Distribution and Significances of the Major Oxides in Recent Coastal Sabkha Sediments of the Al-Dafna Plateau, northeast Tobruk, Libya

Twenty sabkha samples were chemically analyzed by XRF technique for determination of their major oxides concentrations. Six cores penetrated both the intertidal and supratidal flat zones developed in six wadis mouths in the coastal stretch of the Al-Dafna plateau, northeast Tobruk city. The significance distribution and concentration of the major oxides are discussed and interpreted. Elements in the raw material of the study area reflect important evidence of geochemical weathering processes that affecting parent rocks as well as conditions of sedimentation, and rate of deposition. Correlation coefficients have been used to illustrate the abundance and distribution of these elements. The distribution of major oxides are follows Si2O > CaO > LOI > Al2O3 > SO3 > MgO > Na2O > K2O. The vertical distribution of major elements is mainly controlled by the abundance and proportions of the clastics, carbonates and evaporite minerals. It was found that silica present in the form of detrital, subrounded to rounded silt- to sand-sized quartz grains, while the content of Al2O3 is associated with terrigenous argillaceous materials. On the other hand, the presence of Fe2O3 is related to the abundance of clastic materials in sabkha deposits. It was found that K2O and Na2O concentrations increase toward the sabkha surfaces.

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Characterization and A Preliminary Study of TiO2 Synthesis from Lampung Iron Sand

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.849.113 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 849 ◽

pp. 113-118

Author(s):

Yayat Iman Supriyatna ◽

Slamet Sumardi ◽

Widi Astuti ◽

Athessia N. Nainggolan ◽

Ajeng W. Ismail ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Packaging ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Major Elements ◽

Raw Material ◽

Solid Residue ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Leaching Solution ◽

Ti Content

The purpose of this study is to characterize Lampung iron sand and to conduct preliminary experiments on the TiO2 synthesis which can be used for the manufacturing of functional food packaging. The iron sand from South Lampung Regency, Lampung Province that will be utilized as raw material. The experiment was initiated by sieving the iron sand on 80, 100, 150, 200 and 325 mesh sieves. Analysis using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) to determine the element content and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to observe the mineralization of the iron sand was conducted. The experiment was carried out through the stages of leaching, precipitation, and calcination. Roasting was applied firstly by putting the iron sand into the muffle furnace for 5 hours at a temperature of 700°C. Followed by leaching using HCl for 48 hours and heated at 105°C with a stirring speed of 300 rpm. The leaching solution was filtered with filtrate and solid residue as products. The solid residue was then leached using 10% H2O2 solution. The leached filtrate was heated at 105°C for 40 minutes resulting TiO2 precipitates (powder). Further, the powder was calcined and characterized. Characterization of raw material using XRF shows the major elements of Fe, Ti, Mg, Si, Al and Ca. The highest Ti content is found in mesh 200 with 9.6%, while iron content is about 80.7%. While from the XRD analysis, it shows five mineral types namely magnetite (Fe3O4), Rhodonite (Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca) SiO3, Quart (SiO2), Ilmenite (FeOTiO2) and Rutile (TiO2). The preliminary experiment showed that the Ti content in the synthesized TiO2 powder is 21.2%. The purity of TiO2 is low due to the presence of Fe metal which is dissolved during leaching, so that prior to precipitation purification is needed to remove impurities such as iron and other metals.

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Vulcânicas potássicas intemperizadas como protólitos dos filitos hematíticos da Serra do Espinhaço Meridional (Minas Gerais)

Geochimica Brasiliensis ◽

10.21715/gb2358-2812.2020342183 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 183-194

Author(s):

Alexandre Chaves ◽

Luiz Knauer

Keyword(s):

Rare Earth ◽

Rare Earth Elements ◽

Volcanic Rocks ◽

Alkaline Rock ◽

Major Elements ◽

Volcanic Origin ◽

Espinhaço Range ◽

Weathering Processes ◽

Igneous Layering ◽

Hematitic Phyllite

The hematitic phyllite is a rock that occurs in the São João da Chapada and Sopa-Brumadinho formations of the southern Espinhaço range. Its origin is widely discussed in papers on Espinhaço, but there is no consensus on its protolith due to certain characteristics of the lithotype, such as its chemical composition and textural features. The pattern of rare earth elements strongly enriched [(La/Yb)N 6.80-17.68], with light rare earth elements [(La/Sm)N 2.54-4.83] richer than heavy ones [(Gd/Yb)N 1.28-3,32], suggests that the protolith was an alkaline volcanic rock formed during the rift that generated the Espinhaço basin. The major elements indicate that the alkaline rock met weathering processes, becoming a regolith. During the Brasiliano metamorphism, it finally became hematitic phyllite. Other characteristics of the lithotype, such as the presence of sericite-bearing rounded parts (possibly formed by alteration and deformation of leucite crystals) and the preservation of igneous layering, suggest a potassic volcanic origin for hematitic phyllite. In diagram that allows identifying altered and metamorphic volcanic rocks, the investigated samples have composition similar to a feldspathoid-rich alkali-basalt, probably a leucite tephrite, a leucitite or even a lamproite, rocks from mantle source.

