scholarly journals La Educación en la Prensa Escrita: Análisis de la Imagen de los Jóvenes en la Prensa Publicada en la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca / Education in the Press: Analysis of the Image of Youth in the News Published in the Basque Autonomous Community

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alazne Ayestaran Yarza ◽  
Idoia Camacho
Keyword(s):  
Educational System ◽  
Autonomous Community ◽  
Daily Newspapers ◽  
Educational Issues ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Media ◽  
Medios De Comunicacion ◽  
The Way

ABSTRACTThe present study focuses on analyzing the image that the press published in the Basque Autonomous Community (CAV) projects on children and teenagers in relation to educational issues. In order to do this, we analyzed all information and opinion items published during 2010 in six daily newspapers in the CAV. The method used to carry out the research was the analysis of quantitative and qualitative content and was based on the so-called composite week technique, and a sample of six newspapers: El Mundo, El País, El Correo Español, El Diario Vasco, Berria and the Bilbao edition of Deia. The results obtained show that in most texts dealing with some aspect of education there are no direct and explicit references to minors. They also show that the way the media approach and manage the educational system often becomes a political or ideological battlefield.RESUMENEl estudio que presentamos se engloba dentro de una investigación de mayor envergadura, realizada para el Departamento de Empleo y Asuntos Sociales del Gobierno Vasco, cuyo objetivo pretende conocer la realidad social para elaborar políticas eficaces de promoción de la infancia y la adolescencia en la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca. La hipótesis de partida es que desde los medios de comunicación se distorsiona la realidad infantil y adolescente, resaltando únicamente aspectos negativos. Además, los medios no prestan a los menores la consideración y la atención necesarias. Para el estudio se ha utilizado el método del análisis de contenido cuantitativo y cualitativo basado en la técnica de la semana compuesta. La muestra se compone de seis cabeceras: 'El Mundo', 'El País', 'El Correo Español', 'Diario Vasco' y la edición vizcaína de 'Deia', que según la OJD son los de mayor difusión y el diario Berria porque es el único periódico editado íntegramente en euskera. Los resultados son esclarecedores. En la mayoría de las piezas que abordan temas de educación no existen referencias directas y expresas a los menores. La gestión que se hace en los medios del sistema educativo y su planteamiento se convierte en campo de batalla política o ideológica.

scholarly journals La representación de la Ley antitabaco en la ficción televisiva española. Estudio comparativo con la prensa | The representation of the anti-smoking law in the Spanish television fiction. Comparative study with the press

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belén Puebla Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Current Issue ◽  
Visual Narrative ◽  
Current Period ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Media ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Medios De Comunicacion ◽  
A Current

ResumenPresentamos en esta investigación el análisis de un tema de actualidad a través de la realidad representada en la ficción y la realidad mediatizada en la información. Debido a la naturaleza del objeto de estudio – las telecomedias españolas –realizamos un estudio de caso de tal modo que podamos comparar el tratamiento que el tema propuesto en los medios de comunicación, concretamente en la prensa, frente a la manera de exponerlo en las tramas de los capítulos de las series. Para analizarlo hemos considerado conveniente realizar un análisis narrativo audiovisual cualitativo a un tema estrechamente relacionado con la actualidad del periodo que se plantea en este estudio y que está presente en las series analizadas: 7vidas y aquí no hay quien viva. El tema elegido es la implantación de la Ley Antitabaco 28/2005 de 26 de diciembre y que fue recogida por ambas telecomedias en el primer capítulo que emitieron en el mismo mes de la promulgación de la ley. Abstract We present in this study the analysis of a current issue through the reality represented in fiction and reality mediated in information. Due to the nature of the object of study - the Spanish sitcom- conducted a case study so that we can compare the treatment that the proposed topic in the media, particularly in the press, in front of the way to put in chapters of the series. To analyze this we considered advisable to conduct a qualitative visual narrative analysis a subject closely related to current period arising in this study and is present in the series analyzed: 7 vidas and Aquí no hay quien viva. The theme is the implementation of the anti-smoking law 28/2005 of December 26 and was picked up by two sitcoms in the first chapter that issued in the same month of the enactment of the law. Palabras claveRepresentación, series de televisión, prensa, análisis cualitativo, 7 vidas, Aquí no hay quien viva.KeysworksRepresentation, spanish television fiction, press, qualitative analysis, 7 vidas, Aquí no hay quien viva.

