ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Calcium Acetate ◽

The Body ◽

Apatite Formation ◽

Pmma Bone Cement ◽

Pmma Cement

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based bone cement is a popular biomaterial used for fixation of artificial joints. A next-generation bone cement having bone-bonding ability, i.e., bioactivity and antibacterial property is desired. We previously revealed that PMMA cement added with 2-(tert-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate, γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane and calcium acetate showed in vitro bioactivity and antibacterial activity. This cement contains calcium acetate at 20% of the powder component. Lower content of the calcium acetate is preferable, because the release of a lot of calcium salt may degrade mechanical properties in the body environment. In the present study, we investigate the effects of calcium acetate content on the setting property and mechanical strength of the cement and apatite formation in simulated body fluid (SBF). The setting time increased and the compressive strength decreased with an increase in calcium acetate content. Although the compressive strength decreased after immersion in SBF for 7 d, all the cements still satisfied the requirements of ISO5833. Apatite was formed in SBF within 7 d on the samples where the calcium acetate content was 5% or more. Therefore, it was found that PMMA cement having antibacterial properties and bioactivity can be obtained even if the amount of the calcium acetate is reduced to 5%.

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Brushite Bone Cement Prepared from Granular Hydroxyapatite and β-Tricalcium Phosphate

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.720.153 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 720 ◽

pp. 153-156

Author(s):

Yeong Jun Son ◽

Tai Joo Chung ◽

Kyung Sik Oh

Keyword(s):

Bone Cement ◽

Spray Drying ◽

Temperature Rise ◽

Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Setting Time ◽

Sulfate Solution ◽

Dicalcium Phosphate ◽

Gentamicin Sulfate

The properties of brushite cement were manipulated by partially replacing β-tricalcium phosphate with dense granular hydroxyapatite (HA). The introduction of HA granules resulted in prolonged setting time as well as reduction of temperature rise during setting. The changes produced by addition of HA granule were useful for drug loading. HA granules, prepared by spray drying, could preserve a meaningful 4.5 wt% of gentamicin sulfate solution. However, HA granules with excessive setting agent resulted in formation of dicalcium phosphate instead of brushite.

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Effect of Calcium Nitrate on the Properties of Portland–Limestone Cement-Based Concrete Cured at Low Temperature

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14071611 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (7) ◽

pp. 1611

Author(s):

Gintautas Skripkiūnas ◽

Asta Kičaitė ◽

Harald Justnes ◽

Ina Pundienė

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Cement Paste ◽

Setting Time ◽

Calcium Nitrate ◽

Curing Temperature ◽

Hardened Concrete ◽

Cement Pastes ◽

Initial Setting Time ◽

Initial Setting ◽

Early Strength

The effect of calcium nitrate (CN) dosages from 0 to 3% (of cement mass) on the properties of fresh cement paste rheology and hardening processes and on the strength of hardened concrete with two types of limestone-blended composite cements (CEM II A-LL 42.5 R and 42.5 N) at different initial (two-day) curing temperatures (−10 °C to +20 °C) is presented. The rheology results showed that a CN dosage up to 1.5% works as a plasticizing admixture, while higher amounts demonstrate the effect of increasing viscosity. At higher CN content, the viscosity growth in normal early strength (N type) cement pastes is much slower than in high early strength (R type) cement pastes. For both cement-type pastes, shortening the initial and final setting times is more effective when using 3% at +5 °C and 0 °C. At these temperatures, the use of 3% CN reduces the initial setting time for high early strength paste by 7.4 and 5.4 times and for normal early strength cement paste by 3.5 and 3.4 times when compared to a CN-free cement paste. The most efficient use of CN is achieved at −5 °C for compressive strength enlargement; a 1% CN dosage ensures the compressive strength of samples at a −5 °C initial curing temperature, with high early strength cement exceeding 3.5 MPa but being less than the required 3.5 MPa in samples with normal early strength cement.

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Effect of Gold Nanoparticles and Silicon on the Bioactivity and Antibacterial Properties of Hydroxyapatite/Chitosan/Tricalcium Phosphate-Based Biomicroconcretes

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14143854 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (14) ◽

pp. 3854

Author(s):

Joanna Czechowska ◽

Ewelina Cichoń ◽

Anna Belcarz ◽

Anna Ślósarczyk ◽

Aneta Zima

Keyword(s):

Gold Nanoparticles ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Setting Time ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Bone Substitutes ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Setting Times ◽

Biological Studies

Bioactive, chemically bonded bone substitutes with antibacterial properties are highly recommended for medical applications. In this study, biomicroconcretes, composed of silicon modified (Si-αTCP) or non-modified α-tricalcium phosphate (αTCP), as well as hybrid hydroxyapatite/chitosan granules non-modified and modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), were designed. The developed biomicroconcretes were supposed to combine the dual functions of antibacterial activity and bone defect repair. The chemical and phase composition, microstructure, setting times, mechanical strength, and in vitro bioactive potential of the composites were examined. Furthermore, on the basis of the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists test (AATCC 100), adapted for chemically bonded materials, the antibacterial activity of the biomicroconcretes against S. epidermidis, E. coli, and S. aureus was evaluated. All biomicroconcretes were surgically handy and revealed good adhesion between the hybrid granules and calcium phosphate-based matrix. Furthermore, they possessed acceptable setting times and mechanical properties. It has been stated that materials containing AuNPs set faster and possess a slightly higher compressive strength (3.4 ± 0.7 MPa). The modification of αTCP with silicon led to a favorable decrease of the final setting time to 10 min. Furthermore, it has been shown that materials modified with AuNPs and silicon possessed an enhanced bioactivity. The antibacterial properties of all of the developed biomicroconcretes against the tested bacterial strains due to the presence of both chitosan and Au were confirmed. The material modified simultaneously with AuNPs and silicon seems to be the most promising candidate for further biological studies.