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Relationships between chemical, physical and mineralogical characteristics of the Rupelian Boom Clay, Belgium

Clay Minerals ◽

10.1180/claymin.1983.018.1.01 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

J. Decleer ◽

W. Viaene ◽

N. Vandenberghe

Keyword(s):

Pearson Correlation ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Raw Material ◽

Mineralogical Analysis ◽

Carbonate Group ◽

Boom Clay ◽

Component Group ◽

Mineralogical Characteristics ◽

Group A ◽

Detailed Chemical

AbstractThe Boom Clay is an important raw material for the Belgian structural clay products industry. It can be divided into several lithological sub-units. In order to obtain an insight in the parameters which characterize these different units, and which affect the overall properties of the clay, a detailed chemical, physical and mineralogical analysis was carried out. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between the variables, which were then placed in four correlation groups: a quartz/clay mineral group, a reducing component group, a carbonate group and a feldspar group. This treatment of the data allowed three analysis parameters to be selected: <2 µm fraction, organic carbon and CO2. The other variables could be calculated fairly accurately from these by means of regression lines.

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Dissolved trace metals and their relationship to major elements in the Manuherikia River, a pristine subalpine catchment in central Otago, New Zealand

Marine and Freshwater Research ◽

10.1071/mf9910409 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 409 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

WW Ahlers ◽

JP Kim ◽

KA Hunter

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Trace Metals ◽

Major Element ◽

Major Ions ◽

Major Elements ◽

Lower Altitude ◽

Weathering Processes ◽

Global Standards ◽

Dissolved Silicon ◽

Dissolved Trace Metals

The spatial distributions of the dissolved trace metals Cu, Ni, Cd, Zn and Pb and of reactive Hg have been measured in parallel with the major elements Na, K, Mg and Ca and electrical conductivity in three sampling events in the Manuherikia River, New Zealand. The geographical span of the sampling sites ranged from a pristine subalpine upper catchment area through lower altitude sites that are increasingly affected by both natural weathering processes and moderate agricultural and domestic runoff. Major-element concentrations in the upper catchment were at or below the 1% frequency minimum of the spectrum of global river compositions, indicating a highly pristine system. Concen- trations increased steadily downstream to levels similar to world average river water. All trace metals exhibited the same spatial trends as the major ions. Typical upper-catchment concentrations were very low by global standards: Cu (150 ng L-1), Ni (100-150 ng L-1), Cd (8 ng L-I), Zn (150-200 ng L-1), Pb (20-30 ng L-1) and Hg (0.3 ng L-1). Oceanic residence times calculated from the data for Zn (80 000 years) and Cd (230 000 years) for which few reliable estimates have been made, are consistent with observed correlations between the oceanographic distributions of these elements and dissolved silicon or phosphate, respectively.

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A novel approach for precise determination of in-plane shear behavior of woven fabrics

Textile Research Journal ◽

10.1177/0040517516652346 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 87 (11) ◽

pp. 1335-1348 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Nazli Uren ◽

Eren Oner ◽

Ayse Okur

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Shear Behavior ◽

Precise Determination ◽

Woven Fabrics ◽

Raw Material ◽

Bending Rigidity ◽

Plane Shear ◽

Novel Approach ◽

Shear Frame

The ability of a textile product to change shape under motion-based diagonal forces defines the shear behavior of a fabric and its suitability for a wearable garment design. The principal aim of this study is to introduce a new shear frame and investigate the effects of raw material and setting on in-plane shear behavior of woven fabrics. For this purpose, the mechanical properties of systematic and commercially available non-systematic fabrics were measured. A novel approach to determine the in-plane shear behavior of woven fabrics via two complementary shear frame measurements was presented. The results were also compared with a conventional method known as the bias extension method. It was established that the proposed method provides more accurate and precise results. In order to investigate the correlation between in-plane shear behavior and other mechanical properties, bending rigidity and extension ability of fabrics were measured as well. The analyses regarding the relations between selected fabric parameters showed that there are considerably high correlation coefficients. The effect of raw material and setting was likewise found out to be statistically significant.

