scholarly journals The History of Creating and Developing the National Jewish Theatre named for L. Kaganovich in the 1930s

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
С.Ю. Гамалей
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Far East ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Theatre Staff ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Russia

В 1920-е годы в РСФСР начинается процесс развития национального искусства, который тесно переплетался с задачами национальной политики, проводимой в стране. Российская Федерация так же, как и советская власть, предоставляет всем гражданам обширные права и свободы. Однако Советское государство давало возможность всем народам, проживающим в тот период, развивать свое национальное искусство, создавать собственные театральные коллективы; именно этот опыт, на наш взгляд, следует использовать при проведении национальной политики в ХХI веке. Именно поэтому автор статьи исследует особенности развития театрального дела в Еврейской автономной области. Автор подробно изучает процесс создания и работы театрального коллектива Еврейского театра имени Л. Кагановича на протяжении 1930-х годов, уделяя особое внимание формированию актерской труппы, ее профессиональным успехам. Статья повествует о начальном периоде становления театра, когда в условиях переселенческой политики евреев на Дальний Восток начинается его формирование как профессионального коллектива. При этом автор отмечает, что актерский состав на протяжении всех лет работы оказывал поддержку всем учреждениям культуры автономии: организовывал самодеятельные кружки, участвовал в смотрах, осуществлял шефскую работу над частями Красной армии. В период массовых репрессией члены творческого коллектива подвергались арестам, но это не сломило творческий настрой актеров, их профессионализм продолжал расти. В заключении статьи автор приходит к выводу, что профессиональная деятельность Еврейского театра Биробиджана, его жизнь в условиях формирования и развития Еврейской автономной области стала отражением национальной политики советского руководства в отношении еврейской диаспоры в 1930-е годы. In the 1920s Soviet Russia witnessed rapid development of national art which was intricately connected with the national policy promoted by the Soviet government. Soviet Russia as well as the Russian Federation granted all its citizens ample rights and freedoms. The Soviet State enabled all peoples inhabiting its territories to develop their national art, to create national theatres. The author of the article believes that this experience is worthy and should define the national policy of the 21st century. Driven by this conviction, the author of the article analyzes the peculiarities of the development of the theatre in the Jewish Autonomous Region. The author focuses her attention on the development of the National Jewish Theatre named for L. Kaganovich in the 1930s paying special attention to the theatre staff and their achievements. The article tells about the initial stage of the theatre formation when due to the resettlement policy many Jewish actors were forced to move to the Far East. The author underlines that the actors of the theatre supported all the cultural establishments of the autonomous region by helping organize amateur dramatic societies, giving patronage to the Red Army. The author concludes that the professional development of the National Jewish Theatre of Birobidzhan was a reflection of the Jewish policy of the Soviet government in the 1930s.

scholarly journals Features of small forms of soviet autonomy in Kuban in the first half of the XX century: on the example of the Armenian district

2019 ◽  
pp. 130-133
Author(s):  
A. G. Ryabchenko ◽  
I. D. Zolotareva
Keyword(s):  
Regional Scale ◽  
National Policy ◽  
High Status ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Administrative Organization ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Village Council ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Soviet Historiography

At different stages of Soviet historiography, priorities in studying the history of the national administrative organization of the small peoples of the USSRoften changed for various reasons, but it always evoked constant interest. The Communist Party of the CPSU (b), which was ruling in Soviet Russia in the early 1920s, Leninist national policy greatly contributed to the emergence of a number of autonomous administrative-territorial formations that were national in nature and had a very different status. The territorial national status varied from high status of an autonomous republic, an autonomous region to an autonomous region, and even a national village council. Those. a separate settlement. In the Southeast, and later the North Caucasusregion of the RSFSR, already in the early 1920s. National administrative districts received existence as national autonomies of a regional scale, including the Armenian National District. This article is dedicated to this area.

