scholarly journals THE TOTAL OZONE AMOUNT CHANGES OVER LITHUANIA AND NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES / BENDROJO OZONO KIEKIO POKYČIAI VIRŠ LIETUVOS IR KAIMYNINIŲ ŠALIŲ

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergejus Tretjakovas ◽  
Aloyzas Girgždys ◽  
Rolandas Masilevičius
Keyword(s):  
Total Ozone ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Meteorological Station ◽  
Radiation Data ◽  
Data Centre ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Ozone Amount ◽  
The Difference

Changes in the total ozone amount (TOA) above Lithuania and neighbouring countries during the period 1993–2008 have been analysed. The present study focuses on the TOA seasonal variations over the aforementioned area. The statistical data of measurements were analysed. The detailed information of TOA was presented by the Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service and the World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WOUDC). The net of stations measuring the TOA changes was set; it consisted of 16 meteorological stations. The coefficients of correlation of TOA changes between various stations were calculated basing upon the Pearson's Correlation Coefficient. It was established that the seasonal TOA variation tendencies were coincident between the stations and most linear correlation coefficients between Lithuania and neighbouring countries were 0.9 and 1.0. During the analysis of TOA data, it was established that the results of measurements performed in Lithuania from May 1999 to February 2000 and from May 2000 to January 2001 were insufficiently precise. To estimate TOA in Lithuania (at Kaunas Meteorological Station) without performing direct measurements, the linear function was calculated using the least squares method and the data obtained from the investigated net of meteorological stations. The difference between calculated and measured TOA results was up to 8%. Santrauka Remiantis 1993–2008 m. duomenimis, nagrinėjami bendrojo ozono kiekio (BOK) pokyčiai virš Lietuvos ir kaimyninių šalių. Įvertintos sezoninių šių BOK pokyčių sąsajos. Išsamiõs informacijos apie BOK pateikė Lietuvos hidrometeorologijos tarnyba bei Pasaulio ozono ir ultravioletinės spinduliuotės duomenų centras. Sudarytas bendrojo ozono kiekio matavimo stočių tinklas iš 16 meteorologinių stočių. Analizuojant BOK pokyčių tarp skirtingų stočių tiesinės sąsajos stiprumą taikyti Pirsono koreliacijos koeficientai. Nustatyta, kad BOK sezoninių pokyčių tendencijos tarp šių stočių sutampa, ir dauguma koreliacijos koeficientų (tarp Lietuvos ir kaimyninių šalių) yra 0,9–1,0. Analizuojant BOK duomenis, nustatyta, kad nuo 1999 m. gegužės iki 2000 m. vasario ir nuo 2000 m. gegužės iki 2001 m. sausio Lietuvoje atliktų matavimų rezultatai nėra pakankamai tikslūs. Mažiausiųjų kvadratų metodu apskaičiuota tiesinė funkcija BOK nustatyti Lietuvoje (Kauno meteorologijos stotyje) neatliekant tiesioginių matavimų. BOK skaičiavimo ir matavimo rezultatų skirtumas siekia iki 8%.

scholarly journals Comparative measurements of total ozone amount and aerosol optical depth during a campaign at El Arenosillo, Huelva, Spain

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 3399-3406 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. de La Casinière ◽  
V. Cachorro ◽  
I. Smolskaia ◽  
J. Lenoble ◽  
M. Sorribas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerosol Optical Depth ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Near Ultraviolet ◽  
Ozone Amount ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ozone Column

Abstract. A one week field campaign took place in September 2002 at El Arenosillo, Spain. The objective was to compare total ozone column (TOC) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) from near ultraviolet to near infrared, measured by several Spanish and French instruments. Three spectroradiometers, Brewer, SPUV02, and LICOR, and a CIMEL photometer, have been used simultaneously and the results are presented for four clear days. TOC values are given by the Brewer instrument, and by SPUV02, using two different methods. The ground instruments compare satisfactorily (within 5 DU) and the values are consistent with TOMS data (within 10 DU). AOD from the various instruments are compared at seven different wavelengths between 320 nm and 1020 nm: the agreement is very good at 350, 380, and 870 nm; at the four other wavelengths the difference is smaller than 0.03, which can be explained by a relative difference of 4% only between the calibrations of the various instruments. Larger AOD diurnal variations were observed at short wavelengths than in the visible and near infrared; this is most likely due to changes in aerosol size along the day, during the campaign.