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Evaluation of Shale Around Dange, Northwestern Nigeria as Raw Material for Drilling Mud

Earth Science Research ◽

10.5539/esr.v8n1p19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 19

Author(s):

Oluwole. A. OYEDEJI ◽

Gabriel. O. Adeyemi

Keyword(s):

Sodium Carbonate ◽

Diffraction Method ◽

Major Elements ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Exchangeable Cations ◽

Raw Material ◽

Exchange Potential ◽

Natural State ◽

Drilling Mud ◽

Identification Chart

Shale exposed around Dange northwestern, Nigeria was studied. The aim was to determine the grade, quality and usability of the shale as drilling mud using its physico-chemical and the rheological characteristics. Sixty-one (61) samples were collected from exposed sections and pits. Major elements such as SiO2, Al2O3, MgO and CaO were determined. X-ray diffraction method was employed for the qualitative identification of the minerals in the shale. Cation Exchange Capacity and Exchangeable cations were determined using the Methylene Blue Absorption and Ammonium Acetate Saturation Methods respectively. Grain-size distribution and Atterberg Limits tests were also conducted. Apparent Viscosity, Plastic Viscosity and Yield point were calculated from readings obtained on a multi-speed Fann viscometer. The dominant clay mineral observed is smectite (71%) implying good expansive potential. Dominant oxides were SiO2 (42.60-57.50%), Al2O3 (12.00-16.70%), CaO (0.43-12.50%). Exchangeable cations obtained were Na+ (0.48-6.67), Ca2+ (14.03-34.50) and K+ (0.42-1.95) meq/100g clay. Liquid and plastic limits ranged from 69.40-86.00% and 30.10-36.10% respectively giving a Plasticity Index of 39.40-52.60%. The samples plot close to Ca-montmorillonite on the clay identification chart. The viscosity increased on addition of 7-10% sodium carbonate. It has good sodium exchange potential. In the natural state, it does not meet the API/OCMA specifications. However, its rheological properties improved significantly on treatment with sodium carbonate thus confirming its suitability as raw material in drilling mud.

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Development of regression model of proteins attackability process in meat food (in vitro)

Theory and practice of meat processing ◽

10.21323/2414-438x-2021-6-3-236-241 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 236-241

Author(s):

A. S. Pulatov ◽

M. A. Nikitina

Keyword(s):

Regression Model ◽

Human Body ◽

Proteolytic Enzymes ◽

Pair Correlation ◽

Linear Equations ◽

Meat Products ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Raw Material

In the presented article the authors consider the issues of development of regression model for process of food digestion by proteolytic enzymes in human body. The authors use correlation analysis. They analyze the main nutritional values and physical and chemical properties of meat products, the modes of heat treatment of semi-finished lamb products. The essential parameters and features are determined to find the dependence between the factor values and efficient values of the basic raw material, which affect the quality of the technological processes and, in general, the finished product. The regression model equation is mathematically calculated by methods of solving K. Gauss linear equations. The standard deviations of parameters are calculated, the initial data are normalized; the matrices of the pair correlation coefficients, lower and upper limits of their values are compiled. Equations of the mathematical regression model of meat proteins attackability by proteolytic enzymes — in vitro (pepsin, trypsin) are developed. It is proved that the obtained equation represents a regression model of the process of meat food proteins attackability by enzymes (pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin), depending on the determined 3 essential factors (weight of a meat piece, duration of frying, collagen content in lamb meat). Also this equation reflects the process of lamb digestibility in a digestive tract of a human body.

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Determination of Anthocyanins in Cranberry Fruit and Cranberry Fruit Products by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection: Single-Laboratory Validation

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.1093/jaoac/94.2.459 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 94 (2) ◽

pp. 459-466 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Paula N Brown ◽

Paul R Shipley

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Extraction Procedure ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Gradient Elution ◽

Hplc Method ◽

Raw Material ◽

Calibration Curves ◽

Commercial Extract ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Single Laboratory

Abstract A single-laboratory validation study was conducted on an HPLC method for the detection and quantification of cyanidin-3-O-galactoside (C3Ga), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3Gl), cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside (C3Ar), peonidin-3-O-galactoside (P3Ga), and peonidin-3-O-arabinoside (P3Ar) in cranberry fruit (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) raw material and finished products. An extraction procedure using a combination of sonication and shaking with acidified methanol was optimized for all five anthocyanins in freeze-dried cranberry fruit and finished products (commercial extract powder, juice, and juice cocktail). Final extract solutions were analyzed by HPLC using a C18 RP column. Calibration curves for all anthocyanin concentrations had correlation coefficients (r2) of 99.8. The method detection limits for C3Ga, C3Gl, C3Ar, P3Ga, and P3Ar were estimated to be 0.018, 0.016, 0.006, 0.013, and 0.011 g/mL, respectively. Separation was achieved with a chromatographic run time of 35 min using a binary mobile phase with gradient elution. Quantitative determination performed in triplicate on four test materials on each of 3 days (n 12) resulted in RSDr from 1.77 to 3.31. Analytical range, as defined by the calibration curves, was 0.5736.53 0000000g/mL for C3Ga, 0.159.83 g/mL for C3Gl, 0.2817.67 g/mL for C3Ar, 1.0164.71 g/mL for P3Ga, and 0.4227.14 g/mL for P3Ar. For solid materials prepared by the described method, this translates to 0.063.65 mg/g for C3Ga, 0.020.98 mg/g for C3Gl, 0.031.77 mg/g for C3Ar, 0.106.47 mg/g for P3Ga, and 0.042.71 mg/g for P3Ar.

