scholarly journals Management of Psuedomonas Keratitis: a review article

10.3823/813 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mouna Mohamad Alsaad
Keyword(s):  
Vision Loss ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Topical Steroids ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Corneal Scarring ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Severe Vision Loss ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Current Guidelines

Bacterial keratitis can lead to severe vision loss and corneal scarring, and possibly perforation. Early and appropriate management is a key factor in decreasing and preventing complication. Pubmed and Medline were searched for articles related to Pseudomonas keratitis between year 2000 and  2017 to get current guidelines about the management of Pseudomonas keratitis. These articles are reviewed in this review article and information related to management is summarized.   The most used agents to treat Pseudomonas are either aminoglycosides (usually gentamicin) fortified with a cephalosporin or mono therapy with a fluoroquinolones usually ciprofloxacin. In most areas, most strains of Pseudomonasare sensitive to ciprofloxacin. The role of topical steroids is discussed, as well as, available options for treatment of multi drug resistant Pseudomonas.

scholarly journals Mechanism of Inflammation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Parmeggiani ◽  
Mario R. Romano ◽  
Ciro Costagliola ◽  
Francesco Semeraro ◽  
Carlo Incorvaia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Oxidized Lipoproteins ◽  
Severe Vision Loss

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial disease that represents the most common cause of irreversible visual impairment among people over the age of 50 in Europe, the United States, and Australia, accounting for up to 50% of all cases of central blindness. Risk factors of AMD are heterogeneous, mainly including increasing age and different genetic predispositions, together with several environmental/epigenetic factors, that is, cigarette smoking, dietary habits, and phototoxic exposure. In the aging retina, free radicals and oxidized lipoproteins are considered to be major causes of tissue stress resulting in local triggers for parainflammation, a chronic status which contributes to initiation and/or progression of many human neurodegenerative diseases such as AMD. Experimental and clinical evidences strongly indicate the pathogenetic role of immunologic processes in AMD occurrence, consisting of production of inflammatory related molecules, recruitment of macrophages, complement activation, microglial activation and accumulation within those structures that compose an essential area of the retina known as macula lutea. This paper reviews some attractive aspects of the literature about the mechanisms of inflammation in AMD, especially focusing on those findings or arguments more directly translatable to improve the clinical management of patients with AMD and to prevent the severe vision loss caused by this disease.

scholarly journals The Sodium Channel B4-Subunits are Dysregulated in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Drug-Resistant Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariam A. Sheilabi ◽  
Louise Y. Takeshita ◽  
Edward J. Sims ◽  
Francesco Falciani ◽  
Alessandra P. Princivalle
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽  
Sodium Channel ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Effector Functions ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Pore Domain ◽  
Selection Of

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common type of partial epilepsy referred for surgery due to antiepileptic drug (AED) resistance. A common molecular target for many of these drugs is the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC). The VGSC consists of four domains of pore-forming α-subunits and two auxiliary β-subunits, several of which have been well studied in epileptic conditions. However, despite the β4-subunits’ role having been reported in some neurological conditions, there is little research investigating its potential significance in epilepsy. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to assess the role of SCN4β in epilepsy by using a combination of molecular and bioinformatics approaches. We first demonstrated that there was a reduction in the relative expression of SCN4B in the drug-resistant TLE patients compared to non-epileptic control specimens, both at the mRNA and protein levels. By analyzing a co-expression network in the neighborhood of SCN4B we then discovered a linkage between the expression of this gene and K+ channels activated by Ca2+, or K+ two-pore domain channels. Our approach also inferred several potential effector functions linked to variation in the expression of SCN4B. These observations support the hypothesis that SCN4B is a key factor in AED-resistant TLE, which could help direct both the drug selection of TLE treatments and the development of future AEDs.

scholarly journals Rare occurrence of severe blindness and deafness in Friedreich ataxia: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana Damásio ◽  
Ana Sardoeira ◽  
Maria Araújo ◽  
Isabel Carvalho ◽  
Jorge Sequeiros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Friedreich Ataxia ◽  
Sensorineural Deafness ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Severe Vision Loss

Abstract Background Friedreich ataxia is the most frequent hereditary ataxia worldwide. Subclinical visual and auditory involvement has been recognized in these patients, with co-occurrence of severe blindness and deafness being rare. Case report We describe a patient, homozygous for a 873 GAA expansion in the FXN gene, whose first symptoms appeared by the age of 8. At 22 years-old he developed sensorineural deafness, and at 26 visual impairment. Deafness had a progressive course over 11 years, until a stage of extreme severity which hindered communication. Visual acuity had a catastrophic deterioration, with blindness 3 years after visual impairment was first noticed. Audiograms documented progressive sensorineural deafness, most striking for low frequencies. Visual evoked potentials disclosed bilaterally increased P100 latency. He passed away at the age of 41 years old, at a stage of extreme disability, blind and deaf, in addition to the complete phenotype of a patient with Friedreich ataxia of more than 30 years duration. Discussion Severe vision loss and extreme deafness has been described in very few patients with Friedreich ataxia. Long duration, severe disease and large expanded alleles may account for such an extreme phenotype; nonetheless, the role of factors as modifying genes warrants further investigation in this subset of patients.

