scholarly journals Primeiro registro e predação de Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas, 1851) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) em lagartas de Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. ec03005
Author(s):  
Tiago Scheunemann ◽  
Alexandra P. Krüger ◽  
Amanda M. Garcez ◽  
Júlia G. A. Vieira ◽  
Daniel Bernardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
First Occurrence ◽  
Dietary Regime ◽  
Laboratory Bioassays ◽  
Over Time

Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is the main pest of the olive tree (Olea europaea L., Oleaceae) in Brazil. We observed the stink bug Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas, 1851) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) predating larvae of P. forficifera in olive orchards. Therefore, the aim of this study was to register the occurrence of this predator in olive orchards as well as verify the predation of nymphs of P. nigrispinus when offered different numbers of P. forficifera larvae. In laboratory bioassays, it was verified that duration (days) of insects of 4th and 5th instars of P. nigripinus was prolonged when fewer larvae were offered (Dietary regime 1). The average consumtion of 3rd instar larvae of P. forficifera per instar of P. nigrispinus was superior for the dietary regime 2, where there was a greater availability of preys, resulting in a higher total consumption of larvae of P. forficifera over time. In addition, in the availability of larger quantities of P. forficifera larvae, adults of P. nigrispinus showed a higher weight gain. The sex ratio was not affected by dieraty contition. This study reports the first occurrence of nymphs and adults of P. nigrispinus predating larvae of P. forficifera in field, and shows the predation potential of P. nigrispinus in larvae of P. forficifera, demonstrating the importance of preserving this natural enemy in olive orchards.

scholarly journals Reproduction of Ooencyrtus submetallicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Trissolcus sp. aff. urichi (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in Eggs of Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) of Different Ages

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Eduardo Carvalho Faca ◽  
Fabrício Fagundes Pereira ◽  
Winnie Cezario Fernandes ◽  
Ivana Fernandes da Silva ◽  
Valmir Antônio Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Nezara Viridula ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Breeding Methodology ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Laboratory Bioassays

The study of the interaction between parasitoid and host, especially the age of these organisms, is an important step towards the implementation of biological control programs. Therefore, we investigated the performance of Ooencyrtus submetallicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Trissolcus sp. aff. urichi (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) parasitizing eggs of Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), considering different ages of the parasitoids and the host. We performed four laboratory bioassays: two using females of O. submetallicus and Trissolcus sp. aff. urichi at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, or 144 hours of age exposed to parasitism in N. viridula eggs (24 h) and two trials with N. viridula eggs at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, or 144 hours exposed to the parasitism of O. submetallicus and Trissolcus sp. aff. urichi (24 h). We evaluated the percentage of parasitism and emergence, life cycle length, progeny, sex ratio, and the longevity of the parasitoids. The parasitism of O. submetallicus in N. viridula eggs was influenced by the age of the parasitoid, 120 hours being the minimum to obtain better parasitism. From this age on, there is interference in the longevity of the progeny. Trisolcus sp. aff. urichi, at all ages, parasitized N. viridula eggs relatively well, but with almost no emergence of the parasitized eggs. Females of O. submetallicus parasitized and developed in eggs of N. viridula of all ages. Females of Trissolcus sp. aff. urichi parasitized their host, but there was barely any emergence. These pieces of information regarding the breeding methodology contribute to the implementation of new protocols for the multiplication of these parasitoids in the laboratory, and later, their release in the field.

The Influence of Bath Environment on the Fluid Content of Human and Rabbit Patellar Tendons

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajakumar Israel ◽  
Theresa Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Test Environment ◽  
Important Conclusion ◽  
Fluid Content ◽  
Tissue Hydration ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Recent studies have shown that the mechanical properties of tendons and ligaments are dependent on the amount of fluid present in the tissue. These studies have used a variety of bath environments to maintain or alter the fluid content of the tissue. However, no study has measured the effect of these baths on the fluid content of the specimen. In addition, no study has documented the influence of test environment on sectioned versus whole specimens. This experiment investigated the effect of saline, distilled water and sucrose baths on human and rabbit patellar tendons. Specimens were placed into the baths, and weight gain over time was measured. The results show that all specimens gained weight, and thus fluid, over time. The results further show that human specimens absorbed fluid at a faster rate than rabbit specimens. An important conclusion of this study is that exposure time in a bath is a critical factor in tissue hydration. Significant differences in absorption rates between divided and whole specimens were also found.

scholarly journals The Influence of Marking Methods on Mobility, Survivorship, and Field Recovery of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Adults and Nymphs

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1026-1031
Author(s):  
Danielle M Kirkpatrick ◽  
Kevin B Rice ◽  
Aya Ibrahim ◽  
Shelby J Fleischer ◽  
John F Tooker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Halyomorpha Halys ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Fluorescent Powder ◽  
Mark Release Recapture ◽  
Economic Injury ◽  
Polyphagous Insect ◽  
Laboratory Bioassays