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Fly ashes bulk chemistry: a new approach for XRF measurements

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-17865 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Renzo Tassinari ◽

Riccardo Guida ◽

Caterina Caviglia ◽

Enrico Destefanis ◽

Costanza Bonadiman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Standard Addition ◽

Waste Incineration ◽

Calibration Procedure ◽

Major Elements ◽

Raw Material ◽

Air Pollution Control ◽

Fly Ashes ◽

First Results ◽

Air Pollution Control Devices ◽

Bulk Chemistry

In this contribution we present the first results for proposing an analytical protocol to analyze fly ashes (FA) with XRF.Fly ashes resulting from the incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) should be considered as a hazardous material, mainly due to its potential high heavy metal content. Therefore, they have to be chemically fully characterized to facilitate primarily their safety storage and subsequently the recovery as second raw material resource. It&#8217;s worth noticing that fly ashes bulk chemistry (including volatile contents) depends on many types of variables [i.e.: geography; air pollution control devices (APCDs) and sampling sites], all related to the nature of the waste. On the basis of available data from different European waste-incineration plants, the bulk major elements contents are: Al <0.1-4.6 wt%; Ca 23.7-38.9 wt%; Fe 0.20-2.17wt%; K 0.1-2.4 wt%; Mg 0.5-1.7 wt%; Mn 0.02-0.12 wt%;&#160; Na <0.15-2.5 wt%; P <0.02-0.92wt%; Si 0.2-8.7 wt% Cl, 7.5-28.3wt%, with volatile contents (tested by Loss of Ignition) in the range of 15-40 wt% (De Boom e Degrez, 2012; Bod&#233;nan and Deniard, 2003).&#160;If we consider fly ashes as &#8220;rock type&#8221; material, x-ray fluorescence (XRF) is used effectively for determining the major rock-forming elements. &#160;However, the lack of standard calibration for this material suggested us to adopt a different strategy of calibration, using the method of Standard Addition (SA) to determine SiO2 and Al2O3 having similar mass absorption coefficients (https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/XrayMassCoef/tab3.html).&#160;&#160;The SA method was originally designed to determine trace elements contents by addition of comparative amounts of analytes. In order to keep the characteristics of bulk chemistry invariant, in this modified calibration procedure we prepared eleven pressed powders by adding several known aliquots of SiO2 and Al2O3 (&#8220;excipients&#8221;) to the same amount of unknown FA in the constant proportion of 10% and 90%, respectively.Plotting together the intensity values of the two analytes with the various percentages by weight of &#8220;excipients&#8221;, it was possible to generate calibration lines and acquired the percentage by weight of the two analytes in the unknown material. The Si and Al contents obtained by the calibration lines are 1.93 wt% and 1.64 wt%, respectively.These values are different from those (2.86 wt% and 1.40 wt% for Si and Al, respectively), obtained by measurements of pure FA with routine XRF standard calibrations for silicatic rocks (Franzini et al. 1975). More measurements are needed to evaluate the accuracy of the method, however, the results presented here are promising, and hint that XRF may be used efficiently to measure FA major element chemistry, by applying the modified standard addition calibration.References:Bod&#233;nan, F. and Deniard P. (2003). Chemosphere, 51; 335-347De Boom A. and Degrez &#160;M. (2012). Waste Management, 32; 1163-1170Franzini M., Leoni L. and Saitta M. (1975). Rend. S.I.M.P., 31: 365-378.

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Effect of Pulp Mill Effluent on the Surficial Sediments of Western Nipigon Bay, Lake Superior

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f77-130 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 817-823 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. G. Sandilands

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Point Source ◽

Inorganic Carbon ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Pulp Mill ◽

Paper Mill ◽

Major Elements ◽

Surficial Sediments ◽

Zone Of Influence ◽

And Cluster Analysis

Bottom sediment samples were obtained in June 1974 to determine the zone of influence of a point source discharge from the kraft paper mill at Red Rock Ont. The composition of the samples were described by particle-size distribution, organic and inorganic carbon, major elements and trace element analyses. Correlation coefficients and cluster analysis were used to determine any characteristic associations. The results showed that the mill discharge decreased pH and increased organic matter in the sediment. Above average concentrations of total sulphur and mercury appeared to be associated with this organic matter. These effects were localized around the point source (1.5 km) and were detectable to about 5 km downstream from the mill outfall.

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