scholarly journals Experimentally induced awe does not affect implicit and explicit time perception

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 926-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiel van Elk ◽  
Mark Rotteveel
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Perception Of Time ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Temporal Bisection Task ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe effects of emotion on time perception are elusive: depending on the intensity, valence and arousal of the situation, implicit and explicit time perception seems to slow down or speed up. Awe is a strong and powerful positive emotion that is typically elicited in response to vast stimuli and therefore inducing awe may be optimally suited for studying the relationship between emotion and time perception. In two studies we investigated whether the experience of awe would result in an expanded perception of time. Participants watched awe-eliciting, positive and neutral videos and simultaneously conducted a temporal bisection task, in which they classified vibrotactile stimuli as short or long. As expected awe videos elicited stronger feelings of awe than positive and control videos, while they were matched with positive videos in terms of subjective valence and arousal. However across both studies we did not find consistent effects of awe on implicit and retrospective time perception. Only in the first study, stronger subjective feelings of awe were associated with an increased dilation of time perception. The current findings indicate that lab-induced awe does not affect implicit and explicit time perception and we suggest that more ecologically valid ways to induce awe may be required in future studies.

Need for Cognition and Women’s Implicit Associations: Breaking Stereotypes?

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-346
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Olshan ◽  
Christine Vitiello ◽  
Kate A. Ratliff
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Need For Cognition ◽  
The Self ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Women In Stem ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Explicit Measure ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
The Relationship

People often associate women more with emotions, or affect in general, compared to men (e.g., Barrett & Bliss-Moreau, 2009); however, it is unknown whether some women will have a stronger association between self and affect or others and cognition than other women. We predicted that higher need for cognition (NFC; Cacioppo et al., 1984), or the enjoyment of cognitive processes, would be associated with stronger self-cognition/others-affect implicit associations. We also predicted that women with stronger self-cognition/others-affect associations would be less likely to endorse STEM stereotypes. We also expected a positive relationship between NFC and explicit self-cognition/others-affect associations. To test these predictions, we conducted a study on Project Implicit investigating the relationship between NFC, affect-cognition associations with the self and others, and endorsement of women in STEM stereotypes (Jackson et al., 2014). We found that higher NFC scores were associated with decreased endorsement of stereotypical affect-cognition implicit associations in women, r(280) = −.14, p = .022, 95% CI [−0.25, −0.02]. There was no significant association between self-affect/others-cognition implicit associations and STEM stereotype endorsement, r(278) = −.05, p = .421, 95% CI [−0.17, 0.07]. Importantly, we found that the relationship between NFC and self-affect/others-cognition associations exists when using both an implicit and explicit measure. NFC may increase the likelihood of women making the counter-stereotypical association of themselves with cognition as opposed to affect. It is important to know who endorses these stereotypes, and future studies should continue to examine the trait NFC, affect-cognition associations, and related interest in STEM.

A Directional Congruency Effect of Amplified Dilated Time Perception Induced by Looming Stimuli With Implied Motion Cues

2021 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 585-604
Author(s):  
Joohee Seo ◽  
Euisun Kim ◽  
Sung-Ho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Congruency Effect ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Temporal Asymmetry ◽  
Motion Cues ◽  
Implied Motion ◽  
Direction Of Movement ◽  
Perception Of Time ◽  
Temporal Bisection Task

The perception of time is not veridical, but, rather, it is susceptible to environmental context, like the intrinsic dynamics of moving stimuli. The direction of motion has been reported to affect time perception such that movement of objects toward an observer (i.e., looming stimuli) is perceived as longer in duration than movement of objects away from the observer (i.e., receding stimuli). In the current study we investigated whether this looming/receding temporal asymmetry can be modulated by the direction of movement implied by static cues of images. Participants were presented with images of a running person, rendered from either the front or the back (i.e., representing movement toward or away from the observer). In Experiment 1, the size of the images was constant. In Experiment 2, the image sizes varied (i.e., increasing: looming; or decreasing: receding). In both experiments, participants performed a temporal bisection task by judging the duration of the image presentation as “short” or “long”. In Experiment 1, we found no influence of implied-motion direction in the participants’ duration perceptions. In Experiment 2, however, participants overestimated the duration of the looming, as compared to the receding image in relation to real motion. This finding replicated previous findings of the looming/receding asymmetry using naturalistic human-character stimuli. Further, in Experiment 2 we observed a directional congruency effect between real and implied motion; stimuli were perceived as lasting longer when the directions of real and implied motion were congruent versus when these directions were incongruent. Thus, looming (versus receding) movement, a perceptually salient stimulus, elicits differential temporal processing, and higher-order motion processing integrates signals of real and implied motion in time perception.