scholarly journals The Implementation of Ecocriticism Approach for Healthy Earth and strengthen the English skill of Literary Appreciation Class at Islamic University of Majaphit – Mojokerto AHMAD IKLIL SAIFULLOH, S.S., M.PD

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
Ahmad Iklil Saifulloh
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Educational Method ◽  
Environmental Care ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Way

Due to the research by Greenpeace and Air Visual IQ published on March 5 2019, monitored air quality in hundreds of cities across the globe, Jakarta was ranked first. In accordance with educational character based on Indonesian curriculum about 18 standard characters interpreted, and one of them was environmental care. The problem was the way a teacher to blend those characters into a good educational system in the class. In fact there were no definite process to transfer that character to the student in term of plan, proses, content, and evaluation. It proofed that there were many difficulties by the teacher to conduct evaluation to the student about their character because the teacher only focuses on a cognitive area. So that’s why this research try to transform the area of ecology and education to solve those conditions. Due to the condition, the researcher tends to strengthen the educational method on the field of Ecology with Literary Criticism as the media with the title The Implementation of Ecocriticism Approach for Healthy Earth and strengthen the English skill of Literary Appreciation Class at Islamic University of Majaphit – Mojokerto.

Le Bon, la Brute et le Raciste. Analyse de la couverture médiatique de l'opinion publique pendant la «crise» des accommodements raisonnables au Québec

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Giasson ◽  
Colette Brin ◽  
Marie-Michele Sauvageau
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Reasonable Accommodation ◽  
Press Coverage ◽  
Daily Newspapers ◽  
Immigrant Background ◽  
Extensive Coverage ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Media ◽  
Analyse De Contenu

Résumé.De mars 2006 à décembre 2007, le Québec a été secoué par un débat sociétal sur la question de la gestion de la diversité culturelle. Cette «crise» aurait été alimentée par untsunami médiatiquetraitant de divers cas d'accommodements juridiques ou d'ajustements administratifs accordés dans les services publics à des citoyens québécois issus de l'immigration dans la grande région de Montréal (Giasson et coll., 2008). Par le biais d'une couverture étendue, les médias ont attiré l'attention de la population sur ces pratiques d'accommodement. L'article présente les données exploratoires d'une analyse de contenu de la couverture faite par onze journaux québécois du climat de l'opinion des Québécois en matière de diversité et d'immigration pendant la phase intensive de développement du débat. L'étude montre que dans leur analyse des sondages d'opinion et dans la présentation générale des tendances de l'opinion publique sur les accommodements raisonnables, les journaux ont mis l'accent sur l'évaluation du malaise des répondants envers l'immigration et la diversité religieuse plutôt que sur l'ouverture de la population québécoise envers la diversité et sur l'apport social de l'immigration, renforçant ainsi davantage l'impression populaire qu'une crise sociale majeure se déroulait et qu'il existait un fossé entre les Québécois «de souche», les Québécois issus de l'immigration et les autres Canadiens.Abstract.From March 2006 to December 2007, the province of Quebec experienced a contentious public debate on diversity. The “crisis” was fueled by a “media tsunami” during which news outlets actively reported on numerous cases of reasonable accommodation practices or administrative agreements in public services granted in the Greater Montreal region to citizens of immigrant background (Giasson et al., 2008). Through this extensive coverage, the media brought these instances of accommodation to the public's attention. The research studies the press coverage that 11 daily newspapers dedicated to the state of public opinion in Quebec during the active and intense development phase of the “crisis”. The study shows that in their analysis of polls and their general framing of the mood of public opinion towards reasonable accommodation, newspapers focused mostly on the malaise in the population toward immigration and religious diversity rather than on its openness to diversity and to the positive social outcomes of immigration. In doing so, the media further anchored the popular impression that a serious social crisis was ongoing and that a wide gap in tolerance existed between Francophone Quebeckers, Quebeckers of recent immigrant background and other Canadians.

