scholarly journals Features of small forms of soviet autonomy in Kuban in the first half of the XX century: on the example of the Armenian district

Author(s):  
A. G. Ryabchenko ◽  
I. D. Zolotareva

At different stages of Soviet historiography, priorities in studying the history of the national administrative organization of the small peoples of the USSRoften changed for various reasons, but it always evoked constant interest. The Communist Party of the CPSU (b), which was ruling in Soviet Russia in the early 1920s, Leninist national policy greatly contributed to the emergence of a number of autonomous administrative-territorial formations that were national in nature and had a very different status. The territorial national status varied from high status of an autonomous republic, an autonomous region to an autonomous region, and even a national village council. Those. a separate settlement. In the Southeast, and later the North Caucasusregion of the RSFSR, already in the early 1920s. National administrative districts received existence as national autonomies of a regional scale, including the Armenian National District. This article is dedicated to this area.

Author(s):  
С.Ю. Гамалей

В 1920-е годы в РСФСР начинается процесс развития национального искусства, который тесно переплетался с задачами национальной политики, проводимой в стране. Российская Федерация так же, как и советская власть, предоставляет всем гражданам обширные права и свободы. Однако Советское государство давало возможность всем народам, проживающим в тот период, развивать свое национальное искусство, создавать собственные театральные коллективы; именно этот опыт, на наш взгляд, следует использовать при проведении национальной политики в ХХI веке. Именно поэтому автор статьи исследует особенности развития театрального дела в Еврейской автономной области. Автор подробно изучает процесс создания и работы театрального коллектива Еврейского театра имени Л. Кагановича на протяжении 1930-х годов, уделяя особое внимание формированию актерской труппы, ее профессиональным успехам. Статья повествует о начальном периоде становления театра, когда в условиях переселенческой политики евреев на Дальний Восток начинается его формирование как профессионального коллектива. При этом автор отмечает, что актерский состав на протяжении всех лет работы оказывал поддержку всем учреждениям культуры автономии: организовывал самодеятельные кружки, участвовал в смотрах, осуществлял шефскую работу над частями Красной армии. В период массовых репрессией члены творческого коллектива подвергались арестам, но это не сломило творческий настрой актеров, их профессионализм продолжал расти. В заключении статьи автор приходит к выводу, что профессиональная деятельность Еврейского театра Биробиджана, его жизнь в условиях формирования и развития Еврейской автономной области стала отражением национальной политики советского руководства в отношении еврейской диаспоры в 1930-е годы. In the 1920s Soviet Russia witnessed rapid development of national art which was intricately connected with the national policy promoted by the Soviet government. Soviet Russia as well as the Russian Federation granted all its citizens ample rights and freedoms. The Soviet State enabled all peoples inhabiting its territories to develop their national art, to create national theatres. The author of the article believes that this experience is worthy and should define the national policy of the 21st century. Driven by this conviction, the author of the article analyzes the peculiarities of the development of the theatre in the Jewish Autonomous Region. The author focuses her attention on the development of the National Jewish Theatre named for L. Kaganovich in the 1930s paying special attention to the theatre staff and their achievements. The article tells about the initial stage of the theatre formation when due to the resettlement policy many Jewish actors were forced to move to the Far East. The author underlines that the actors of the theatre supported all the cultural establishments of the autonomous region by helping organize amateur dramatic societies, giving patronage to the Red Army. The author concludes that the professional development of the National Jewish Theatre of Birobidzhan was a reflection of the Jewish policy of the Soviet government in the 1930s.