scholarly journals Comparing the asthma control in overweight/obese and normal weight pediatric patients: A retrospective study in West Texas

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (25) ◽  
pp. 14-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Huang ◽  
Jarrett Lever ◽  
Bhargavi Kola
Keyword(s):  
Asthma Control ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Asthma Severity ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
West Texas ◽  
And Control ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in children. Excess weight is thought to contribute adversely to this disease and has been associated with both an increased incidence and severity of asthma in multiple studies. However, this information does not seem to be conclusive, since there are also studies showing either no relationship or a relationship only in certain subpopulations of children. The aim of this study was to see if we could identify any pattern in the relationship of weight and asthma severity and control in our pediatric population at a university affiliated clinic in rural West Texas. We were unable to find statistically significant differences either in the overall population or in the boys or girls subpopulations. We estimate based on our results that future studies would need at least 800 children to achieve adequate statistical power. More well designed studies are needed to clarify and confirm the relationship between obesity and asthma control and severity in children.

scholarly journals Music and Time Perception in Audiovisuals: Arousing Soundtracks Lead to Time Overestimation No Matter Their Emotional Valence

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Alessandro Ansani ◽  
Marco Marini ◽  
Luca Mallia ◽  
Isabella Poggi
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Audiovisual Media ◽  
Musical Excerpts ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
Perception Of Time ◽  
Valence And Arousal

One of the most tangible effects of music is its ability to alter our perception of time. Research on waiting times and time estimation of musical excerpts has attested its veritable effects. Nevertheless, there exist contrasting results regarding several musical features’ influence on time perception. When considering emotional valence and arousal, there is some evidence that positive affect music fosters time underestimation, whereas negative affect music leads to overestimation. Instead, contrasting results exist with regard to arousal. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, a systematic investigation has not yet been conducted within the audiovisual domain, wherein music might improve the interaction between the user and the audiovisual media by shaping the recipients’ time perception. Through the current between-subjects online experiment (n = 565), we sought to analyze the influence that four soundtracks (happy, relaxing, sad, scary), differing in valence and arousal, exerted on the time estimation of a short movie, as compared to a no-music condition. The results reveal that (1) the mere presence of music led to time overestimation as opposed to the absence of music, (2) the soundtracks that were perceived as more arousing (i.e., happy and scary) led to time overestimation. The findings are discussed in terms of psychological and phenomenological models of time perception.

scholarly journals Stronger cortisol response to acute psychosocial stress is correlated with larger decrease in temporal sensitivity

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuxi Yao ◽  
Liang Zhang ◽  
Caihong Jiang ◽  
Kan Zhang ◽  
Jianhui Wu
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Subjective Duration ◽  
Bisection Task ◽  
Temporal Bisection ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
Temporal Bisection Task ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Weber Ratio

As a fundamental dimension of cognition and behavior, time perception has been found to be sensitive to stress. However, how one’s time perception changes with responses to stress is still unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between stress-induced cortisol response and time perception. A group of 40 healthy young male adults performed a temporal bisection task before and after the Trier Social Stress Test for a stress condition. A control group of 27 male participants completed the same time perception task without stress induction. In the temporal bisection task, participants were first presented with short (400 ms) and long (1,600 ms) visual signals serving as anchor durations and then required to judge whether the intermediate probe durations were more similar to the short or the long anchor. The bisection point and Weber ratio were calculated and indicated the subjective duration and the temporal sensitivity, respectively. Data showed that participants in the stress group had significantly increased salivary cortisol levels, heart rates, and negative affects compared with those in the control group. The results did not show significant group differences for the subjective duration or the temporal sensitivity. However, the results showed a significant positive correlation between stress-induced cortisol responses and decreases in temporal sensitivity indexed by increases in the Weber ratio. This correlation was not observed for the control group. Changes in subjective duration indexed by temporal bisection points were not correlated with cortisol reactivity in both the groups. In conclusion, the present study found that although no significant change was observed in time perception after an acute stressor on the group-level comparison (i.e., stress vs. nonstress group), individuals with stronger cortisol responses to stress showed a larger decrease in temporal sensitivity. This finding may provide insight into the understanding of the relationship between stress and temporal sensitivity.

scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHIP OF TIME PERCEPTION AND IMPULSIVENESS OF UKRAINIAN STUDENTS

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Perception Of Time ◽  
The Relationship