Abstract Halyomorpha halys (Stål), the brown marmorated stink bug, is an invasive and highly polyphagous insect that has caused serious economic injury to specialty and row crops in the United States and Europe. Here, we evaluated the effects of marking adult and nymphal H. halys with four different colors of fluorescent powder (Blaze Orange, Corona Pink, Horizon Blue, and Signal Green) on mobility and survivorship in laboratory bioassays. Adults and nymphs were marked using liquified fluorescent powder solutions and allowed to dry prior to bioassay. The presence of the marking solution had no significant effects on adult or nymphal mobility, adult survivorship, nymphal development, or adult flight capacity. We also evaluated the persistence of neon marker applied to the pronotum of H. halys adults and found this technique remained detectable for 2 wk under field conditions. Although both marking techniques are inexpensive, persist for ≥1 wk, and do not affect mortality, the neon marker method is more time-consuming, taking ~12 times longer to mark 50 adult H. halys compared with the liquified fluorescent powders. Thus, we would recommend using fluorescent powders for large-scale mark-release-recapture studies.

scholarly journals Experimental Nets for a Protection System against the Vectors of Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al.

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Castellano ◽  
Antonella Di Palma ◽  
Giacinto Germinara ◽  
Marco Lippolis ◽  
Giuseppe Starace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wooden Frame ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Laboratory Bioassays ◽  
Meadow Spittlebug

The effectiveness of experimental nets in preventing the access of adult meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius L., the main vector of Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. subspecies pauca, sequence type (ST) 53, in olive tree nurseries and orchards was evaluated. To optimize the net design, mesh size, kind of fabric, thread typology, and radiometric properties, six nets with different mesh sizes and kinds of fabric were evaluated in laboratory and in field experiments. Laboratory bioassays evaluating the capability of adult spittlebugs to pass through nets with different mesh sizes (1.2, 1.8, 2.4 mm) showed that all nets with a mesh size equal to or lower than 2.4 mm prevented insect crossing. These results were confirmed in field conditions using an experimental net box apparatus. Further laboratory tests showed a positive correlation between porosity and radiometric properties of the nets. Three prototypes of thermally stabilized flat woven nets made of circular cross-sectional yarns, knitted net with strips, and knitted nets made of yarns were tested after the evaluation of their potential usability in terms of porosity stability. The knitted net features were found to be the most suitable. The net transmissivity of the total and direct component of solar radiation in the photosynthetically active radiation and the infrared ranges increased with the net porosity. A prism-shaped wooden frame with a triangular base covered with the knitted net with a 2.4 mm mesh confirmed the insect’s capability of reaching considerable heights, up to 2.85 m. Hence, based on our results, the monowire knitted net with a 2.4 mm mesh can be used in open field nursery and olive orchards to prevent the access of P. spumarius adults and to shield the openings of greenhouse nurseries.

scholarly journals Selectivity of pesticides registered for soybean crop on Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus basalis

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronaldo Zantedeschi ◽  
Anderson Dionei Grützmacher ◽  
Juliano de Bastos Pazini ◽  
Flávio Amaral Bueno ◽  
Larissa Longaray Machado
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Trissolcus Basalis ◽  
Glufosinate Ammonium ◽  
Soybean Crop ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Telenomus Podisi ◽  
Laboratory Bioassays

ABSTRACT The use of pesticides in the soybean crop may impair the biological control, if the products are not selective to Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus basalis, which are important stink bug egg parasitoids. This study aimed to assess the selectivity of 15 pesticides registered for soybean crop on adults of T. podisi and T. basalis. Three laboratory bioassays were performed, totaling 18 treatments, in a completely randomized design, with four replications. The insecticides (g or mL of a.i.) imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin (0.25 + 0.03), deltamethrin (0.06), thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin (0.27 + 0.35), acephate (1.87) and fenitrothion (1.25) are harmful to both parasitoids species. Flubendiamide (1.20), diflubenzuron (2.00), Bacillus thuringiensis (0.08) and lufenuron (0.12) are innocuous to both parasitoids. The fungicides azoxystrobin + flutriafol (0.31 + 0.31), trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole (0.37 + 0.44), pyraclostrobin + metconazole (0.33 + 0.12) and trifloxystrobin + cyproconazole (0.94 + 0.40) are innocuous to T. podisi, but slightly harmful to T. basalis. The herbicides glufosinate ammonium salt (0.50) and glyphosate isopropylamine salt (1.20) are innocuous to both parasitoids.

scholarly journals 173 The effects of Fescue EMTTM Mineral Defense on stocker heifer growth while grazing tall fescue