scholarly journals El imaginario urbano del miedo en Latinoamérica: evidencias de estudios en Salvador de Bahía, Brasil, y Monterrey, México

2016 ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Javier Gómez Dávila ◽  
Rafael De Aguiar Arantes
Keyword(s):  
Housing Market ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Social Imaginary ◽  
Urban Imaginary ◽  
The Media ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Medios De Comunicacion ◽  
The Way

ResumenEs innegable la importancia y la fuerza que el estudio de los imaginarios urbanosha cobrado en los últimos años en las disciplinas espaciales, incluyendola sociología urbana. Este trabajo analiza el origen, los significados y lasconsecuencias de uno de los imaginarios urbanos más latentes y poderososen las ciudades latinoamericanas: el imaginario del miedo, el cual, con sumezcla de violencia real y percepción subjetiva de la sociedad, se ha convertidoen la forma de habitar de la ciudad contemporánea latinoamericana, volviéndolaun espacio de miedo e inseguridad, situación potencializada por elmercado inmobiliario y los medios de comunicación. Este trabajo toma comocasos de estudio las ciudades de Salvador de Bahía, en Brasil, y Monterrey, enMéxico, para analizar las manifestaciones sociales y urbanísticas de este imaginario,encontrando que el imaginario del miedo no es solamente un miedoa la violencia e inseguridad, sino también a mezclarse con el otro, una negaciónde la heterogeneidad, la diversidad y la sociabilidad que siempre hancaracterizado a las ciudades, provocando así manifestaciones de aislamientoy segregación arquitectónicas, que hacen cada vez más difícil alcanzar unconcepto de sustentabilidad urbana real.Palabras clave: imaginarios sociales, miedo, segregación, América Latina. The Latin-American urban imaginary of fear:evidence from studies in Salvador, Brazil, andMonterrey, MexicoAbstractThe importance and strength that the study of urban imaginary has gainedin recent years in space disciplines is undeniable, including urban sociology.This paper analyzes the origin, meaning and consequences of one ofthe most latent and powerful urban imaginary in Latin American cities:the imagination of fear, which, with a mix of real violence and subjectiveperception of society, has become the way of living of Latin American contemporarycity, as a place of fear and insecurity, a situation potentiated bythe housing market and the media. This work takes cities of Salvador deBahia in Brazil and Monterrey, Mexico, as case studies to analyze social andurban manifestations of this imaginary, finding that the imaginary of fear isnot just about violence and insecurity but also about relating with others,a denial of heterogeneity, diversity and sociability that have always characterizedthe cities, causing manifestations of insulation and architecturalsegregation. This makes that reaching a concept of real urban sustainabilityis increasingly difficult.Keywords: social imaginary, fear, segregation, Latin America.O imaginário urbano do medo na América Latina:evidências de estudos em Salvador de Bahía,Brasil e Monterrey, MéxicoResumoÉ inegável a importância e força que o estudo dos imaginários urbanos temganhado nos últimos anos nas disciplinas espaciais, incluindo a sociologiaurbana. Este trabalho analisa a origem, os significados e as consequências deum dos imaginários urbanos mais latentes e poderosos nas cidades latino--americanas: o imaginário do medo, o qual se mistura de violência real e apercepção subjetiva da sociedade, tornou-se forma de viver a cidade contemporânealatino-americana, volvendo-se num espaço de medo e insegurança,situação potenciada pelo mercado imobiliário e da mídia. Este trabalho temcomo estudos de caso as cidades de Salvador de Bahia, no Brasil, e Monterrey,no México, para analisar manifestações sociais e urbanas deste imaginário,encontrando que o imaginário do medo não é apenas um medo deviolência e insegurança, mas também, se misturar com outro, uma negaçãoda heterogeneidade, a diversidade e sociabilidade que sempre tem caracterizadoas cidades, causando manifestações de isolamento e segregação daarquitetura, o que torna cada vez mais difícil de lograr um conceito de sustentabilidadeurbano real.Palavras – chave: imaginários sociais, medo, segregação, América Latina.   