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Preparation of bioactive and antibacterial PMMA-based bone cement by modification with quaternary ammonium and alkoxysilane

Journal of Biomaterials Applications ◽

10.1177/08853282211004413 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 088532822110044

Author(s):

Haiyang Wang ◽

Toshinari Maeda ◽

Toshiki Miyazaki

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Methyl Methacrylate ◽

Bone Cement ◽

Setting Time ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

The Body ◽

Apatite Formation ◽

Gram Positive ◽

E Coli ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria

Bone cement based on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) powder and methyl methacrylate (MMA) liquid is a very popular biomaterial used for the fixation of artificial joints. However, there is a risk of this cement loosening from bone because of a lack of bone-bonding bioactivity. Apatite formation in the body environment is a prerequisite for cement bioactivity. Additionally, suppression of infection during implantation is required for bone cements to be successfully introduced into the human body. In this study, we modified PMMA cement with γ-methacryloxypropyltrimetoxysilane and calcium acetate to introduce bioactive properties and 2-( tert-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate (TBAEMA) to provide antibacterial properties. The long-term antibacterial activity is attributed to the copolymerization of TBAEMA and MMA. As the TBAEMA content increased, the setting time increased and the compressive strength decreased. After soaking in simulated body fluid, an apatite layer was detected within 7 days, irrespective of the TBAEMA content. The cement showed better antibacterial activity against Gram-negative E. Coli than Gram-positive bacteria; however, of the Gram-positive bacteria investigated, B. subtilis was more susceptible than S. aureus.

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Enhancing the mechanical properties and cytocompatibility of magnesium potassium phosphate cement by incorporating oxygen-carboxymethyl chitosan

Regenerative Biomaterials ◽

10.1093/rb/rbaa048 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Changtian Gong ◽

Shuo Fang ◽

Kezhou Xia ◽

Jingteng Chen ◽

Liangyu Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Bone Cement ◽

Ph Value ◽

Setting Time ◽

Potassium Phosphate ◽

Carboxymethyl Chitosan ◽

Bioactive Substances ◽

Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement

Abstract Incorporating bioactive substances into synthetic bioceramic scaffolds is challenging. In this work, oxygen-carboxymethyl chitosan (O-CMC), a natural biopolymer that is nontoxic, biodegradable and biocompatible, was introduced into magnesium potassium phosphate cement (K-struvite) to enhance its mechanical properties and cytocompatibility. This study aimed to develop O-CMC/magnesium potassium phosphate composite bone cement (OMPC), thereby combining the optimum bioactivity of O-CMC with the extraordinary self-setting properties and mechanical intensity of the K-struvite. Our results indicated that O-CMC incorporation increased the compressive strength and setting time of K-struvite and decreased its porosity and pH value. Furthermore, OMPC scaffolds remarkably improved the proliferation, adhesion and osteogenesis related differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. Therefore, O-CMC introduced suitable physicochemical properties to K-struvite and enhanced its cytocompatibility for use in bone regeneration.

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Fresh State Behaviour of Cement Paste Containing Nano Kaolin

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.28 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 925 ◽

pp. 28-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Muhd Sidek Muhd Norhasri ◽

M.S. Hamidah ◽

A. Mohd Fadzil ◽

A.G. Abd Halim ◽

M.R. Zaidi

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Cement Paste ◽

Setting Time ◽

High Energy ◽

Major Effect ◽

Cement Replacement ◽

High Energy Milling ◽

Replacement Method ◽

Fresh State ◽

State Behaviour

The application of nanomaterials in cement by replacement method in concrete is becoming a trend in cement research. The utilisation of nanosilica, nanoalumina, titanium oxide and others are proven to enhance properties of concrete. The major effect of nanomaterials is its size in which it contributes to the packing theory due to increase in the surface area. nanokaolin which comes from kaolin, was tansformed to the nanoform by using high energy milling. The process of developing nanokaolin by using high energy milling is referred to process top to bottom approach in nanoprocessing technique. In this research, the nanokaolin will be used as an additive in cement by 7% weight of cement. Four (4) cement replacement materials catered by using metakaolin on weight basis from 0, 10%, 20% and 30% will also be adopted. To determine the fresh state, cement paste contains nanokaolin and metakaolin are tested its standard consistency and setting time. The effect of the inclusion of the nanokaolin as additive in cement paste that also contains metakaolin as cement replacement material will be investigated. It was found the inclusion of 7% nanokaolin increases the water demand of the cement paste level of metakaolin replacement. In addition to that, the setting time namely initial and final set was been delayed as compared to that of plain OPC. The nanoparticles of nanokaolin and also finer particles of metakaolin increase the surface area and refining the internal structure of cement paste which reduce the flow capabilities of cement paste containing nanokaolin and metakaolin.

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