scholarly journals The Efficacy of a Peptide Product from the Pituitary Gland of Rangifer tarandus as an Antioxidant Agent Under the Combined Effects of Light Desynchronosis and Depriming Toxicant

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 20-29
Author(s):  
E. G. Batotsyrenova ◽  
V. A. Kashuro ◽  
A. V. Sharabanov ◽  
V. K. Kozlov ◽  
A. L. Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Antioxidant Protection ◽  
Chemical Factor ◽  
Sodium Thiopental ◽  
Peptide Product

The possibility of using methods for determining the oxidative status of an organism (enzymatic and non-enzymatic links of the cellular antioxidant system) to assess the antioxidant properties of peptides of the pituitary gland of the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) were investigated in an experimental study conducted with a combined effect of factors of different nature on rats: a physical factor — prolonged light desynchronosis (different light modes) and a chemical factor - acute severe poisoning with depriving toxicant (sodium thiopental, LD50). The pharmacological correction of the oxidative status of cells in the animals of the experimental subgroups was carried out with the peptide product of the pituitary gland, intranasally injecting the surviving rats with the bioproduct at a dose of 100 µg/kg, once in the first half of the objective day for 14 days after poisoning with sodium thiopental. The surviving animals of the control groups were similarly injected with saline. The effectiveness of the correction of the disruptions of the cellular oxidative status with the peptide product of the pituitary gland was tested 30 days after the onset of the combined effect of stress factors on rats. It was found that the use of this bioactive peptide product in experimental animals exposed to different light modes and a chemical factor contributed to a decrease in the initially increased indicators of lipid peroxidation in rat erythrocytes and an increase in the initially reduced indicators of the enzymatic link of antioxidant protection. The activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase, as well as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased after pharmacological correction. The concentration of reduced glutathione also increased in erythrocytes. The maximum changes were observed in the experimental subgroup of rats exposed to the combined effects of constant illumination and depriming toxicant. It was also found that the revealed positive changes in the indicators of the enzymatic link of antioxidant protection in animals of the experimental subgroups are associated with the maintenance of a sufficient concentration of reduced glutathione in red blood cells, which contributed to the maintenance of the cellular redox balance, when the conditions of the external lighting regime are violated.

scholarly journals Pharmacological Correction of Long-Term Effects of Acute Severe Poisoning with Sodium Thiopental under Chronic Light Desynchronosis

Biomeditsina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
E. G. Batotsyrenova ◽  
V. A. Kashuro ◽  
A. V. Sharabanov
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Diene Conjugates ◽  
Sodium Thiopental ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

We experimentally studied the possibility of using a peptide extract from the pituitary gland of a reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) to correct the functional state of the body under the combined effect of acute severe poisoning with sodium thiopental in rats, at a dose of LD50 under long-term light desynchronosis. The research was conducted using the statistical method of two-factor analysis of variance. It was found that, under constant light, a peptide extract from the pituitary gland of a reindeer affects such parameters as diene conjugates concentration, the activity of glutathione-S-transferase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Under prolonged darkness, the extract under study affected the activity of glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

scholarly journals Combined Effects of Summer Water Temperature and Current Velocity on the Distribution of a Cold-Water-Adapted Sculpin (Cottus nozawae)

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 975
Author(s):  
Kaiji Suzuki ◽  
Nobuo Ishiyama ◽  
Itsuro Koizumi ◽  
Futoshi Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Current Velocity ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
River Catchment ◽  
Water Abstraction

Clarifying the combined effects of water temperature and other environmental factors on the species distributions of cold-water fishes is the first step toward obtaining a better understanding of the complex impacts of climate warming on these species. In the present study, we examined the abundance and occurrence of the fluvial sculpin, Cottus nozawae, in response to water temperature along environmental gradients in northern Japan. The abundance survey was conducted in the Sorachi River catchment with two-pass electrofishing with a backpack electrofisher. For the occurrence survey, we carried out one-pass electrofishing in the Sorachi, Chitose, and Tokachi River catchments. Fish sampling was conducted once from July to August 2018 in the Sorachi River catchment, from May to June 2011 in the Chitose River catchment, and from July to September 2012 in the Tokachi River catchment. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) and generalized linear models (GLMs) were used for the abundance and occurrence analyses, respectively. We found that the mean summer water temperature was the most influential factor on the distribution of C. nozawae; the abundance and occurrence were both negatively affected by increased water temperatures. In the occurrence model, occurrence probabilities of 0.9 and 0.5 for C. nozawae corresponded to mean summer temperatures of 12.0 and 16.1 °C, respectively. Furthermore, we identified a combined effect of water temperature and current velocity on the abundance of C. nozawae. The increased mean summer water temperature had a stronger negative effect on C. nozawae abundance under gentle flow conditions. While the precise mechanisms of this combined effect could not be determined in this study, stressors associated with low current velocities may increase their vulnerability to higher water temperatures. Our findings indicate that flow disturbances caused by human activities such as excessive water abstraction may exacerbate the negative impacts of climate warming on populations of C. nozawae in the future.