scholarly journals Presse et délinquance ou comment lire entre les signes

Criminologie ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francine Soubiran-Paillet
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Relative Influence ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Media ◽  
Majority Groups ◽  
Systematic List ◽  
The Way

Based on two newspapers published in different socio-political contexts, one in Nice, France, the other in Geneva, Switzerland, we would like to compare the way these two dailies view crimes against property. Does the journalist report theft, breach of trust or break and enter in the same way? Are the same variables used in the articles or are important changes made from one article to the other? If such is the case, who orders the changes in the structure of the articles? The work, which comprises a systematic list of six months daily articles, covers all typical situations published in the two newspapers. It seems, then, that the persons mentioned in the papers who belong to minority, as opposed to the majority groups, are generally presented as responsible for crime. It seems, too, that individuality disappears in the reconstruction of the reality by the media. All in all, the analysis shows that the press exercises only a relative influence on its readers.

scholarly journals Relaciones entre laboratorios y medios de comunicación. Fármacos y enfermedades en la prensa: el caso de la disfunción eréctil, Viagra y Cialis = Relations between laboratories and media. Drugs and diseases in the press: the case of erectile dysfunction, Viagra and Cialis

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Ana Moreno Sesmero ◽  
Raquel Rodríguez Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Erectile Dysfunction ◽  
Agenda Setting ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
The Press ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Media ◽  
One Year ◽  
Topic Tracking ◽  
Demand For Health ◽  
Medios De Comunicacion

Resumen: La preocupación por la salud por parte de los españoles se ha hecho un hueco entre las áreas con­sideradas de mayor interés para los ciudadanos. Este hecho se ha traducido, desde una perspecti­va mediática, en mayor presencia de información sanitaria en los medios. En esta línea, se presen­tan resultados de una investigación que analiza la influencia de los más destacados laboratorios de la industria farmacéutica (Pfizer y Lilly) en introducir en la agenda informativa sus productos y hacer de ellos un tema informativo relevante. El estudio de caso se centra en la disfunción eréctil, que entra en la agenda mediática motivado por el lanzamiento de sus principales fármacos: Viagra y Cialis. El estudio contempla un análisis de contenido en El País y en El Mundo durante el año previo y posterior al lanzamiento de Viagra y Cialis. Los resultados evidencian que un año antes de comercializarse la información sobre la disfunción eréctil era escasa, aumentando cuando la fecha de lanzamiento se aproximaba o ya estaba en el mercado.Palabras clave: Empresa farmacéutica; agenda mediática; agenda setting; gabinete de pren­sa; salud.Abstract:  The Spaniards’ concern about health has carved a niche among the areas considered of major interest to citizens. This increased demand for health information in the media has from a media perspective. In this line with this, we present the results of an investigation that analyzes the in­fluence of two of the leading laboratories in the Spanish pharmaceutical industry (Pfizer and Lilly) in introducing their commercial products in the news agenda and make them a relevant news topic. Tracking the case study focuses on erectile dysfunction, health aspect comes into the media agen­da driven by the launch of two of its major drugs: Viagra and Cialis. The study considers a content analysis in El País and El Mundo in the period before and after the launch of Viagra and Cialis. The results reveal that one year before the release of these products the information related to erectile dysfunction was scarce, it increased as the date of launch of the medicine approached or when it was being marketed.Keywords: Pharmaceutical company; media agenda; agenda setting; press office; health.

scholarly journals Post-Zionist Critique on Israel and the Palestinians Part II: The Media

1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilan Pappe
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Israeli Society ◽  
Partial Privatization ◽  
Cumulative Impact ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Media ◽  
Academic Debate ◽  
The Way