Inner Asia ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-373
Author(s):  
Elke Studer

AbstractThe article outlines the Mongolian influences on the biggest horse race festival in Nagchu prefecture in the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR).Since old times these horse races have been closely linked to the worship of the local mountain deity by the patrilineal nomadic clans of the South-Eastern Changthang, the North Tibetan plain. In the seventeenth century the West Mongol chieftain Güüshi Khan shaped the history of Tibet. To support his political claims, he enlarged the horse race festival's size and scale, and had his troops compete in the different horse race and archery competitions in Nagchu. Since then, the winners of the big race are celebrated side by side with the political achievements and claims of the central government in power.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (Extra-A) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Ilina Radikovna Usmanova ◽  
Vitaly Anatolievich Epshteyn ◽  
Rustem Ravilevich Muhametzyanov ◽  
Aygul Irekovna Akhmetova

The article discusses the national policy of the People's Republic of China in relation to the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Recently, the national question in the PRC has been raised again. Its relevance is due not only to the tragic events that took place in the XUAR, but also to the grandiose plans that were set by the PRC leadership on the eve of the upcoming anniversary of the country. Relations with many peoples that are part of the PRC have a long history of development. This article will discuss the history of the development of Chinese policy towards the Uighurs, who are the predominant ethnic group in the territory of the XUAR. Not only the prestige of the PRC in the international arena, but also the implementation of several economic projects depends on how this issue is resolved soon.    


2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Foxall

Much recent literature in cultural, political and social geography has considered the relationship between identity, memory, and the urban landscape. This paper interrogates such literature through exploring the complex materialisation of memorialisation in post-Soviet Russia. Using the example of the statue of General Alexei Ermolov in Stavropol’, an analysis of the cityscape reveals interethnic tensions over differing interpretations of the life and history of the person upon whom the statue is based. The existence of a rich literature on Ermolov and the Russian colonial experience in the North Caucasus helps to explain this. The symbolic cityscape of Stavropol’ plays an important role in interethnic relations in the multi-ethnic city; it is both an arena through which Russian identity is communicated with people and produced and reproduced, and an arena through which Russian citizens compete with each other for authority on historical narratives that operate at and between a number of scales. People’s readings of the cityscape can reveal much about power and space in contemporary Russia.


2021 ◽  
pp. 70-81
Author(s):  
З.В. КАНУКОВА ◽  
К.Ф. ДЗАМИХОВ

Идея формирования единой общности «советский народ», озвученная на ХХII съезде КПСС в 1961 году, поставила перед гуманитарной наукой задачу теоретического обоснования формирования «нового типа исторической общности». Этнокультурное многообразие народов страны представлялось препятствием в решении этой стратегической задачи, поэтому в научной повестке появились вопросы унификации этнического самосознания, культуры, быта и духовных ценностей. В настоящей статье представлен историографический обзор работ северокавказских ученых 1960-1980 годов, позволивший определить влияние государственной национальной политики страны на региональную гуманитарную науку. Выявлено, что главными тенденциями северокавказского сегмента советской историографии были критика пережитков прошлого, устаревших традиций, обоснование необходимости новой советской обрядовой культуры и разработка практических рекомендаций по ее внедрению. Работа на поставленную задачу плохо сочеталась с другими, действительно важными для науки проблемами национальной культуры и самосознания, межнациональных отношений. Вместе с тем, северокавказские ученые, принимая активное участие в дискуссиях по поводу этнических дефиниций «нация», «традиция», «обычай», «обряд» и других не ограничивались пропагандой и агитацией. В условиях непоследовательной национальной политики они столь же непоследовательно и противоречиво обсуждали соотношение национального и интернационального в культуре, разрабатывали модели «синтетической традиции», которая бы совмещала национальные формы с социалистическим содержанием. Вместе с тем высказывали достаточно смелые мысли о перегибах в борьбе с традиционной культурой, об искусственном разрыве связи времен и препятствии освоению культурного наследия, об исторической обусловленности, динамичности и подвижности традиции. Сделан вывод о негативном влиянии идеологического пресса на гуманитарную науку, в частности на этнологию и на очевидный, но не в полной мере реализованный потенциал ученых-кавказоведов. The idea of forming a single community of "Soviet people", voiced at the XXII Congress of the CPSU in 1961, set before the humanitarian science the task of theoretical justification for the formation of a "new type of historical community". The ethno-cultural diversity of the peoples of the country seemed to be an obstacle in solving this strategic task, so the issues of unification of ethnic identity, culture, everyday life and spiritual values appeared on the scientific agenda. This article presents a historiographical review of the works of North Caucasian scientists of 1960-1980, which made it possible to determine the impact of the state national policy of the country on the regional humanities. It is revealed that the main trends of the North Caucasian segment of the Soviet historiography were criticism of the remnants of the past, outdated traditions, justification of the need for a new Soviet ritual culture and practical recommendations for its implementation. Work on the task was poorly combined with other, really important for science problems of national culture and self-consciousness, interethnic relations. At the same time, the North Caucasian scholars, taking active part in discussions about ethnic definitions of "nation", "tradition", "custom", "rite" and others, were not limited to propaganda and agitation. In the conditions of inconsistent national policy, they equally inconsistently and contradictory discussed the ratio of national and international in culture, developed models of "synthetic tradition" that would combine national forms with socialist content. At the same time, they expressed rather bold thoughts about excesses in the fight against traditional culture, about the artificial rupture of the connection of times and obstacles to the development of cultural heritage, about the historical conditionality, dynamism and mobility of tradition. The conclusion is made about the negative influence of the ideological press on the humanities, in particular, on ethnology and on the obvious, but not fully realized potential of the Caucasian scientists.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-407
Author(s):  
Andrey V. Ganin