scholarly journals Attention Combines Similarly in Covert and Overt Conditions

Vision ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Blair ◽  
Ristic
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Unexpected Events ◽  
Do So ◽  
Central Fixation

Attention is classically classified according to mode of engagement into voluntary and reflexive, and type of operation into covert and overt. The first distinguishes whether attention is elicited intentionally or by unexpected events; the second, whether attention is directed with or without eye movements. Recently, this taxonomy has been expanded to include automated orienting engaged by overlearned symbols and combined attention engaged by a combination of several modes of function. However, so far, combined effects were demonstrated in covert conditions only, and, thus, here we examined if attentional modes combined in overt responses as well. To do so, we elicited automated, voluntary, and combined orienting in covert, i.e., when participants responded manually and maintained central fixation, and overt cases, i.e., when they responded by looking. The data indicated typical effects for automated and voluntary conditions in both covert and overt data, with the magnitudes of the combined effect larger than the magnitude of each mode alone as well as their additive sum. No differences in the combined effects emerged across covert and overt conditions. As such, these results show that attentional systems combine similarly in covert and overt responses and highlight attention’s dynamic flexibility in facilitating human behavior.

scholarly journals Effects of Low ω6:ω3 Ratio in Sow Diet and Seaweed Supplement in Piglet Diet on Performance, Colostrum and Milk Fatty Acid Profiles, and Oxidative Status

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2049
Author(s):  
Thi Xuan Nguyen ◽  
Alessandro Agazzi ◽  
Marcello Comi ◽  
Valentino Bontempo ◽  
Invernizzi Guido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Weaning Piglets ◽  
Plasma Leptin ◽  
The Impact

The ratio of omega-6 (ω6) to omega-3 (ω3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the diet contributes to animal health and performance modulations because they have mostly opposite physiological functions. Increasing ω3 PUFAs content in the maternal diet can stimulate antioxidative capacity in sow and piglets; however, the optimal ratio of ω6 and ω3 PUFAs in the sow diet is still under discussion. Rich sources of bioactive constituents such as brown seaweed are an excellent supplementation to promote animal health and antioxidant status. However, the knowledge of the effects of this compound, specifically in post-weaning piglets, is still limited. Moreover, the combined effect of a low ω6:ω3 PUFAs ratio in sow diet and seaweed supplementation in post-weaning piglets’ diet has never been studied. This research aims to assess the combined effect of a low ω6:ω3 ratio in sow diets and seaweed supplementation in piglet diets on their growth and oxidative status. We also assessed the impact of a low ω6:ω3 ratio in the maternal diet on reproduction, milk fatty acid (FA) profile, and plasma leptin concentration. Two sow diets (n = 8 each) contained either a control ratio (CR, 13:1 during gestation, starting from day 28 (G28) and 10:1 during lactation) or a low ratio (LR, 4:1 from G28 until the end of lactation (L-End)) of ω6:ω3 FA by adding soybean oil or linseed oil, respectively. Reproductive performance was evaluated. Colostrum and milk at lactation day 7 (L7) and L-End were collected to analyze FA profile. Plasma was collected at G28, G79, G108, L7, L14, and L-End for determination of leptin and oxidative status. At weaning, 20 male piglets were selected per sow group to form 4 diet treatments (n = 10 each), which were supplemented with or without 4 g/kg seaweed. Recording of growth performance and collection of blood were performed at days 0, 7, 15, and 21 of post-weaning for oxidative status. LR diet increased (p < 0.05) the survival rate of piglets at weaning, and individual and litter weight gains. Colostrum and milk at L7 and L-End had lower (p < 0.05) ω6:ω3 ratio in LR sows. Interaction between dietary treatments on sows and piglets was revealed for all examined growth parameters at most time points (p < 0.05). LR diet did not affect plasma leptin levels and oxidative status. These findings suggest that the seaweed supplement during post-weaning could not improve growth rate and oxidative status of piglets born from mothers receiving a low dietary ω6:ω3 ratio (4:1) during gestation and lactation. However, this low ratio was beneficial for weaning survival rate, sucking piglets’ weight gain, and ω3 enrichment in colostrum and milk.