scholarly journals Assessment of reliability and validity of the 5-scale grading system of the point-of-care immunoassay for tear matrix metalloproteinase-9

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minjeong Kim ◽  
Ja Young Oh ◽  
Seon Ha Bae ◽  
Seung Hyeun Lee ◽  
Won Jun Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Metalloproteinase ◽  
Calibration Curve ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Interobserver Reliability ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Grading System ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The Difference

AbstractWe evaluated the reliability and validity of the 5-scale grading system to interpret the point-of-care immunoassay for tear matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. Six observers graded red bands of photographs of the readout window in MMP-9 immunoassay kit (InflammaDry) two times with 2-week interval based on the 5-scale grading system (i.e. grade 0–4). Interobserver and intraobserver reliability were evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients. The interobserver agreements were analyzed according to the severity of tear MMP-9 expression. To validate the system, a concentration calibration curve was made using MMP-9 solutions with reference concentrations, then the distribution of MMP-9 concentrations was analyzed according to the 5-scale grading system. Both intraobserver and interobserver reliability was excellent. The readout grades were significantly correlated with the quantified colorimetric densities. The interobserver variance of readout grades had no correlation with the severity of the measured densities. The band density continued to increase up to a maximal concentration (i.e. 5000 ng/mL) according to the calibration curve. The difference of grades reflected the change of MMP-9 concentrations sensitively, especially between grade 2 and 4. Together, our data indicate that the subjective 5-scale grading system in the point-of-care MMP-9 immunoassay is an easy and reliable method with acceptable accuracy.

Total ozone dependence of the difference between the empirically corrected EP-TOMS and high-latitude station datasets

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (15-16) ◽  
pp. 4283-4294 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Kravchenko ◽  
A. Evtushevsky ◽  
A. Grytsai ◽  
G. Milinevsky ◽  
J. Shanklin
Keyword(s):  
High Latitude ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Latitude Station ◽  
The Difference

Problems of Iatrogenic Crimes Qualification

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.V. Pitulko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Criminal Prosecution ◽  
Medical Assistance ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
Quality Of Medical Care ◽  
The Difference

The article reveals the features of the distinction between criminal and non-criminal circumstances, leading to a patient treatment unfavorable outcome. The aim of the research undertaken is to identify the nature and degree of social danger of professional negligence in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The article analyzes statistical data characterizing the dynamics of bringing doctors and other medical workers to criminal responsibility for committing crimes that caused harm to the life and health of patients. The organic connection of iatrogenic crimes with defects in the quality of medical care and improper performance of professional duties by medical workers is argued. The author reveals the difference between the causes of death and deterioration in the health of persons seeking medical assistance, and analyzes the practice of termination of medical workers criminal prosecution on rehabilitating grounds. On the basis of materials of modern judicial practice, it is proved that there is no need to separate the category «iatrogenic crimes» in the criminal law. A differentiated approach to qualification of adverse treatment outcomes seems promising. The author proposes detailing the legal liability of medical workers and medical organizations, depending on the criminal or non-criminal nature of the circumstances of causing harm to the life and health of the patient.

Mapping and verification of the snow cover timing in the Baikal region by remote sensing data MODIS “snow cover”

2021 ◽  
Vol 973 (7) ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Е.А. Rasputina ◽  
A.S. Korepova
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Baikal Region ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Meteorological Station ◽  
Sensing Data ◽  
Modis Data ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
The Difference

The mapping and analysis of the dates of onset and melting the snow cover in the Baikal region for 2000–2010 based on eight-day MODIS “snow cover” composites with a spatial resolution of 500 m, as well as their verification based on the data of 17 meteorological stations was carried out. For each year of the decennary under study, for each meteorological station, the difference in dates determined from the MODIS data and that of weather stations was calculated. Modulus of deviations vary from 0 to 36 days for onset dates and from 0 to 47 days – for those of stable snow cover melting, the average of the deviation modules for all meteorological stations and years is 9–10 days. It is assumed that 83 % of the cases for the onset dates can be considered admissible (with deviations up to 16 days), and 79 % of them for the end dates. Possible causes of deviations are analyzed. It was revealed that the largest deviations correspond to coastal meteorological stations and are associated with the inhomogeneity of the characteristics of the snow cover inside the pixels containing water and land. The dates of onset and melting of a stable snow cover from the images turned out to be later than those of weather stations for about 10 days. First of all (from the end of August to the middle of September), the snow is established on the tops of the ranges Barguzinsky, Baikalsky, Khamar-Daban, and later (in late November–December) a stable cover appears in the Barguzin valley, in the Selenga lowland, and in Priolkhonye. The predominant part of the Baikal region territory is covered with snow in October, and is released from it in the end of April till the middle of May.