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 60-60
Author(s):  
Anna R Taylor ◽  
Randy Dew ◽  
Ken Bryan ◽  
J Nathan Pike ◽  
T Ryan Lock
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Forage Availability ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Endophyte Infection ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Previous research demonstrates grazing tall fescue can decrease reproductive performance and weight gain in cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate Fescue EMTTM Mineral Defense (Cargill Animal Nutrition, Minneapolis, MN) on summer weight gain in cattle grazing tall fescue pastures in SW Missouri. Heifers (n = 120; initial BW = 236 ± 2.5 kg) were stratified by weight to replicated tall fescue pastures to either a control mineral treatment or Fescue EMT™ Mineral Defense treatment. Forage availability was estimated weekly by ultrasonic sensor. Pasture samples were collected every 21 d and analyzed for ergovaline concentrations. Heifer weights and blood prolactin were measured throughout the trial. Average daily mineral consumption was calculated by mineral offered less residual. Data were analyzed on a pen-mean basis as a completely randomized design using JMP with 6 pens/ treatment and 10 heifers/pen. Prolactin was analyzed as Repeated Measures in JMP. Initial weights between treatments were not different (P > 0.05). Endophyte infection measured 75% or greater in all pastures. No differences were detected in pasture ergovaline (149 ± 19 µg/kg) or pasture availability (2,600 ± 150 kg/ha) between treatments (P > 0.20 at each sampling). Heifer ADG consuming Fescue EMT™ Mineral Defense compared to control mineral was greater at 0.28 kg versus 0.22 kg resulting in total gains of 21.8 kg versus 16.6 kg, respectively (P < 0.05). However, blood prolactin numerically decreased over time in both treatments. Results from this trial demonstrate a 31% improvement in weight gain for cattle consuming Fescue EMTTM Mineral Defense compared with cattle consuming a control mineral while grazing toxic tall fescue.

Natural Enemy Community Composition and Impact on Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Eggs in Minnesota Apple Orchards

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 324-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailey N Shanovich ◽  
Brian H Aukema ◽  
Robert L Koch
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Sticky Traps ◽  
Predator Abundance ◽  
Polyphagous Insect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Yellow Sticky Traps

Abstract Halyomorpha halys is an invasive, polyphagous insect that feeds on many major crops, including apple. Statewide monitoring in Minnesota has shown continued increase of H. halys populations and occurrence of this pest in apple orchards. Potential arthropod natural enemies of H. halys and other pests have not been studied in Minnesota apple orchards. The purpose of this study was to characterize the composition of natural enemy communities; compare their abundances, richness and diversities between apple cultivars using different sampling methods; and assess the impact of natural enemies on sentinel eggs of H. halys in Minnesota apple orchards. Sampling occurred during the summers of 2017 and 2018 on Zestar! and Honeycrisp cultivars in four different apple orchards. In vacuum samples, arachnids, neuropterans, and coccinellids had the highest relative abundances. On yellow sticky traps, anthocorids were the most abundant. The total predator abundance differed between the cultivars sampled across years, with more predators found on Zestar! compared with Honeycrisp. No differences were observed in richness or diversity between cultivars with the exception of yellow sticky traps in 2017, which showed a greater diversity of predators in Zestar!. Despite the abundance of natural enemies sampled, sentinel egg masses deployed in the orchards each summer suffered on average &lt;2% predation and no parasitism across years. Knowledge of differences in predator abundance between cultivars could inform management decisions; however, with current management practices, the potential for biological control of H. halys in conventional apple orchards appears low.

scholarly journals Improving estimates of weight gain and residual feed intake by adjusting for the amount of feed eaten before weighing

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Robinson ◽  
V. H. Oddy
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Quadratic Growth ◽  
Partial Regression Coefficient ◽  
Gain Error ◽  
Downward Bias ◽  
Over Time

In Australia, a trait under consideration for genetic selection to improve feed efficiency is residual feed intake (RFI), which is defined as the amount of feed eaten by an animal less what would be expected from the animal’s growth rate and body weight. Accurate estimates of RFI therefore require accurate estimates of weight gain. Results presented here on steers finished in a feedlot to liveweights of 540 or 600 kg show that, when feed intake is being measured, weight gain can be estimated more accurately using the amount of feed eaten in the previous 3–5 days (as an adjustment for gut fill) than if feed eaten in the 80 h before weighing is ignored. This is demonstrated by a much lower residual mean square from modelling the weight of each animal as a quadratic growth curve over time if terms are included for feed eaten on the current and previous 3–5 days. An analysis of measurement errors associated with fitting the equation used to calculate RFI: Feed intake = constant + βw x mean metabolic weight + βg x weight gain + error (i.e. RFI) (1) indicates that the relatively high measurement errors associated with weight gain but comparatively low measurement errors associated with metabolic weight will result in upward biases in the partial regression coefficient βw and downward biases in βg. For example, in a 105-day feed intake test of 44 steers (mean start/end weights 440/600 kg), the estimate of βg was 1.26 based on weight gain estimated by a simple linear regression of each animal’s weight over time (LIN), compared with 2.20 using weight gain estimated from the difference between first and last weight of each animal adjusted for the amount of feed eaten on the current and previous 5 days (DIFFadj). From a shorter test, based on weight gains from day 15 to 50 in the automatic feeder pens, the estimate of βg was 0.40 using LIN and 1.67 using DIFFadj. These results illustrate the potential magnitude of the downward bias in βg if inaccurate estimates of weight gain are used to fit equation 1. The higher estimates for βg obtained using DIFFadj may still have some downward bias but are closer to the theoretical values published by SCA (1990) for the amount of metabolisable energy required for weight gain. Adjusting for the amount of feed eaten before weighing therefore increased the accuracy of estimated weight gain and reduced the biases in βg and βw, so providing better and more stable estimates of residual feed intake.

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