The article analyzes the image of a historical figure of the White Army agent Nosovich in A.N. Tolstoy’s novella Bread. Former General A.L. Nosovich in Soviet Russia in the spring and summer of 1918 held the post of chief of staff of the North Caucasus Military District, but at the same time was an agent of the White Army and carried out clandestine subversive work. His image in the novel was introduced as an antihero, who was opposed to the shrewd commissar Joseph Stalin. The attitude to Nosovich in the novel is negative. He is shown as a pragmatic and cruel cynic, for whom the aim justifies any means. Tolstoy did not fail to emphasize the connection between Nosovich and the leader of the Red Army Lev D. Trotsky ostracized in the USSR. When creating the character of Nosovich A.N. Tolstoy relied on genuine documents, including the report of Nosovich to the White Army command about his underground work. Tolstoy’s novel contributed to the strengthening of the personality cult of Stalin and the mythology of the history of the Russian Civil War in line with party attitudes. The image of the White Army agent General Nosovich served the same task.


Author(s):  
А.Х. Хадикова

В статье анализируются основные достижения научного алановедения советского периода, рассматриваются фундаментальные изыскательские направления, сложившиеся либо продолжавшиеся в это время. Наиболее приоритетными становятся вопросы происхождения алан и условий их выхода на историческую арену. Безусловно, главные гипотезы были обозначены ранее, но именно советские исследователи историки, лингвисты, археологи и др. сформулировали основные подходы и наиболее жизнеспособные концепции. И, конечно же, новый импульс отечественное алановедение получило в связи с усилением интереса ученых к скифославянской проблематике. В статье последовательно и обстоятельно систематизируются выдвинутые в рассматриваемый период версии истории алан с учетом двух классификационных групп, в рамках которых и развивались изыскания советских ученых автохтонистской и миграционной. Помимо этого, в обзоре нашли свое отражение и достаточно казуистические предположения, отрицающие этническое содержание самого термина аланы . В анализе историографии аланской проблематики в советский период учитывается хронологический принцип формирования концептуальных взглядов, а в случае, когда это необходимо и их научной критики. То немалое значение, которое играли аланы в средневековой истории юговостока СССР, предопределило появление широкого ряда исследований, затрагивающих общие и частные вопросы истории алан на Северном Кавказе, а также их культурной и генетической преемственности с живыми этносами этого региона. Указанное направление изначально связано с этногенезом осетин. В статье представлен анализ разработок и этого вопроса в трудах ученых. Советская наука с ее внушительной историографической традицией внесла значительный вклад в полуторавековую историю развития отечественной и мировой аланистики. The article analyzes the main achievements of the Soviet period ofscientificAlanic studies. The fundamental research directions that developed or were being continued at that time in the Alanic studies are considered. The most priority issues are the origin of the Alans and the context of their entry into the historical arena. The main relevant hypotheses had been outlined earlier, but due to the Soviet researchers historians, linguists, archaeologists, etc. the main approaches and the most viable conceptswere formulated. And, of course, the Alanicstudies receiveda new impetus in connection with the increased interest of the scientists in the ScythianSlavic problems. The article consistently and in great detail systematizes all the versions of the main Alanian problem put forward in the Soviet period, taking into account the two classification groups, within which the research of Soviet scientists developedalongsideautochthonous and migration lines. In addition, this review considers rather casuistic assumptions, for example, the one denying the ethnic content of the term Alans. The analysis of the historiography of the Alanian problems in the Soviet period takes into account the chronological principle of the formation of conceptual views, and when necessary their scientific criticism. The considerable importance played by the Alans in the medieval history of the SouthEast of the USSR, predetermined a wide range of studies dealing with general and particular issues of the history of the Alans in the North Caucasus, their cultural and genetic relationship with the living ethnic groups of the region. This line was originally associated with the ethnogenesis of the Ossetians. The article presents an analysis of this issue in the works of major Soviet scientists as well. The Soviet science, with its impressive historiographic tradition, has made a very significant contribution to the history of a century and a half of development of domestic and world Alanic studies.