Nanoparticles from Actinobacteria: A Potential Target to Antimicrobial Therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (24) ◽  
pp. 2626-2636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Palaniappan Sivasankar ◽  
Subramaniam Poongodi ◽  
Palaniappan Seedevi ◽  
Dharman Kalaimurugan ◽  
Murugesan Sivakumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Nanoparticle Synthesis ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
The Past ◽  
Frequent Use

Nanoparticles have gained significant importance in the past two decades, due to their multifaceted applications in the field of nanomedicine. As our ecosystems and habitats are changing due to global warming, many new diseases are emerging continuously. Treating these costs a lot of money and mostly ends up in failure. In addition, frequent use of antibiotics to control the emerging diseases has led the pathogens to develop resistance to antibiotics. Hence, the nanoparticles are targeted to treat such diseases instead of the costly antibiotics. In particular, the biosynthesized nanoparticles have received considerable attention due to their simple, eco-friendly and promising activity. To highlight, microbial mediated nanoparticles have been found to possess higher activity and thus have a promising role in antimicrobial therapy to fight against the emerging drug-resistant pathogens. In this context, this review article is aimed at highlight the role of nanoparticles in the field of nanomedicine and importance of actinobacteria in the nanoparticle synthesis and their need in antimicrobial therapy. This is a comprehensive review, focusing on the potential of actinobacteria-mediated nanoparticles in the field of nanomedicine.

scholarly journals Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Pathogenesis, Genetic Background, and the Role of Nutritional Supplements

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilita M. Moschos ◽  
Eirini Nitoda ◽  
Irini P. Chatziralli ◽  
Constantinos A. Demopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Nutritional Supplements ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Light Radiation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Severe Vision Loss ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is the leading cause of severe vision loss and blindness worldwide, mainly affecting people over 65 years old. Dry and wet ARDM are the main types of the disease, which seem to have a multifactorial background. The aim of this review is to summarize the mechanisms of ARMD pathogenesis and exhibit the role of diet and nutritional supplements in the onset and progression of the disease. Environmental factors, such as smoking, alcohol, and, diet appear to interact with mutations in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, contributing to the pathogenesis of ARMD. Inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress, induced by the daily exposure of retina to high pressure of oxygen and light radiation, have been also associated with ARMD lesions. Other than medical and surgical therapies, nutritional supplements hold a significant role in the prevention and treatment of ARMD, eliminating the progression of macular degeneration.

Telmisartan in High Cardiovascular Risk Patients

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Asmar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Ace Inhibitors ◽  
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers ◽  
High Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Raas Blockade ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Receptor Blockers ◽  
Current Guidelines

The worldwide morbidity and mortality burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is overwhelming and caused by increasing life expectancy and an epidemic of risk factors, including hypertension. Therapeutic options targeting different areas of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) to disrupt pathophysiological processes along the cardiovascular continuum are available. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are first-line treatments for CVD and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are suitable alternatives. Both ACE inhibitors and ARBs prevent CVD by lowering blood pressure (BP). Additionally, several studies have demonstrated that RAAS blockade can reduce cardiovascular risk beyond what might be expected from BP lowering alone. However, the ARBs are not all equally effective. Telmisartan is a long-lasting ARB that effectively controls BP over the full 24-hour period. Recently, the Ongoing telmisartan alone and in combination with ramipril global endpoint trial (ONTARGET) study showed that telmisartan reduces cardiovascular events in high cardiovascular risk patients similarly to the gold standard ACE inhibitor ramipril beyond BP lowering alone, but with a better tolerability. Based on the results of the ONTARGET and Telmisartan randomized assessment study in ACE intolerant subjects with cardiovascular disease (TRANSCEND) studies, telmisartan is indicated for the reduction of cardiovascular morbidity. This article aims to review current guidelines for the management of CVD and consider key data from clinical trials and clinical practice evaluating the role of telmisartan in CVD.

Population Control (Review Article)

1961 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-98
Author(s):  
Karol J. Krotki
Keyword(s):  
Population Control ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Small Enterprise ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Factual Information ◽  
Undue Influence ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Economic Considerations

Discussions about the role of small enterprise in economic development tend to remain inconclusive partly because of the difficulty of assessing the relative importance of economic and non-economic objectives and partly because of the dearth of factual information on which to base an economic calculus. It is probably true, moreover, that, because of a lack of general agreement as to the economic case for or against small enterprise, non-economic considerations, including some merely romantic attitudes toward smallness and bigness, tend to exert an undue influence on public policies. There may, of course, be no clear-cut economic case. And noneconomic considerations should and will inevitably weigh significantly in policy decisions. If, however, some of the economic questions could be settled by more and better knowledge, these decisions could more accurately reflect the opportunity costs of pursuing non-economic objectives.

Computational Overview of Mycobacterial Thymidine Monophosphate Kinase

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 1676-1681
Author(s):  
Sana Gul ◽  
Ruqaiya Khalil ◽  
Zaheer Ul-Haq ◽  
Mohammad S. Mubarak
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Docking ◽  
Structure Elucidation ◽  
Tuberculosis Patient ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Tuberculosis Control ◽  
Bacterial Enzyme ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Thymidine Monophosphate

: Tuberculosis (TB) ranks among the diseases with the highest morbidity rate with significantly high prevalence in developing countries. Globally, tuberculosis poses the most substantial burden of mortality. Further, a partially treated tuberculosis patient is worse than untreated; they may lead to standing out as a critical obstacle to global tuberculosis control. The emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extremely drug-resistant (XDR) strains, and co-infection of HIV further worsen the situation. The present review article discusses validated targets of the bacterial enzyme thymidine monophosphate kinase (TMPK). TMPKMTB enzyme belongs to the nucleoside monophosphate kinases (NMPKs) family. It is involved in phosphorylation of TMP to TDP, and TDP is phosphorylated to TTP. This review highlights structure elucidation of TMP enzymes and their inhibitors study on TMP scaffold, and it also discusses different techniques; including molecular docking, virtual screening, 3DPharmacophore, QSAR for finding anti-tubercular agents.

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