scholarly journals Measurements of total and tropospheric ozone from IASI: comparison with correlative satellite, ground-based and ozonesonde observations

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (16) ◽  
pp. 6255-6271 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Boynard ◽  
C. Clerbaux ◽  
P.-F. Coheur ◽  
D. Hurtmans ◽  
S. Turquety ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Resolution ◽  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Positive Bias ◽  
Ozone Concentrations ◽  
Infrared Radiance ◽  
Atmospheric Sounding ◽  
Ozone Monitoring ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. In this paper, we present measurements of total and tropospheric ozone, retrieved from infrared radiance spectra recorded by the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), which was launched on board the MetOp-A European satellite in October 2006. We compare IASI total ozone columns to Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) observations and ground-based measurements from the Dobson and Brewer network for one full year of observations (2008). The IASI total ozone columns are shown to be in good agreement with both GOME-2 and ground-based data, with correlation coefficients of about 0.9 and 0.85, respectively. On average, IASI ozone retrievals exhibit a positive bias of about 9 DU (3.3%) compared to both GOME-2 and ground-based measurements. In addition to total ozone columns, the good spectral resolution of IASI enables the retrieval of tropospheric ozone concentrations. Comparisons of IASI tropospheric columns to 490 collocated ozone soundings available from several stations around the globe have been performed for the period of June 2007–August 2008. IASI tropospheric ozone columns compare well with sonde observations, with correlation coefficients of 0.95 and 0.77 for the [surface–6 km] and [surface–12 km] partial columns, respectively. IASI retrievals tend to overestimate the tropospheric ozone columns in comparison with ozonesonde measurements. Positive average biases of 0.15 DU (1.2%) and 3 DU (11%) are found for the [surface–6 km] and for the [surface–12 km] partial columns respectively.

scholarly journals Trends of HCl, ClONO<sub>2</sub>, and HF column abundances from ground-based FTIR measurements in Kiruna (Sweden) in comparison with KASIMA model calculations

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4669-4677 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kohlhepp ◽  
S. Barthlott ◽  
T. Blumenstock ◽  
F. Hase ◽  
I. Kaiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Model Data ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Total Column

Abstract. Trends of hydrogen chloride (HCl), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2), and hydrogen fluoride (HF) total column abundances above Kiruna (Northern Sweden, 67.84° N, 20.41° E) derived from nearly 14 years (1996–2009) of measurement and model data are presented. The measurements have been performed with a Bruker 120 HR (later Bruker 125 HR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and the chemistry-transport model (CTM) used was KASIMA (KArlsruhe SImulation model of the Middle Atmosphere). The total column abundances of ClONO2 and HF calculated by KASIMA agree quite well with the FTIR measurements while KASIMA tends to underestimate the HCl columns. To calculate the long-term trends, a linear function combined with an annual cycle was fitted to the data using a least squares method. The precision of the resulting trends was estimated with the bootstrap resampling method. For HF, both model and measurements show a positive trend that seems to decrease in the last few years. This suggests a stabilisation of the HF total column abundance. Between 1996 and 2009, KASIMA simulates an increase of (+1.51±0.07) %/yr which exceeds the FTIR result of (+0.65±0.25) %/yr. The trends determined for HCl and ClONO2 are significantly negative over the time period considered here. This is expected because the emission of their precursors (chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons) has been restricted in the Montreal Protocol in 1987 and its amendments and adjustments. The trend for ClONO2 from the FTIR measurements amounts to (−3.28±0.56) %/yr and the one for HCl to (−0.81±0.23) %/yr. KASIMA simulates a weaker decrease: For ClONO2, the result is (−0.90±0.10) %/yr and for HCl (−0.17±0.06) %/yr. Part of the difference between measurement and model data can be explained by sampling and the stronger annual cycle indicated by the measurements. There is a factor of about four between the trends of HCl and ClONO2 above Kiruna for both measurement and model data.

scholarly journals Econometric Analysis of Dynamics of Personnel Training in Tourism Sphere