2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-184
Author(s):  
Alessandro Vitale

The Jewish Autonomous Region (JAR) of Birobidzhan in Siberia is still alive. The once famous “Siberian Zion”, at the confluence of the Bira and Bidzhan rivers, a stone’s throw away from China and a day from the Pacific Ocean, 9,000 km and six days by train from Moscow, is still a geographical reality. The political class of the Soviet Union decided to create a territory the size of Belgium for a settlement for Jews, choosing a region on the border between China and the Soviet Union. It believed that Soviet Jews needed, like other national minorities, a homeland with a territory. The Soviet regime thus opted to establish an enclave that would become the JAR in 1934. We should note that the creation of the JAR was the first historically fulfilled case of building an officially recognised Jewish national territory since antiquity and well before Israel. Nevertheless, many historians declared this experiment a failure and the history of the Region only tragic. It is interesting to note, however, that the survival of the JAR in post-Soviet Russia has been not only a historical curiosity, a legacy of Soviet national policy, but today – after the collapse of the Soviet Union – it represents a very interesting case study. It is also a topic useful for the analysis and understanding of inter-ethnic relations, cooperation, and coexistence and it is a unique case of geographic resettlement that produced a special case of “local patriotism”, as an example also for different ethnic groups living in the JAR, based on Jewish and Yiddish roots.


Author(s):  
Igor L. Zherebtsov ◽  
Irina I. Lejman

Basic aspects of history of creation of the Komi Autonomy are considered. It is noted that in the beginning of 20th century the territory of modern Republic of Komi was divided between four provinces, but Ust-Sysolsk was perceived as the informal centre of the Komi land. It is elucidated that in 1918 Komi politician D. Ya. Popov suggested to proclaim Komi Autonomy, and this idea was carried out in 1921 when the Komi Autonomous Region was formed. It is shown that D. A. Batiev made the major contribution to this process. It is noted that the majority of Komi politicians supported the creation of autonomous republic, but the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed only in 1936. It is revealed that the territory of the Komi Autonomy was repeatedly changed.


Author(s):  
Monica M. White

In the 1960s, Bolivar County, Mississippi was one of the nation’s most impoverished due to systemic oppression and the decline of the agricultural industry. Residents responded by drawing from the local area’s history of autonomous Black communities and creating a network of Black agricultural cooperatives and community organizations. Operating on a regional scale within Mississippi, the North Bolivar County Farm Cooperative used agriculture as a strategy of self-determination and self-reliance, offering farmer-members an alternative to participation in the regional economy that was controlled by white elites. It utilized strategic relationships with university and industry partners. The cooperative was committed to community-based governance, relying on, for instance, a board of directors with locally-elected representatives, specialized committees, stores that sold cooperative-grown produce, and community listening sessions used to decide which crops to grow. Importantly, the cooperative decided to bypass intermediaries by establishing its own food processing facilities, critical for building economic autonomy in community food systems.


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