Soviet Policy Toward Germany During the Russo-Polish War, 1920

Slavic Review ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Himmer
Keyword(s):  
Weimar Republic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
German Government ◽  
Soviet Policy ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Communist Revolution ◽  
Soviet Russia

The Russo-Polish War occasioned some of the most anxious moments in the history of relations between Soviet Russia and the Weimar Republic. Within Germany, the advance of the Red Army toward Warsaw in 1920 aroused strong, but contradictory emotions. First, it led many Germans to anticipate the destruction of Poland and to hope for the restoration of the Reich’s former eastern territories. Simultaneously, however, the westward Russian march raised fears of the invasion of Germany by Bolshevik forces. Within Russia, a similar dichotomy of views about Germany existed. On one hand, the German government was considered a hostile, though negligible and temporary—a Communist revolution there was thought imminent—factor in Russia’s situation. On the other, Germany was held important enough to Russia that serious proposals of a far-reaching alliance against Poland and the Entente were made to her. The former view rested on a fundamentally optimistic assessment of Russia’s prospects; the latter, on a sober one. Grounds for concern were afforded by the Soviet Republic’s grave economic problems and by worry about whether the weary Red Army could defeat Pilsudski’s forces, whose offensive capacity had been demonstrated by their capture of Kiev in May 1920. If Germany, which had had military forces in the field against the Bolsheviks only a year before, should actively assist the Poles, Russia’s situation could be appreciably worsened. Surprisingly, therefore, although there are several recent, excellent studies of Soviet-Polish affairs and the Russo-Polish War, and a voluminous literature on relations between the Soviets and the Weimar Republic, little attention has been paid to Soviet policy toward Germany during the conflict with Poland. To explain that policy, and its apparent contradiction, is the purpose of this article.

NEW SCIENTIFIC WORKS ON THE MODERN BELARUSIAN AND POLISH HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE HISTORY OF THE LATE IMPERIAL RUSSIA AND THE SOVIET STATE

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-88
Author(s):  
Oksana Babenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
Academic Science ◽  
Soviet State ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military

The review presents new publications on the Belarusian and the Polish historiographies of the history of the late Imperial Russia and the Soviet State. Such problems as the number and conditions of detention of foreign prisoners of war in the Belarusian territories of the Russian Empire during the First World War, the influence of the military conflicts of 1914-1921 on the identity of the inhabitants of the Belarusian lands, the initial stage of the formation of academic science in the BSSR, the question of the «invasion» of Poland by the Red Army in September 1939 are highlighted.

The First German Occupation in the Bryansk Region in 1918

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11 (109)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Leonty Lannik
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Location ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Demarcation Line ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
Eastern Front ◽  
Railway Infrastructure ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
The Great War

Military actions on the Eastern front of the Great War were restarted on February 18th, 1918, but were not finished with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signment. By middle ofMay, the zone of the First German occupation was expanded also to a number of territories recognized by the Central Powers as belonging to Soviet Russia. After a series of battles in April some areas of the modern Bryansk region were set under the German occupation for the next few months. This period in the history of the region has clearly received insufficient attention from researchers. The favourable geographical location and the access to an important railway infrastructure caused that the Bryansk Region had a crucial importance for German attempts to stabilize the occupation regime in Ukraine. Steady and often illegal flows of migration and smuggling have begun to develop. Extremely important for the occupiers were also different raw resources and food supply. That led to increased exploitation by German troops and hence the growth of the insurgency. Despite the extremely difficult military situation of Soviet Russia in summer 1918 and the risk of untimely provocation on the demarcation line, activities by the troops of the Western curtain of the Red Army near the Bryansk increased gradually. By the mid-autumn of 1918, the Bryansk Region had acquired the significance of a springboard for future military operations for all parties claiming control of both Belarus and Ukraine. In the specific military-political situation after the Compiegne armistice, control of the region's railways played a key role both in the Red Army's offensive in Ukraine in the winter of 1918—1919 and in the relatively successful evacuation of the German occupation forces from army group “Kiev” and the 10th army.

scholarly journals The Spanish flu pandemic in 1918 in Russia. Questions a hundred years later

2021 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-124
Author(s):  
O. M. Morozova ◽  
T. I. Troshina ◽  
E. N. Morozova ◽  
A. N. Morozov
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Red Army ◽  
European Part Of Russia ◽  
Western Border ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
Pandemic Flu ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Times ◽  
In The Beginning