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1389-1396
Author(s):  
Anar Eminov Et al.
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Econometric Analysis ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Foreign Nationals ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Analysis Of Dynamics ◽  
The Relationship

According to the statistical data of recent years, tourism has been one of the ever-growing sectors in Azerbaijan. Thus, in the last five years, there has been a steady increase in the number of entrepreneurship subjects serving tourism in Azerbaijan and the number of foreign nationals traveling for tourism, correspondingly 4.5 and 8.5 percent. At present, the direct share of the tourism industry in the country's GDP and employment is 4.5 and 3.3 percent, respectively. In the article econometric analysis of the dependence on the relationship between tourism industry graduates and their development has been done. The regression equation of the dependence of the number of graduates studying tourism on the number of tourists in the country and the dependence of the tourism sector’s GDP on the number of graduates in the tourism sector were estimated using the Eviews software based on 2008–2017 statistical data using the least squares method.

scholarly journals Experiences of Polish Tourists Traveling for Leisure Purposes during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 11919
Author(s):  
Agata Balińska ◽  
Wioletta Olejniczak
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Food Services ◽  
Source Data ◽  
Tourism Services

The research presented in this paper examines the experiences of Poles traveling for leisure purposes in the summer season of 2020, taking into account the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study involved the analysis of source data, including statistical data, and a survey administered via the computer-assisted web interviewing (CAWI) method. The survey questionnaire was created on the Google platform. The link to the questionnaire was provided via social media to participants of travel groups in the period from 30 November 2020 to 15 February 2021. The sampling was purposive (included only travelers) despite efforts to maintain the gender balance; the proportion of women was higher. Therefore, caution must be applied when interpreting the results which may not be transferable. The survey included questions regarding the respondents’ travel behavior and risk perceptions. 433 correctly completed questionnaires were collected. The dataset was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Descriptive statistics measures and correlation coefficients were used in the analysis of the results. The study shows that some respondents decided against traveling because of the pandemic situation, while those who decided to travel adjusted their behavior by avoiding crowded places and resigning from traveling abroad. Compliance with hygiene standards in the area of tourism services varied, and was the highest in the case of accommodation services. Women rated hygiene standards in chain cafes statistically higher than men and younger people rated hygiene on public transport, trains, air transport and in fast food services higher than older people. The higher the tourism expenditure, the lower the assessment of sanitary standards in tour guide services, air transport and chain cafes decreased.

scholarly journals Determination of land surface reflectance using the AATSR dual-view capability

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 7451-7494
Author(s):  
L. Sogacheva ◽  
P. Kolmonen ◽  
T. H. Virtanen ◽  
E. Rodriguez ◽  
A.-M. Sundström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Atmospheric Correction ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Surface Reflectance ◽  
Imaging Spectrometer ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Moderate Resolution ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Along Track

Abstract. In this study, a method is presented to retrieve the surface reflectance using reflectance measured at the top of the atmosphere for the two views provided by the Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR). In the first step, the aerosol optical depth (AOD) is obtained using the AATSR dual view algorithm (ADV) by eliminating the effect of the surface on the measured radiances. Hence the AOD is independent of surface properties and can thus be used in the second step to provide the aerosol part of the atmospheric correction which is needed for the surface reflectance retrieval. The method is applied to provide monthly maps of both AOD and surface reflectance at two wavelengths (555 and 659 nm) for the whole year of 2007. The results are validated vs. surface reflectance provided by the AERONET-based Surface Reflectance Validation Network (ASRVN). Correlation coefficients are 0.8 and 0.9 for 555 and 659 nm, respectively. The standard deviation is 0.001 for both wavelengths and the absolute error is less than 0.02. Pixel-by-pixel comparison with MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectrometer) monthly averaged surface reflectances show a good correlation (0.91 and 0.89 for 555 and 659 nm, respectively) with some (up to 0.05) overestimation by ADV over bright surfaces. The difference between the ADV and MODIS retrieved surface reflectance is smaller than ±0.025 for 68.3% of the collocated pixels at 555 nm and 79.9% of the collocated pixels at 659 nm. An application of the results over Australia illustrates the variation of the surface reflectances for different land cover types. The validation and comparison results suggest that the algorithm can be successfully used for the both AATSR and ATSR-2 (which has characteristics similar to AATSR) missions, which together cover 17 years period of measurements (1995–2012), as well as a prototype for The Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) to be launched in 2015 onboard the Sentinel-3 satellite.

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