The academic debate in Israel on Zionism and its implications for the way the society views itself and the "other" were discussed in part one of this article. This part examines the press, which with partial privatization and the cumulative impact of the Lebanon war and the intifada has undergone a transformation since the late 1980s. While a wider diversity of views and bold reporting on events are now current, the article concludes that the representation of the Palestinians and Arabs in the news columns is fundamentally unchanged. The last part will follow the manifestations of the academic debate in film, theater, novels, music, and poems and will assess the significance of these changes in the culture and worldview of Israeli society as a whole.

scholarly journals The influence of mass media in the student´s education

Comunicar ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 183-188
Author(s):  
Humberto Martínez-Fresneda-Osorio
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Communication Media ◽  
The Media ◽  
Medios De Comunicacion

The need for an educational system that fosters freedom and the use of communication media as important elements of students´education makes it necessary to recognize the similiarities between academic studies and the experience in the media working, whicLa necesidad de un sistema de formación escolar que favorezca una educación para la libertad y la aparición de los medios de comunicación como agentes de formación, hace imprescindible reconocer las similitudes entre la formación académica y la que se desprende de los propios medios de comunicación, con el fin de ponerlas a disposición del currículum escolar de la manera más efectiva que no es otra que hacer a los alumnos protagonistas en la construcción de la sociedad.

scholarly journals As presidenciais brasileiras de 2018 na imprensa e na televisão portuguesas

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 293-326
Author(s):  
Isabel Ferin Cunha ◽  
Ana Santos Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Redes Sociales ◽  
The West ◽  
Daily Newspapers ◽  
Human Movements ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Media ◽  
Television Coverage ◽  
News Programs

As eleições presidenciais brasileiras de 2018 suscitaram uma grande curiosidade em Portugal e a cobertura jornalística da imprensa e das televisões, abertas e generalistas, refletem esse interesse. Este artigo procura, na introdução, contextualizar os elementos históricos, culturais, políticos e económicos que subjazem à interrelação Portugal-Brasil, pautada por movimentos pendulares humanos contínuos. Em seguida, enquadra-se as eleições brasileiras em tendências macro-políticas mundiais, tendo em consideração a crise das democracias no Ocidente, a emergência de governos populistas, autocráticos e autoritários, assim como a utilização/manipulação dos Media e das redes sociais. Segue-se o estudo empírico sobre a cobertura jornalística das Eleições Presidenciais Brasileiras de 2018, na imprensa (2 diários; 2 semanários e 2 revistas) e na televisão (3 telejornais de canais abertos). Os resultados apontam para uma cobertura intensa tanto na imprensa como na televisão, com um número de notícias significativo, as quais envolvem correspondentes especiais enviados ao Brasil, comentadores de televisão e colunistas de imprensa, para além de testemunhos de personalidades e de cidadãos comuns portugueses e brasileiros. O clima de estupefacção e de incredulidade face ao candidato vencedor prevalece não só nas matérias jornalísticas, como nos comentários e artigos de opinião, até ao final da análise realizada, que decorreu de 1 de Setembro a 1 de Dezembro  de 2018.    AbstractThe Brazilian presidential elections of 2018 aroused a great curiosity in Portugal and the press and television coverage reflect this interest. This article seeks to contextualize the historical, cultural, political and economic elements that underlie the interrelationship between Portugal and Brazil, guided by continuous human movements. Then, the Brazilian elections are framed in global macro-political trends, taking into account the crisis of democracies in the West, the emergence of populist, autocratic and authoritarian governments, as well as the use / manipulation of the Media and social networks. Next we presented the empirical study on the journalistic coverage of the Brazilian Presidential Elections of 2018, in the press (2 daily newspapers, 2 weekly and 2 magazines) and in television (3 open channels of news programs). The results point to intense coverage in both the press and television, with a significant number of news items, which include special correspondents sent to Brazil, television commentators and press columnists, as well as testimonies of personalities and ordinary Portuguese and Brazilians citizens. The atmosphere of stupefaction and disbelief towards the winning candidate prevails not only in journalistic matters, but also in comments and opinion articles, until the end of the review, which took place from 1 September to 1 December 2018.ResumenLas elecciones presidenciales brasileñas de 2018 motivaron una considerable curiosidad en Portugal y la cobertura de noticias en la prensa y en la televisión, abierta y general, reflejan este interés. En la introducción de este articulo se pretende hacer la contextualización de los elementos históricos, culturales, políticas y económicas que subyacen en la interrelación Portugal-Brasil, enmarcada por los desplazamientos humanos pendulares. A continuación, se encuadra las elecciones brasileñas en tendencias macro-políticas mundiales, teniendo en cuenta la crisis de las democracias en el Occidente, la emergencia de gobiernos populistas, autocráticos y autoritarios, así como la utilización / manipulación de los medios y de las redes sociales. Seguidamente se presenta un estudio empírico sobre la cobertura periodística de las Elecciones Presidenciales Brasileñas de 2018, en la prensa (2 diarios, 2 semanales y 2 revistas) y en la televisión (3 telediarios de canales abiertos). Los resultados apuntan a una fuerte cobertura tanto en la prensa como en la televisión, con una cantidad importante de noticias, cuya producción implicó corresponsales especiales enviados a Brasil, comentaristas de televisión y columnistas de la prensa, bien como testimonios tanto de personalidades como de ciudadanos comunes portugueses y brasileños. El clima de estupefacción y de incredulidad frente al candidato vencedor prevalece no sólo en las materias periodísticas, como en los comentarios y artículos de opinión, hasta el final del análisis realizado, que tuvo lugar entre el 1 de septiembre e el 1 de diciembre de 2018.