The effect of theophylline on histamine H1 and H2 receptor mediated responses in rabbit atria

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Polanin ◽  
John H. McNeill
Keyword(s):  
Left Atrial ◽  
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Right Atrial ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Cardiac Effects ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Atria ◽  
Rabbit Atria

Rabbit isolated right and left atria were exposed to theophylline and to selected doses of histamine agonists. Right atrial rate and left atrial tension were increased by theophylline (3 × 10−4 M), the H1 agonist 2-pyridylethylamine (PEA) (1 × 10−4 M), and the H2 agonists 4-methylhistamine (1 × 10−4 M) and impromidine (1 × 10−8 M). In the right atria the combined effect of theophylline (3 × 10−4 M) and any of the histamine agonists was greater than the response to either agonist alone. However, the combined effects were not significantly greater than the sum of the individual right atrial responses. In the left atria the combined effect of theophylline (3 × 10−4 M) with any one of the histamine agonists was not only greater than the response to either agonist alone but was also significantly greater than the sum of the individual responses. The potentiation of the left atrial response to the H2 agonists by theophylline was significantly decreased by the H2 antagonist cimetidine (1 × 10−5 M). However, the potentiation of the left atrial response to the H1 agonist (PEA) by theophylline was not significantly altered by the H1 antagonist promethazine (2 × 10−6 M). Reports that the cardiac effects of H1 and H2 receptor agonists are potentiated by phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as theophylline as a result of increased cyclic AMP levels are not supported by the present study.

scholarly journals Combined Effects of Auditing and Discretionary Accruals on the Cost of Debt: Evidence From Spanish SMEs

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824402110525
Author(s):  
Juan L. Gandía ◽  
David Huguet
Keyword(s):  
Lower Cost ◽  
Substitution Effect ◽  
Discretionary Accruals ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Cost Of Debt ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Relevant Effect ◽  
Accruals Quality ◽  
The Cost

Previous literature shows mixed evidence on the effect of discretionary accruals and auditing on the cost of debt. We hypothesize that, in the SMEs setting, auditing can act as a substitute for accruals quality, and thus audits may mitigate the effect of discretionary accruals on the cost of debt. Using a sample of Spanish SMEs, we find that auditing is negatively related with the cost of debt, while higher discretionary accruals are related with a lower cost of debt. Nonetheless, this effect is lower than that one observed for audits. When considering the combined effect of both variables, the effect of discretionary accruals is replaced by that of auditing. These results suggest that, among SMEs, discretionary accruals do not have a relevant effect on the cost of debt when companies are audited, supporting the hypothesis that there exists a substitution effect between discretionary accruals and auditing. JEL Classification: M42; G32

scholarly journals Pawpaw Fruit Chilling Injury and Antioxidant Protection

2009 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 466-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Galli ◽  
Douglas D. Archbold ◽  
Kirk W. Pomper
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Total Phenolics ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Antioxidant Protection ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Tissue Browning

Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) fruit stored longer than 4 weeks at 4 °C fail to ripen normally and may develop internal discoloration, indicative of chilling injury (CI). To determine if loss of antioxidant protection in the fruit tissue during cold storage could be the cause of these problems, the levels of total, reduced, and oxidized glutathione and ascorbate and the key enzymes glutathione reductase (GR) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle were studied in fruit at 4 and 72 h after harvest and after 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of 4 °C storage. The total phenolic level was also studied due to its potential antioxidant role, and the activity of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) was assayed, as it may contribute to phenolic oxidation and tissue browning. Fruit ethylene production and respiration rates were in typical climacteric patterns during ripening after harvest and after up to 4 weeks of cold storage, increasing from 4 to 72 h after removal from cold storage, though maximum ethylene production declined after 2 weeks of cold storage. However, fruit showed higher respiration rates at 4 versus 72 h of ripening at 6 or 8 weeks of cold storage, opposite to that at earlier storage dates, possible evidence of CI. Ripening after harvest generally resulted in an increase in total and reduced glutathione, reduced ascorbate, and total phenolics. However, levels of total and reduced glutathione, total ascorbate, and total phenolics declined as storage time progressed. Neither GR nor APX exhibited changes during ripening or trends over the cold storage period. PPO activity increased as the storage period lengthened. Thus, the declining ability of these components of the protective antioxidant systems during the prolonged stress of low temperature storage may be one of the major causes of pawpaw CI limiting it to 4 weeks or less of cold storage. An increase in reactive oxygen species with prolonged storage, coupled with the increase in PPO activity, may have led to greater oxidative damage and been a major cause of the loss of ripening potential and the tissue browning that occurs in fruit stored for more than 4 weeks.