The course of the Spanish flu on the territory of the former Russian Empire is not well studied. This is due to the state of the medical statistics during the times of the Civil War. The medical data was collected more diligently by the Soviet Russia rather than by the officials of the White Army.This article discusses the timeline, symptoms, morbidity and mortality of the Spanish flu. The materials used in this article were obtained from the regional hospital archives, printed publications, and personal memoirs.The virus of the Spanish flu has initially entered the territory of Russia at the end of August of 1918 through the demarcation line with the German army at the temporary western border defined by the Treaty of Brest. In the beginning of September the virus was carried out by the Allies army through the ports of Murmansk and Arkhangelsk. In the European part of Russia, the outbreak started around September–November of 1918. So far, there is not enough data regarding pandemic flu in Siberia and Far East region of Russia. The unknown illness that undermined the combat capability of the 11th Red Army at the end of the fall of 1918 was likely of viral etiology. There was no evidence found that pandemic flu in Russia had high mortality.The possible correlation between atypical malignant nature of typhus and relapsing fever, the epidemics of which began in the fall of 1918, and the previous exposure of the population to the influenza virus has been hypothesized. Another hypothesis under discussion is about the possible correlation between outbreaks of the malaria and measles and subsequent susceptibility to the pandemic Spanish flu virus.

Armageddon and the Gulag, 1939–1945

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Soviet System ◽  
Total War ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of

This chapter focuses on the Gulag during the Armageddon of the Great Patriotic War. It shows how the institutions, practices, and identities of the Gulag shifted in accord with the demands of total war. The war was an era of mass release on an unprecedented scale side by side with the highest mortality rates in the history of the Gulag system. After four years of brutal, exhausting warfare and a disastrous initial stage, the Soviet Union emerged from its Armageddon victorious. The early postwar period offered no indication that the Gulag would cease to be a mass social phenomenon within fifteen years. Rather, the Gulag remained a pillar in the reestablishment of the Soviet system, following the Red Army into liberated territories, so that every liberated district received its own corrective labor colony. By 1944, the camp and colony population began to grow again.

scholarly journals Источники изучения российской гуманитарной деятельности периода Гражданской войны в России. 1917–1921 годы

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.S. Ippolitov
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Far East ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Financial Policies ◽  
Revolutionary Era ◽  
History Of ◽  
Legislative Activity ◽  
The Government ◽  
Soviet Russia

Российская гуманитарная деятельность периода Гражданской войны на территориях, подконтрольных антибольшевистским режимам, и в эмиграции является малоизученной областью отечественной исторической науки, интерес к которой в среде профессиональных историков не ослабевает. Статья посвящена изучению источников различного происхождения, позволяющих сформировать источниковую базу исследования российской гуманитарной деятельности: от фондов Российского общества Красного Креста в Сибири до воспоминаний деятелей Белого движения, от документов Министерства снабжения и продовольствия Омского правительства и его местных органов, касавшихся ситуации с поставками хлеба, до протоколов с именами репрессированных в Крыму сестер милосердия РОКК, хранящихся в Отраслевом государственном архиве Службы безопасности Украины. Особое внимание обращено на богатейшую коллекцию документов Русского заграничного исторического архива в Праге (РЗИА), переданного нашей стране в 1945 г. Корпус документов из состава Пражского архива хранится сегодня в Государственном архиве Российской Федерации. В результате проведенного исследования автор пришел к выводу, что в условиях деградации государственных и муниципальных институтов, развала политической жизни, острого гражданского конфликта, экономического кризиса, охватившего всю территорию бывшей Российской империи, дефицита предметов первой необходимости и продуктов питания российская гуманитарная деятельность не только не была свернута, но и пережила на коротком отрезке времени расцвет. Поэтому определение и описание корпуса источников для изучения этой исторической области по-прежнему остается актуальной задачей.The bulk of sources on Russian humanitarian activity during the Civil War period had been accumulated in the collections of the Prague Archive, a collection of documents that originated in Prague as an institution with the Cultural and Educational Department of the Prague Zemgor in 1923. Later it was called the Russian Historical Archive Abroad in Prague. Thanks to the financial support of the Czechoslovak government and a developed system of representatives, the Archive annually replenished its collection of documents that reflected the activities of Russian emigrants in different countries of the world. And if documents of the government of Admiral Kolchak and his military staff are presented in a fair number, the funds of personal origin are extremely small. Thus, documentary collections, allowing to at least fragmentarily complement the canvas of Russian humanitarian activity during the Civil War are of great value. The Fund of M.L. Kondakov, a representative of the Russian Red Cross Society during the rule of Admiral Kolchak in 1918, contains draft documents and personal correspondence of the author on the Russian Red Cross Societys recovery humanitarian activity in Siberia and the Far East. Among the few funds of personal origin that preserve sources on the history of humanitarian activity during the Civil war and emigration, is the Fund of Vissarion Gurevich, a lawyer and a public figure, who was a member of the Siberian Zemstvo and City Union and a member of the Economic Meetings under the Chief Representative of Admiral Kolchak during the war. Domestic archives have more funds of personal origin of political and public figures, who, to some extent, participated in the activities of the governments of A.I. Denikin and later P.N. Wrangel and managed to evacuate and take out their papers during the Crimean evacuation. The situation with the supply of bread was reflected in the documents of the Ministry of Food Supply and Consumption and its local authorities, as well as the various organisations involved in the procurement. Therefore, the documentary materials created during the daily activities of these agencies are an important source for studying both the humanitarian and financial policies of the White Siberian authorities and the economic history of the region during this period. The Sectoral State Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine has a significant array of documents for the study of Russian humanitarian activity. In 1998, a collection of documents The Legislative Activity of the White Governments of Siberia (JuneNovember 1918) was published. Attempts to carry out human rights activities in Soviet Russia, as part of the ceneral humanitarian canvas of the post-revolutionary era, are reflected in the publication Two Episodes from the Life of Literary Organisations: Report of Deputies of Literary Organisations on a Trip to Moscow in the Case of Arrested Writers and Scholars. The source tells about the events of 2829 August 1919 when the leaders of the so-called National Centre were arrested in Moscow and the lists of members of this organisation were seized.