scholarly journals Crisis política y “aparición” de las masas (1950-1970) [Artículo evaluado por pares]

2018 ◽  
pp. 235-249
Author(s):  
Isabel Wschebor
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
Political Action ◽  
New Members ◽  
Television Broadcasting ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Media ◽  
Action Models ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Medios De Comunicacion ◽  
New Strategies

ResumenEn el siguiente artículo se estudian diferentes factores que dan cuenta de la reaparición del concepto “masas” en el discurso público entre las décadas de 1950 y 1970 en Uruguay. El primero de ellos está relacionado con un realineamiento de diversos sectores y tendencias políticas dentro de los partidos tradicionales, tras el agotamiento de los modelos de acción política desarrollados en el período previo. Y el segundo, está asociado a una nueva utilización del término en el abanico de los partidos de izquierda. Globalmente, se trató de estrategias de captación de nuevas adhesiones, con el objetivo de legitimar nuevos proyectos políticos de respuesta a las modalidades de actuación tradicional, así como a la crisis económica. Se repasa también la incidencia que tuvo el desarrollo de los medios de comunicación —expansión de la prensa, generalización de la radio e inicios de la transmisión televisiva— como vía privilegiada de propagación de mensajes que debían reproducirse a un público extendido. Las nuevas estrategias de adhesión social por parte de la política y el uso de los medios de comunicación para ello, son analizados como síntomas del ingreso de una sociedad en las lógicas de la modernidad. Palabras claveMasas; Acción política; Medios de comunicación AbstractThe following article studies the different factors that show for the reappearance of the concept “masses” in public discourse between the 1950s and 1970s in Uruguay. The first of them is related to a realignment of different sectors and political tendencies within the traditional parties, after the exhaustion of the political action models developed in the previous period. And the second one, is associated with a new use of the term in the range of left parties. Globally, these were strategies for attracting new members, with the aim of legitimizing new political projects in response to the traditional methods of action, as well as the economic crisis. It also reviews the impact of the development of the media -expansion of the press, generalization of radio and the beginning of television broadcasting- as a privileged way of propagating messages that should be reproduced to an extended public. The new strategies of social adhesion on the part of the policy and the use of the means of communication for it, are analyzed as symptoms of the entrance of a society in the logic of the modernity. Key WordsMasses; Political action; Mass media  

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