scholarly journals Combined effect of Sn addition and pre-ageing on natural secondary and artificial ageing of Al–Mg–Si alloys

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingpu Zhang ◽  
Meng Liu ◽  
Jiangwei Wang ◽  
Jixue Li ◽  
John Banhart
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Differential Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Artificial Ageing ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Natural Ageing ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Transmission Electron

AbstractBoth Sn addition and pre-ageing are known to be effective in maintaining the artificial ageing potential after natural ageing of Al–Mg–Si alloys. In this study, the combined effects of Sn addition and pre-ageing at 100 °C or 180 °C on natural secondary ageing and subsequent artificial ageing of an alloy AA6014 were investigated using hardness, electrical resistivity, differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy characterizations. It is found that pre-ageing can suppress natural secondary ageing and improve the artificial ageing hardening kinetics and response after 1 week of natural secondary ageing in both alloys with and without Sn addition. The effect of pre-ageing at 100 °C is more pronounced in the Sn-free alloy while the combination of pre-ageing at 180 °C and adding Sn shows superiority in suppressing natural secondary ageing and thus avoiding the undesired hardening before artificial ageing. Moreover, when natural ageing steps up to 8 h are applied before pre-ageing at 100 °C, the effect of pre-ageing in Sn-added alloy can be further improved. The influence of Sn on vacancies at different ageing temperatures is discussed to explain the observed phenomena. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Oxidative Damaged Products, Level of Hydrogen Peroxide, and Antioxidant Protection in Diapausing Pupa of Tasar Silk Worm, Antheraea mylitta: A Comparative Study in Two Voltine Groups

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. IJIS.S21326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alpana Sahoo ◽  
Jagneshwar Dandapat ◽  
Luna Samanta
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Antioxidant Protection ◽  
Additional Mechanism ◽  
Antheraea Mylitta ◽  
Relative Level ◽  
Stress Indices ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Silk Worm

The present study demonstrates tissue-specific (hemolymph and fat body) and inter-voltine [bivoltine (BV) and trivoltine (TV)] differences in oxidatively damaged products, H2O2 content, and the relative level of antioxidant protection in the diapausing pupae of Antheraea mylitta. Results suggest that fat body (FB) of both the voltine groups has oxidative predominance, as evident from the high value of lipid peroxidation and H2O2 content, despite better enzymatic defenses in comparison to hemolymph (HL). This may be attributed to the higher metabolic rate of the tissue concerned, concomitant with high lipid content and abundance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Nondetectable catalase activity in the pupal hemolymph of both strains apparently suggests an additional mechanism for H2O2 metabolism in the tissue. Inter-voltine comparison of the oxidative stress indices and antioxidant defense potential revealed that the TV group has a higher oxidative burden, lower activities for the antioxidant enzymes, and compensatory nonenzymatic protection from reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid.

scholarly journals Antioxidant protection enzyme activity in the blood serum and large intestinal mucosa of rats with prolonged gastric hypochlorhydria and given multiprobiotics

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-444
Author(s):  
S. V. Pylypenko ◽  
A. A. Koval
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Glutathione Reductase ◽  
Catalase Activity ◽  
Glutathione Transferase ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Antioxidant Protection ◽  
Colon Mucosa

The activity of antioxidant protection enzymes in the blood serum and colon mucosa in rats was studied under the conditions of 28-days administration of omeprazole on its own and omeprazole together with multiprobiotics "Symbiter" and "Apibact". Physiological and biochemical study methods were applied. It was found that after omeprazole administration, the activity of superoxide dismutase in the blood serum decreased, and the activity of catalase increased compared to the control. With the co-administration of omeprazole and multiprobiotics, the activity of superoxide dismutase increased compared to the group of rats that received omeprazole only during the same time, but remained less compared to the control group. The content of reduced glutathione in the blood serum of rats after administration of omeprazole decreased, the activity of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase increased, and the activity of glutathione reductase decreased compared to the control. With co-administration of omeprazole and multiprobiotics, the serum RG content was at the control level, the activity of glutathione reductase exceeded the control values. The activity of glutathione reductase decreased compared to the group receiving omeprazole only. The activity of glutathione reductase increased and did not differ from the control values. In the colon mucosa, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity decreased compared to control. With the combined administration of omeprazole and multiprobiotics, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity increased and even exceeded the control values. With the administration of omeprazole, the reduced glutathione content in the colon mucosa was lower than that in the control. The activity of glutathione peroxidase increased and glutathione transferase and activity of glutathione reductase decreased compared to the control. With co-administration of omeprazole and multiprobiotics to rats, the reduced glutathione content increased compared to the group of rats administered omeprazole only, and even exceeded that in the control.

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