scholarly journals History of China's policy development in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in the second half of the XX - the beginning of the XXI century

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (Extra-A) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Ilina Radikovna Usmanova ◽  
Vitaly Anatolievich Epshteyn ◽  
Rustem Ravilevich Muhametzyanov ◽  
Aygul Irekovna Akhmetova
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
National Question ◽  
Chinese Policy ◽  
History Of

The article discusses the national policy of the People's Republic of China in relation to the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Recently, the national question in the PRC has been raised again. Its relevance is due not only to the tragic events that took place in the XUAR, but also to the grandiose plans that were set by the PRC leadership on the eve of the upcoming anniversary of the country. Relations with many peoples that are part of the PRC have a long history of development. This article will discuss the history of the development of Chinese policy towards the Uighurs, who are the predominant ethnic group in the territory of the XUAR. Not only the prestige of the PRC in the international arena, but also the implementation of several economic projects depends on how this issue is resolved soon.    

scholarly journals Rumors about Expulsion to Birobidzhan, Anastas Mikoyan, and the American Jewish Establishment

2018 ◽  
pp. 103-117
Author(s):  
Gennady Estraikh
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Soviet Jews ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Deputy Chairman ◽  
History Of ◽  
Forced Resettlement ◽  
American Jewish ◽  
Council Of Ministers

The events analyzed in this article took place in 1958 and 1959, when the situation around Birobidzhan became a cause of widespread anxiety among Jewish activists in the West. A rumor circulated that “the Soviet Jews appeared in peril of their lives”, because the Soviet government was purportedly considering their mass forced resettlement to the Jewish Autonomous Region, in the Far East of Russia. In January 1959, representatives of the American Jewish Committee had a meeting with Anastas Mikoyan, the First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers. He had come to the United States to hold preliminary talks before Nikita Khrushchev’s historical visit in September 1959, and issues concerning the Jews were not on the agenda for his visit. However, after facing a barrage of questions about the alleged plan, he and his advisers decided that it would be unwise to avoid contact with representatives of the American Jewish establishment. The article draws attention to this meeting and the trace it left on the history of Soviet Jews.

The Chinese Revolution in Russian Perspective

1961 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-230
Author(s):  
Robert Vincent Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Present Status ◽  
Far East ◽  
Rule Following ◽  
Chinese Revolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Far East ◽  
National Rule ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Shed Light

SPECIALISTS on Chinese communism are in the habit of brushing responsibility for strange or abhorrent phenomena off onto Soviet Russia. This may be largely justified; communism is clearly a foreign import in China, whatever the reasons for its success or the extent of its adaptation. But to an observer whose understanding of communism is based primarily on the study of Soviet Russia, the history of Chinese communism—now a full decade of national rule, following nearly thirty years of evolution—presents a number of peculiarities. Comparison with Russia suggests several lines of interpretation which may shed light on the past and present status of communism in China and the Far East.

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