Identifying the relationship between characteristics of the individual perception of time and the personality trait of impulsivity is the problem this study is devoted to. The aim of the study is to analyze the relationships between the various components of impulsiveness as a personality trait and the characteristics of an individual minute (IM) taking into account age and gender in a sample of Ukrainian university students (62 participants aged 17-22; 11 of them are men). To assess the features of time perception, the IM method was used according to F. Halberg. As the characteristics of MI, we used the mean and standard deviation for three consecutive measurements of IM and the average error of subjective time relative to objective one in percent. Impulsivity was measured using the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale test in the Ukrainian adaptation, which reveals 5 indicators of impulsivity: negative urgency, positive urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, and sensation seeking. For Ukrainian students, impulsivity indicators correspond to the average norms of the French sample. The mean IM is 61.3 seconds and it is in the range of 36-88 seconds, the standard deviation of 3 IM measurements is 8 seconds, the average error of the subjective time relatively to the objective one was 9%. An inverse relationship between the mean duration of IM and the impulsivity index “positive urgency” was revealed. A direct relationship between the variability of the IM, the average error of the IM in percent and the impulsivity index “lack of perseverance” was also revealed. There are no signifiant differences in the mean duration of IM between men and women. At the same time, women have a signifiantly higher variability in time estimation – the standard deviation of IM is signifiantly greater in them than in men. By the characteristics of the impulsiveness, women have a signifiantly higher indicator of positive urgency than men. Age-related differences in the features of perception of time and impulsivity were not found. It will be worth to study relations of IM with other personality peculiarities such as Big Five traits and temperament types. This would give us more insights about diagnostical usefulness of IM measurements as proxy between physiological and psychological conditions of people.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Mucins and Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1935
Author(s):  
Esther Bankole ◽  
Emily Read ◽  
Michael A. Curtis ◽  
Joana F. Neves ◽  
James A. Garnett
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Colonic Mucosa ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Biopsy Specimens ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Mucins are a family of glycosylated proteins which are the primary constituents of mucus and play a dynamic role in the regulation of the protective mucosal barriers throughout the human body. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) characterised by continuous inflammation of the inner layer of the large intestine, and in this systematic review we analyse currently available data to determine whether alterations exist in mucin activity in the colonic mucosa of UC patients. Database searches were conducted to identify studies published between 1990 and 2020 that assess the role of mucins in cohorts of UC patients, where biopsy specimens were resected for analysis and control groups were included for comparison. 5497 articles were initially identified and of these 14 studies were systematically selected for analysis, a further 2 articles were identified through citation chaining. Therefore, 16 studies were critically reviewed. 13 of these studies assessed the role of MUC2 in UC and the majority of articles indicated that alterations in MUC2 structure or synthesis had an impact on the colonic mucosa, although conflicting results were presented regarding MUC2 expression. This review highlights the importance of further research to enhance our understanding of mucin regulation in UC and summarises data that may inform future studies.

Three novel genetic variants in the FAM110D, CACNA1A and NLRP12 genes are associated with susceptibility to hypertension among Dai people

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Yun Sun ◽  
Xiaochao Zhang ◽  
Xiyun Shan ◽  
Jianmei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Candidate Snps ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Abstract Background Although the genetic factors associated with hypertension remain unknown, genetic variations in genes related to ion channels, inflammation, and the cell cycle may affect susceptibility to hypertension. In the present study, the association between hypertension and 10 candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was evaluated among Chinese Dai people, who have a smaller gene pool than Han individuals. Methods A total of 1193 samples from Dai people were collected, including 488 with hypertension and 705 with normal blood pressure. Based on the preliminary results of whole-genome sequencing among pools of individuals (Pool-seq), ten candidate SNPs in six genes (FAM110D, ADD1, RAG1, CACNA1C, CACNA1A, and NLRP12) were genotyped in the case and control groups by multiplex PCR for SNP genotyping with next-generation sequencing (MultiPCR-NGS). The relationship between hypertension and each candidate SNP was evaluated using the χ2 test and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results The χ2 test showed that the allele frequencies of rs3748856 in FAM110D, rs139118504 in CACNA1A, and rs34436714 in NLRP12 were significantly different between the case and control groups (P < 0.005). After adjusting for age, BMI, TC, TG, and LDL, logistic regression analyses revealed that the association between the three SNPs and hypertension among Dai people remained significant (P = 0.012, 2.71 × 10 -4, and 0.017, respectively). Conclusion These findings indicate that there may be different molecular pathogeneses of hypertension among Dai people, which should be noted in future studies.

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